imported>JJMC89 bot III: Moving :Category:Rivers of the Tibet Autonomous Region to :Category:Rivers of Tibet per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy

2021-01-14T23:19:55Z

Moving Category:Rivers of the Tibet Autonomous Region to Category:Rivers of Tibet per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy

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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Parang River
| name_native = Pare Chu
| name_native_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India Ladakh#Tibet
| pushpin_map_relief = 0
| pushpin_map_size = Confluence of Parang and Spiti rivers
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]], [[China]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Ladakh]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Lahaul and Spiti district]], [[Leh district]], [[Zanda County]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length = {{convert|130|mi|km|abbr=on}} approx.
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| url =
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = Baralacha range near Parang La
| source1_location = [[Lahaul and Spiti district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|32.4692|78.1628}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|18000|ft|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Spiti River]]
| mouth_location = Near Sumdo, [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|32.05128|78.60485 |type:river|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|10500|ft|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system = [[Sutlej River]]
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left = Takling Nala, Chumur stream, Kyumsalung Panglung, Pangnang, Baglung, Sumkhel Chu
| tributaries_right = Chepzilung
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Parang River''' (also called '''Para River''' and '''Pare Chu''') is an upstream tributary of the [[Sutlej River]], that originates in the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and ends in Himachal Pradesh again, but flows through [[Ladakh]] and [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] before doing so. The origin of the river is near the '''Parang La''' pass in the [[Spiti Valley|Spiti subdistrict]]. After its circuitous journey, it joins the Spiti River near Sumdo and the combined river then joins [[Sutlej]].<ref>{{harvp|Howard, Development of the Boundary|2005|pp=225–226}}: "... the Para River which, after passing through a small part of Tibet, later enters Spiti and joins the Spiti River."</ref>

== Name ==
The name "Para River", which becomes ''Pare Chu'' in Tibetan, is based on the shepherds' ground of ''Para'' in Karab-Bargyok (in the Tibetan part of its course). In [[Kinnauri language|Kinnauri]], the river was called ''Parati''.{{sfnp|Strachey, Physical Geography of Western Tibet|1854|p=35}} The Tibetans and Ladakhis were more likely to call it by the name of locale above their own, as the "Rupshu river" or "Tsotso river", '''Tsotso''' being the name of the valley in West Tibet through which it flows.{{sfnp|Strachey, Physical Geography of Western Tibet|1854|p=30}}

[[Henry Strachey (explorer)|Henry Strachey]] regarded it as the western headwater of [[Sutlej River]], and called it "Rupshu Sutlej" or "Tsotso Sutlej".{{sfnp|Strachey, Physical Geography of Western Tibet|1854|pp=43–44}}

== Course ==
[[File:Lahul-Spiti-Bashahr-Parang-River-in-a-map-of-Punjab-1907.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The circuitous route of Parang River appears at the right of this map (from [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1907); British territories shown in pink and princely states in yellow.]]
The Parang River originates in [[Spiti Valley|Spiti]] and ends in Spiti, taking a circuitous route through [[Ladakh]] and [[Ngari Prefecture|Ngari Khorsum]] (West Tibet). British geographer [[Alexander Cunningham]] wries:
{{quote|The Para rises in the Parang Pass, to the north of the Bara Lacha range,{{efn|The Bara Lacha range (also called Paralasa range) runs immediately to the northeast of the Great Himalayan range, similar to the [[Zanskar range]].}} in N. latitude 32° 25', and E. longitude 77° 50', at an elevation of 18,000 feet. It first flows for about twenty-five miles to the northeast, and for about twenty-five miles to the east as far as [[Chumar|Chumur]]. From this point it turns to the south-east, and afterwards to the south-west, to its junction with the Spiti at Chang-Razing. Its whole length is 130 miles, and its fall about 7,500 feet, or 57.7 feet per mile.{{sfnp|Cunningham, Ladak|1854|p=131}}|author=|title=|source=}}
Interestingly, Spiti River flows by the Parang Pass only 10 km to its west. The Parang River joins it about 80 km downstream at [[Sumdo]], near the Tibet border.

Cunningham states that the Spiti and Parang rivers are roughly equal in volume. But Parang is only a "very large rushing torrent" while Spiti is very deep rapid river. After the union of the two at Sumdo (the old Chang-Razing), the combined river flows south for about {{convert|25|mi|km}}, where it joins the [[Sutlej]].{{sfnp|Cunningham, Ladak|1854|p=131}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256/page/n7 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1890 |ref={{sfnref|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890}}}}
* {{citation |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |title=Ladak: Physical, Statistical, Historical |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co |location=London |year=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/ladakphysicalsta00cunnrich |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Cunningham, Ladak|1854}}}}
* {{citation |last=Howard |first=Neil |chapter=The Development of the Boundary between the State of Jammu & Kashmir and British India, and its Representation on Maps of the Lingti Plain |editor-last=Bray |editor-first=John |title=Ladakhi Histories: Local and Regional Perspectives |url=https://ladakhstudies.org/ladakhi-histories |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2005 |series=Brill's Tibetan Studies Library |volume=9 |isbn=9789004145511 |ref={{sfnref|Howard, Development of the Boundary|2005}}}}
* {{citation |last=Strachey |first=Henry |title=Physical Geography of Western Tibet |publisher=William Clows and Sons |location=London |date=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/physicalgeograp00stragoog |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Strachey, Physical Geography of Western Tibet|1854}}}}

== External links ==
* The [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/6002818#map=9/32.4081/78.5687 Para River basin] marked on OpenStreetMap.

[[Category:Rivers of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tibet]]
[[Category:Indus basin]]

Parang River - Revision history

imported>JJMC89 bot III: Moving :Category:Rivers of the Tibet Autonomous Region to :Category:Rivers of Tibet per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy