Parantaka II - Revision history

2401:4900:CAE8:3612:6CEF:4DFF:FE8D:E8C3 at 04:34, 11 September 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:04, 11 September 2026
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	{{Chola history}}		{{Chola history}}

	'''Parantaka II''' (r. 958 – 973 CE) was a [[Chola dynasty\|Chola emperor]]. He is also known as '''Sundara Chola''' as he was considered an epitome of male beauty.<ref name="Early Chola temples:Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, A.D. 907-985">''Early Chola temples:Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, A.D. 907-985''</ref><ref name="Journal of Indian museums, Volumes 14-16, page 35">''Journal of Indian museums, Volumes 14-16, page 35''</ref><ref name="A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Nilgiris District, Pudukkottai District, Ramanathapuram District, Salem District, page 41">''A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Nilgiris District, Pudukkottai District, Ramanathapuram District, Salem District, page 41''</ref> He was the son of [[Arinjaya\|Arinjaya Chola]] and queen Kalyani, a princess of Vaidumba family.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad: To A.D. 1336\|author=N. Subrahmanian\|publisher=Ennes\|page=130\|year=1993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=\|first=\|date=2011-09-19\|title=The Vaidumbas were an Andhra dynasty who ruled in the ninth century AD\|url=https://www.preservearticles.com/notes/the-vaidumbas-were-an-andhra-dynasty-who-ruled-in-the-ninth-century-ad/11839\|url-status=live\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|access-date=2020-10-09\|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Journal of Tamil Studies, Issues 9-10\|author=International Association of Tamil Research, International Institute of Tamil Studies\|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies\|year=1976\|page=78}}</ref> Parantaka II ascended the Chola throne despite the fact that his cousin [[Uttama (Chola dynasty)\|Madurantaka Uttama Chola]], the son of [[Gandaraditya\|Gandaraditya Chola]](the elder brother of [[Arinjaya Chola]]) was alive and he had equal if not more claim to the Chola throne.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Glimpses of History\|author=Xavier Pinto, E.G. Myall\|publisher=Frank Brothers\|page=91}}</ref> During his reign, Parantaka Sundara Chola defeated the Pandyas and Ceylon and then recaptured the [[Tondaimandalam]] from [[Rashtrakuta dynasty\|Rashtrakutas]].		'''Parantaka II''' (r. 958 – 973 CE) was a [[Chola dynasty\|Chola emperor]]. He is also known as '''Sundara Chola''' as he was considered an epitome of male beauty.<ref name="Early Chola temples:Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, A.D. 907-985">''Early Chola temples:Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, A.D. 907-985''</ref><ref name="Journal of Indian museums, Volumes 14-16, page 35">''Journal of Indian museums, Volumes 14-16, page 35''</ref><ref name="A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Nilgiris District, Pudukkottai District, Ramanathapuram District, Salem District, page 41">''A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Nilgiris District, Pudukkottai District, Ramanathapuram District, Salem District, page 41''</ref> He was the son of [[Arinjaya\|Arinjaya Chola]] and queen Kalyani, a princess of Vaidumba family.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad: To A.D. 1336\|author=N. Subrahmanian\|publisher=Ennes\|page=130\|year=1993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=\|first=\|date=2011-09-19\|title=The Vaidumbas were an Andhra dynasty who ruled in the ninth century AD\|url=https://www.preservearticles.com/notes/the-vaidumbas-were-an-andhra-dynasty-who-ruled-in-the-ninth-century-ad/11839\|url-status=live\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|access-date=2020-10-09\|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Journal of Tamil Studies, Issues 9-10\|author=International Association of Tamil Research, International Institute of Tamil Studies\|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies\|year=1976\|page=78}}</ref> Parantaka II ascended the Chola throne despite the fact that his cousin [[Uttama (Chola dynasty)\|Madurantaka Uttama Chola]], the son of [[Gandaraditya\|Gandaraditya Chola]](the elder brother of [[Arinjaya Chola]]) was alive and he had equal if not more claim to the Chola throne.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Glimpses of History\|author=Xavier Pinto, E.G. Myall\|publisher=Frank Brothers\|page=91}}</ref> During his reign, Parantaka Sundara Chola defeated the Pandyas and Ceylon and then recaptured the [[Tondaimandalam]] from [[Rashtrakuta dynasty\|Rashtrakutas]].<ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://archive.org/details/CholasI \|title=Cholas I}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Aiyangar \|first=S. Krishnasvami \|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69991 \|title=Ancient India And South Indian History And Culture Vol.1 (ancient India) \|date=1941}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=B.R Gopal \|url=http://archive.org/details/sgw.chalukyasofkalya0000brgo \|title=The Chalukyas Of Kalyana And The Kalachuris \|date=1981 \|publisher=Karnataka University Dharwad \|others=Servants of Knowledge \|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_p5B-PUf-_sC&pg=PA43&dq=cholas+fought+bravery+takkolam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjr6NiE4oiUAxUGe2wGHdCrNIkQ6AF6BAgREAM#v=onepage&q=Parantaka%20ll&f=false \|title=Career's Indian History \|publisher=Bright Publications \|language=en}}</ref>

	When Parantaka II became king, the [[Chola]] kingdom had shrunk to the size of a small principality. The [[Pandya]]s in the south had revived their fortunes and had defeated the Chola armies and occupied their ancestral lands.		When Parantaka II became king, the [[Chola]] kingdom had shrunk to the size of a small principality. The [[Pandya]]s in the south had revived their fortunes and had defeated the Chola armies and occupied their ancestral lands.

2401:4900:CAE8:3612:6CEF:4DFF:FE8D:E8C3 at 04:33, 11 September 2026

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	== Success against Rashtrakutas (Recovery of Tondaimandalam) ==		== Success against Rashtrakutas (Recovery of Tondaimandalam) ==

	Parantaka II next concentrated in his war against [[Rashtrakuta dynasty\|Rashtrakutas]]. Some documents provide an interesting account of military acumen and gallantry exhibited during the war by a certain chola commander belonging to one of the 98 divisions of troop velaikkaras. The commander who is praised to be a devotee at feet of lord at thillai and who was "a very murugan at war", is credited to have on two occasions almost singlehandedly pulverized big battalions of the enemy thereby causing their defeat. This commander who is glorified in these deccan wars is at the instance of lord finally given up his uniform to become a saint at tirruvottriyur and take the name ottriyur atikalar there upon producing some very good works on saiva siddantam prior to attaining lord's beatitude.[[File:Devikarumari Amman temple Thiruverkadu3.JPG\|left\|thumb\|Central shrine at [[Vedapureeswarar temple, Thiruverkadu\|Vedapureeswarar temple]]]]		Parantaka II next concentrated in his war against [[Rashtrakuta dynasty\|Rashtrakutas]]. Some documents provide an interesting account of military acumen and gallantry exhibited during the war by a certain chola commander belonging to one of the 98 divisions of troop velaikkaras. The commander who is praised to be a devotee at feet of lord at thillai and who was "a very murugan at war", is credited to have on two occasions almost singlehandedly pulverized big battalions of the enemy thereby causing their defeat. This commander who is glorified in these deccan wars is at the instance of lord finally given up his uniform to become a saint at tirruvottriyur and take the name ottriyur atikalar there upon producing some very good works on saiva siddantam prior to attaining lord's beatitude.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Dutta \|first=Vidhan \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QXlSEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&dq=Parantaka+1&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ_rXlxMySAxUPUGcHHbXDCnUQ6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q=Parantaka%201&f=false \|title=A Glimpse of the Former Glory of India- The Chola Empire \|date=2025-03-15 \|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Madras_District_Gazetteers/TTQKoe4eXzgC?hl=en \|title=Madras District Gazetteers \|date=1962 \|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press \|language=en}}</ref>[[File:Devikarumari Amman temple Thiruverkadu3.JPG\|left\|thumb\|Central shrine at [[Vedapureeswarar temple, Thiruverkadu\|Vedapureeswarar temple]]]]

	==Sri Lankan Expedition==		==Sri Lankan Expedition==

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Parantaka II
| title = Rajakesari, Maduraikonda Rajakesari Varman, Pon Maaligai Thunjiya Thevar
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Statue of Parantaka II found in [[Puliyur]]
| succession = [[Chola Empire|Chola Emperor]]
| reign = 958 CE – 973 CE
| predecessor = [[Gandaraditya| Gandaraditya Chola]]
| successor = [[Uttama Chola]]
| spouse = Vanavan Madevi
| spouse-type = Queen
| issue = [[Aditya II]] <br /> [[Kundavai Pirāttiyār|Kundavai]] <br /> [[Rajaraja I]]
| house = [[Cholas]]
| father = [[Arinjaya]]
| mother = Kalyani (princess of Vaidumba family)<ref>{{cite book|title=Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad: To A.D. 1336|author=N. Subrahmanian|publisher=Ennes|page=130|year=1993}}</ref>
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[Chola Empire]] (modern day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = 980 CE
| death_place = [[Kanchipuram]], [[Chola Empire]] (Modern day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| succession2 = Co-Regent of the [[Chola Empire]]
| reign2 = 957 CE (few months)
| cor-type2 = Emperor
| coronation2 = [[Arinjaya Chola]]
| predecessor2 = [[Gandaraditya| Gandaraditya Chola]]
| reign3 = 955 CE – 958 CE
| cor-type3 = Emperor
| coronation3 = [[Gandaraditya| Gandaraditya Chola]]
| successor3 = [[Aditya II]]
| dynasty = [[Chola dynasty|Chola]]
}}
{{Chola history}}

'''Parantaka II''' (r. 958 – 973 CE) was a [[Chola dynasty|Chola emperor]]. He is also known as '''Sundara Chola''' as he was considered an epitome of male beauty.<ref name="Early Chola temples:Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, A.D. 907-985">''Early Chola temples:Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, A.D. 907-985''</ref><ref name="Journal of Indian museums, Volumes 14-16, page 35">''Journal of Indian museums, Volumes 14-16, page 35''</ref><ref name="A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Nilgiris District, Pudukkottai District, Ramanathapuram District, Salem District, page 41">''A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Nilgiris District, Pudukkottai District, Ramanathapuram District, Salem District, page 41''</ref> He was the son of [[Arinjaya|Arinjaya Chola]] and queen Kalyani, a princess of Vaidumba family.<ref>{{cite book|title=Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad: To A.D. 1336|author=N. Subrahmanian|publisher=Ennes|page=130|year=1993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2011-09-19|title=The Vaidumbas were an Andhra dynasty who ruled in the ninth century AD|url=https://www.preservearticles.com/notes/the-vaidumbas-were-an-andhra-dynasty-who-ruled-in-the-ninth-century-ad/11839|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-10-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Tamil Studies, Issues 9-10|author=International Association of Tamil Research, International Institute of Tamil Studies|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|year=1976|page=78}}</ref> Parantaka II ascended the Chola throne despite the fact that his cousin [[Uttama (Chola dynasty)|Madurantaka Uttama Chola]], the son of [[Gandaraditya|Gandaraditya Chola]](the elder brother of [[Arinjaya Chola]]) was alive and he had equal if not more claim to the Chola throne.<ref>{{cite book|title=Glimpses of History|author=Xavier Pinto, E.G. Myall|publisher=Frank Brothers|page=91}}</ref> During his reign, Parantaka Sundara Chola defeated the Pandyas and Ceylon and then recaptured the [[Tondaimandalam]] from [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]].

When Parantaka II became king, the [[Chola]] kingdom had shrunk to the size of a small principality. The [[Pandya]]s in the south had revived their fortunes and had defeated the Chola armies and occupied their ancestral lands.

During Parantaka II's reign, the foundations were laid for the success of the Chola Empire a generation later. A few territories in the north were recovered. The [[Pandya]]n ruler Vira Pandya was defeated and [[Madurai]] was taken. An expedition was made to gain control of Sri Lanka but it was not successful.<ref>{{cite book|title=Portraits of a Nation: History of Ancient India: History|author=kamlesh kapur|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |page=592}}</ref>Parantaka II waged war against [[Rashtrakutas]] and successfully regained Tondaimandalam.

== Early life ==
According to the Anbil plates Arinjaya was succeeded by his son. After coming to power Sundara Chola aka Parantaka II first directed his attention to the south against Vira Pandya, who had repulsed Gandaraditya's attempt to restore Chola supremacy in the Pandya country.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cholas (revised 2nd ed.)|author=Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta|publisher=University of Madras|year=1955|page=153}}</ref>

== Pandyan War ==
[[File:Sundara territories.png|thumb|Territories under Parantaka II]]
Immediately after becoming king, Parantaka II's attention was directed towards the growing strength of the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] in the south. Vira Pandya, having repulsed [[Gandaraditya I|Gandaraditya's]] attempts to restore Chola supremacy in the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan kingdom]], was ruling as an independent potentate. The invading Chola army met the Pandyas at Chevur.

The Leyden [[Tamil Copper-plate inscriptions|copperplate inscriptions]] tell us in that war, "Parantaka II caused rivers of blood to flow". Other inscriptions mention that Parantaka and his young son, [[Aditya Karikalan]] (also referred to as Aditha II) defeated Vira Pandya and made him flee to the hills surrounding the battlefield.<ref>{{cite book|title=Early Cholas: Mathematics Reconstructs the Chronology|author=N. Sethuraman|publisher=Sethuraman|year=1980|page=68}}</ref> The young son Aditha, who took to the battlefield at the age of "twelve" and who was a "very abhimanyu" in valour, is profusely praised for having conducted himself in battlefield with as much ease as he was at "military training sessions".

It is also possible that [[Aditya Karikalan]] killed Vira Pandya in that battle. Aditha's inscriptions use the epithet "''Vira Pandyan Thalai Konda Adithha Karikalan''" - "...took the head of Vira Pandya".{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} After the battle of Chevur, Parantaka II's armies continued their thrust into the Pandya country. The Pandya king had the Sinhalese king [[Mahinda IV of Anuradhapura|Mahinda IV]] as his ally and the Lankan troops supported the Pandya army in the battlefield c. 959 CE. Parantaka II's armies also invaded Lanka to neutralise this support. The especially wicked nature of this coalition is noted by chola panegyrists to be "wicked force of age of kali, that were duly uprooted by the king.". As a procedure for de-recognizing the rogue kingdoms Parantaka II also seized the royal insignia of pandyans like fish emblem, throne, gem studded crown and ancient pearl necklace.

Sundara Chola called himself ''Maduraikonda Rajakesari'', that is the Royal Lion who took Madurai and ''Madhurantaka'' (destroyer of Madurai) in order to commemorate his victories over the Pandyas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rājarājeśvaram: The Pinnacle of Chola Art|author=Balasubrahmanyam Venkataraman|publisher=Mudgala Trust|year=1985|page=14}}</ref>

Although the Chola armies won the battle, the war was still not won. Parantaka II did not succeed in re-establishing the Chola power over the Pandya lands.

== Success against Rashtrakutas (Recovery of Tondaimandalam) ==

Parantaka II next concentrated in his war against [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]]. Some documents provide an interesting account of military acumen and gallantry exhibited during the war by a certain chola commander belonging to one of the 98 divisions of troop velaikkaras. The commander who is praised to be a devotee at feet of lord at thillai and who was "a very murugan at war", is credited to have on two occasions almost singlehandedly pulverized big battalions of the enemy thereby causing their defeat. This commander who is glorified in these deccan wars is at the instance of lord finally given up his uniform to become a saint at tirruvottriyur and take the name ottriyur atikalar there upon producing some very good works on saiva siddantam prior to attaining lord's beatitude.[[File:Devikarumari Amman temple Thiruverkadu3.JPG|left|thumb|Central shrine at [[Vedapureeswarar temple, Thiruverkadu|Vedapureeswarar temple]]]]
==Sri Lankan Expedition==

Sundara Chola Parantaka also waged war against the Sinhala ruler in [[Sri Lanka]]. The expedition was led by his general and his relative the [[Irukkuvel]] chief Parantaka Siriyavelar. However this expedition did not end well for the [[Chola]]s as both Siriyavelar and the [[Chola]] King's brother in law, the Bana chief fell in battle.<ref name="wijetunga">{{cite book|title=Sri Lanka and the Choḷas|author=Wijetunga Mudalige Karunaratna Wijetunga|publisher=Sarvodaya Vishva Lekha Publishers|year=2003|pages=60–61}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Manual of the Pudukkóttai State, Volume 1|author=K. R. Venkatarama Ayyar|publisher=Printed at the Sri Brihadamba State Press|year=1938|page=604}}</ref>

== Aditya II’s (Karikala's) Assassination ==

Parantaka II's last days appear to have been clouded by a personal tragedy, as his son and ''parakesi'' [[Aditya Chola II|Aditya II]] was assassinated by a group of conspirators. The Udayarkudi inscription, made by one Bharathan alias Vyazha Gajamallan, names Soman, Ravidasan alias Panchavan Brahmadirajan and Paramesvaran alias Irumudi Chola Brahmadirajan as the conspirators/traitors responsible for the assassination.<ref name="udayarkudi">{{cite book | title=No 27, The Udayarkudi Inscription of Rajakesarivarman| last=Sastri|first=K.A. Nilakanta | publisher= Epigraphia India Vol XXI |pages=165-170}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://guruguha.org/udayarkudi-inscription-an-in-depth-assessment-translated-article/ |title=Udayarkudi Inscription – An In-depth Assessment ( Translated article) |last=Kudavoiyal |first=Balasubramanian |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=15 May 2023 |quote=The narrative of the above inscription upon examination makes it very clear that that only other three brothers namely Soman ( his alias is not decipherable in the inscription), Ravidasan alias Panchavan Brahmadirajan and Paramesvaran alias Irumudi Chola Brahmadirajan were the culprits/traitors who assassinated Aditya Karikala and since the other referred individuals are dealt with as ‘others’ (‘evargal’) it becomes obvious that these ‘others’ were only relatives of the 3 brothers and were not complicit otherwise to the said murder.}}</ref>

There is also a conjecture by one R.V. Srinivasan made in 1971 that [[Rajaraja I]] and his sister [[Kundavai]] were responsible for the killing.<ref name="Srinivasan">{{cite book | title=A Note on the Accession of Raja Raja |first=R.V. Srinivasan | publisher=Vivekananda College Magazine |pages=13}}</ref> However, no physical evidence to support this claim has been found to date.

== Uttama’s ascension ==

After the assassination of Aditya II, it seems that [[Uttama Chola|Uttama]] forced Parantaka II to make him the heir-apparent. Arulmozhivarman (or [[Rajaraja|Rajaraja I]]), Parantaka II's second son did not protest, anxious to avoid a civil war. It was apparently part of the compromise that Uttama was to succeed the throne only if he accepted to be succeeded, not by his own children but by Arulmozhivarman. The Thiruvalangadu copperplate inscription states that Madhurantaka Uttama Chola made Arulmozhi the heir-apparent.

== Parantaka II's death and legacy ==

Parantaka II, heart broken by the personal tragedy died in [[Kanchipuram]] at his golden palace (c. 980 CE). He was thereafter known as "''Pon maligai thunjina thevar''" – "the king who died in the golden palace".<ref>{{cite book|title=Early Chola Temples: Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, A.D. 907-985|author=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam|publisher=Orient Longman, 1971 - Architecture, Chola - 351 pages|page=106}}</ref> Parantaka II continued the chola legacy of absolutely professional and democratic management. This is seen from many inscriptions of his and his illustrious son [[Aditya Chola II|Aditya II]], which describe reforms carried out professionally at universities, councils, military and navy. Parantaka was well supported by his management councillors. Thus we know from an inscription of his how a certain [[Aniruddha Brahmarayar|Aniruddha Brahmarayan]] who was a follower of jaiminiya sutra of samaveda(''jaiminiya sutrattu aniruddha bhramarayar'') and who was a "servitor at the feet of lord of river girt arankam(srirangam),i.e lord vishnu", who belonged to royal council being felicitated for selfless service.

One of his queens, Vanavanmahadevi, a princess from the clan of [[Malaiyaman]], committed suicide by jumping into the fire, inspite for serval oppositions by the noble men at the king's death and her image was perhaps installed at the [[Thanjavur]] Temple by her daughter Kundavai.<ref>{{cite book|title=Woman, Her History and Her Struggle for Emancipation|author=B. S. Chandrababu, L. Thilagavathi|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|year=2009|pages=135–136}}</ref> Another queen, a [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] princess survived him until 1001 CE.

During Parantaka II's reign, literature [[Tamil language|Tamil]] received encouragement. The [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] work on [[Tamil language|Tamil]] grammar, ''Virasoliyam'' eulogises him as a patron of letters and of [[Buddhism]]. The eulogy furnishes evidence for the friendly relationship between the Chola monarchs and the Buddhists.

== Inscriptions ==
The following is an inscription of Parantaka II from the [[Thiruvisanallur Sivayoginathar Temple|Sivayoginathar Temple]] in [[Thiruvisanallur]],[[File:Thiruvisanallur (7).jpg|left|thumb|Sculptures at [[Thiruvisanallur Sivayoginathar Temple|Sivayoginathar Temple]] ]]{{Cquote|quote=<div style="text-align: center;">''(Verse 2) ..The King named Siruvela who was the light of the Irungola race and foremost(member) in the family of the daughter of the (king) Pirantaka gave with delight a lamp to Hara(Siva) whose abode was at Srivisalura.''
''(Verse 3) May the Maheswaras protect the lamp presented with delight in the prosperous fifth year of(reign of) the best of kings, the illustrious Sundara Chola, by him who bore the name Siruvela, to Isa(Siva) who was pleased to dwell in the abode (temple) of Srivisalura(situated) in the virtuous village named Nimbagrhara on the northern bank of the (river) Kaveri.<ref name=raosahib>{{cite book|title=South Indian Inscriptions, Volume III, Miscellaneous inscriptions from the Tamil Country|author=Rao Sahib H. Krishna Sastri|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey On India, Janpath, New Delhi|year=1987|pages=257–258}}</ref>''
</div>}}

The term ''foremost in the family of the king Pirantaka's daughter'' indicates the alliance between the [[Chola]] and [[Irukkuvel]] families and the chief Siriyavela might have been the King's son-in-law or his daughter's father-in-law.<ref>{{cite book|title=Volume 1 of Early Chola Art|author=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam|publisher=Asia publ. house|year=1966|page=171}}</ref><ref name=wijetunga/>

Here is another inscription of Parantaka II from the [[Vedapureeswarar temple, Thiruverkadu|Vedapureeswarar temple]] in [[Tiruverkadu]] (north wall of the central shrine),

{{Cquote|quote=<div style="text-align: center;">''A record in the seventh year of the Perumal Sundara Choladeva, who drove the Pandya into the forest.''
''Records gift of lands for offerings to the temple of Srikudittittai-Udaiyar in Vadagarai-vembarrur by the king's general (senapati) Pirantakan Siriyavelar alias Tirukkarrali Pichchan.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Topographical List of Inscriptions of the Madras Presidency, Volume II, with Notes and References|author=V. Rangacharya|publisher=Asian Educational Services, New Delhi|year=1985|page=1246}}</ref>''
</div>}}

== In popular culture ==

* Sundara Chola, forms a main character in ''[[Kalki Krishnamurthy]]’s 1955 historical fiction novel [[Ponniyin Selvan]].'' In his story, Kalki imagines Parantaka II to be a powerless ruler - handicapped by a debilitating illness. He is caught between opposing forces of his love for his children and his dependence on powerful courtiers.
* Indian actor [[Prakash Raj]] plays his role in ''[[Mani Ratnam]]'s 2022 film'' ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' which is based on [[Ponniyin Selvan|Kalki's novel]].

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==
* Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1935). ''The CōĻas'', University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
* Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1955). ''A History of South India'', OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).
* Early Chola temples: Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, A.D. 907-985 By S. R. Balasubrahmanyam
* Journal of Indian museums, Volumes 14-16 By Museums Association of India
* A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Nilgiris District, Pudukkottai District, Ramanathapuram District, Salem District By T. V. Mahalingam {{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Chola]]|before=[[Gandaraditya]]|after=[[Uttama Chola]] |years=957–970 CE}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parantaka Chola 02}}
[[Category:Chola kings]]
[[Category:970s deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:10th-century Hindus]]