UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

2022-06-02T19:39:34Z

robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

->Shaan Vinoth: This isnt a brochure site

2021-10-02T09:52:47Z

This isnt a brochure site

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:22, 2 October 2021
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	==History==		==History==
	The tiger reserve has remnants of the [[Cochin State Forest Tramway]], which was used to ship wood from the Parambikulam forests to the nearby harbor at [[Kochi]], and from there to different locations of the world.		The tiger reserve has remnants of the [[Cochin State Forest Tramway]], which was used to ship wood from the Parambikulam forests to the nearby harbor at [[Kochi]], and from there to different locations of the world.

	~~==Visitor information==~~
	~~[[File:Parambikulam Reservoir.jpg\|thumb\|View of Parambikulam Reservoir from tree-house]]~~
	~~[[File:Solar Panels at Bamboo Grove, Parambikulam Tiger Reserve.JPG\|thumb\|Solar Panels at Bamboo Grove, Parambikulam Tiger Reserve]]~~
	[[File:Economic Value or Monetary Value Of A Tree - A Nature Education Certificate Issued at Parambikulam Tiger Reserve.jpg\|thumb\|This informational certificate, issued to the visitors, has a write-up indicating monetary value of a tree.]]
	Ecotourism activities at the tiger reserve are held at the buffer zones of the tiger reserve, avoiding the core areas.<ref>{{Cite news\|title = 10-year conservation plan for Parambikulam tiger reserve\|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/article2493759.ece\|newspaper = The Hindu\|date = 2011-09-28\|access-date = 2015-11-06\|issn = 0971-751X\|language = en-IN}}</ref> Parambikulam provides visitors with a number of opportunities for nature education. Experienced forest guides accompanies one during trekking, for which the visitors can contact the information centre. There are also opportunities for bamboo rafting that are powered by oarsmen. The reservoirs are sources of drinking water, and power boating are not encouraged. While the local inhabitants are allowed to boat and fish on the lake, visitors are not allowed to boat by themselves on the reservoir. The ''Kannimara Thekku [[Teak]] Tree'', which is said to be World's largest teak tree, is located at [[Thoonakkadavu]].
	A variety of accommodation, such as tree-top houses and accommodations inside islands are available, and these needed to be booked in advance. The details are made available at the official website of the reserve. A visitor is expected to contact the information centre of the forest department directly and the forest department have not authorised any private travel agents for taking bookings on behalf of forest department. Safari vehicles managed by Forest Development Agency (FDA), operates safari vehicles that takes a visitor for a safari of the tiger reserve. Private vehicles are allowed inside the tiger reserve only if they have overnight booking inside the tiger reserve. Two-wheeled vehicles are not given permission to enter the tiger reserve.

	Parambikulam is accessible by road from [[Pollachi]], Tamil Nadu. There is a Kerala SRTC bus plying between Palakkad and Parambikulam. Tamil Nadu STC makes two bus trips between Pollachi and Parambikulam. Pollachi to Parambikkulam is about 65 km. Those who are traveling by bus and plans to go for a vehicle safari inside the tiger reserve should get down at Anappady, and visit the Information Centre at Anappady for purchasing tickets. The nearest railway station is at Pollachi and the nearest airport is at [[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu, about 40 km from Pollachi.

	==Fauna==		==Fauna==

106.197.99.32 at 09:33, 17 August 2021

2021-08-17T09:33:27Z

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Parambikulam Tiger Reserve പറമ്പിക്കുളം കടുവാസങ്കേതം
| iucn_category = IV
| photo = Valley View Parambikulam 02.jpg
| photo_width =
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption = Parambikulam Tiger Reserve
| map = India#India Kerala
| relief=1
| location = [[Kollengode, Palakkad|Kollengode]] Block, Chittur Taluk, [[Palakkad District]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Palakkad]] (90 km)<ref name="Times001">,
{{citation
|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Palakkad,+Kerala/Parambikulam+Tiger+Reserve,+Anappady,+Thunakadavu+P.O,+Parambikulam,+Kerala+678+661/@10.5900019,76.6475489,11z/data=!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba86dfa087d31ad:0xf542d6eb7a870a56!2m2!1d76.6547932!2d10.7867303!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba81db91f990ee1:0xbe2bd65c610576c4!2m2!1d76.775622!2d10.392858
|title=Map
|work=GMap
|publisher=Google
}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|10|23|0|N|76|42|30|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|285|km2}}
| established = 1973
| visitation_num =86000
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [http://www.keralaforest.gov.in/html/general/wildlife.htm Kerala Forest Dept.] 
Vysak Sasikumar IFS, Deputy Director (Project Tiger)
| website = {{URL|http://www.parambikulam.org}}
|world_heritage_site=}}

'''Parambikulam Tiger Reserve''', which also includes the erstwhile Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, is a {{convert|391|km2|mi2|1}}<ref name="Times002">{{citation
|url=http://maillogout.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Parambikulam-Wildlife-sanctuary-to-be-made-Tiger-Reserve/articleshow/5579586.cms
|title=Parambikulam-Wildlife-sanctuary-to-be-made-Tiger-Reserve
|work=environment/flora-fauna
|publisher=Time of India
|access-date=19 January 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514180940/http://maillogout.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Parambikulam-Wildlife-sanctuary-to-be-made-Tiger-Reserve/articleshow/5579586.cms
|archive-date=14 May 2019
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> [[Protected areas of India|protected area]] in [[Kollengode, Palakkad|Kollengode]] Block, [[Chittur|Chittur taluk]] in [[Palakkad district]] of [[Kerala]] state, [[South India]]. The wildlife sanctuary, which had an area of {{convert|285|km2|mi2}} was established in 1973. It is in the Sungam range of hills between the [[Anaimalai Hills]] and [[Nelliampathy|Nelliampathy Hills]].<ref>Parambikkulam Forest Development Agency.[http://www.parambikulam.org official website]</ref><ref>Wildlife Institute of India, "''State/UT Wise Details of Protected Areas''" [http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/pa_database/kerala.html ENVIS] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070813104425/http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/pa_database/kerala.html |date=2007-08-13 }}</ref><ref>T R Shankar Raman, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore [http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/envis/owldoc716.html Rediscovery of the Oriental Bay-Owl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720091105/http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/envis/owldoc716.html |date=20 July 2006 }}</ref> Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary was declared as part of the Parambikulam [[Tiger Reserve]] on 19 February 2010.<ref name="JR">{{citation
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/20/stories/2010022063832000.htm
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103064303/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/20/stories/2010022063832000.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2013-01-03
|title=Parambikulam Tiger Reserve opened
|author=staff
|date=2010-02-20
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|access-date=2011-01-19
}}</ref><ref name="hindup">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/article54227.ece
|title=Parambikulam Tiger Reserve to be inaugurated on Feb. 17
|date=2009-11-24
|publisher=The Hindu
|access-date=24 November 2009
|location=Palakkad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Parambikkulam likely to become a tiger reserve soon
| date = 3 October 2007
| url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/03/stories/2007100361230700.htm
| archive-url= https://archive.today/20130103080925/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/03/stories/2007100361230700.htm
| url-status= dead
| archive-date= 3 January 2013
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date =2008-09-02}}</ref> Including the buffer zone, the tiger reserve has a span of 643.66 km2. The [[Western Ghats]], Anamalai Sub-Cluster, including all of Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, is under consideration by the [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Committee for selection as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="UNESCO" >UNESCO, World Heritage sites, Tentative lists, Western Ghats sub cluster, Niligiris. retrieved 4/20/2007 [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2103/ World Heritage sites, Tentative lists]</ref> The sanctuary is the home of four different tribes of [[indigenous peoples]] including the [[Kadar people|Kadar]], [[Malasar]], [[Mudugar|Muduvar]] and [[Mala Malasar]] settled in six colonies. Parambikulam Tiger Reserve implements the Participatory Forest Management Scheme (PFMS). People from tribal colonies inside the reserve are engaged as guides for treks and safaris, and are provided employment through various eco-tourism initiatives.<ref>{{Cite news|title = These tribal guides ‘shoot’ for a change|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/these-tribal-guides-shoot-for-a-change/article7377045.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2015-07-02|access-date = 2015-08-04|issn = 0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Where tigers, tribes coexist|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/where-tigers-tribes-coexist/article7476001.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2015-07-29|access-date = 2015-08-04|issn = 0971-751X}}</ref> The tiger reserve hosts many capacity building training programmes conducted by Parambikulam Tiger Conservation Foundation in association with various organisations.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Enforcement agencies gear up to fight wildlife crime in Kerala|url = http://www.wwfindia.org/?14442/Enforcement-agencies-gear-up-to-fight-wildlife-crime-in-Kerala|website = www.wwfindia.org|access-date = 2015-10-20}}</ref>

==Geography==
The sanctuary is located between Longitude:76° 35’- 76° 50’ E, and Latitude:10° 20’ – 10° 26’ N. It is {{convert|135|km|mi}} from [[Palakkad]] town and adjacent to the [[Indira Gandhi National Park|Annamalai Wildlife Sanctuary]] to the east in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is bordered to the north by Nemmara Forest Division, to the south by Vazhachal Forest Division and the west by Chalakudy Forest Division. The sanctuary has a [[hornblende]], [[biotite]], [[gneiss]] and [[charnockite]] geology.

Altitude ranges between 300 m and 1438 m. There is a 600 m elevation opening through the Nelliampathy hills from Anamalai hills on the northern boundary of the sanctuary at [[Thoothampara]]. Major peaks in the sanctuary are [[Karimala Gopuram]] (1438 m) in the southern boundary of the sanctuary, Pandaravarai (1290 m) in the north, Kuchimudi, Vengoli Malai (1120 m) in the eastern boundary and Puliyarapadam (1010 m) in the west.

The sanctuary has three man-made reservoirs; Parambikulam, Thunacadavu (Thunakkadavu) and Peruvaripallam, with a combined area of 20.66 km2. The Thuvaiar water falls empty into one of the reservoirs. There are 7 major valleys and 3 major rivers, the Parambikulam, the Sholayar and the Thekkedy. The Karappara river and Kuriarkutty river also drain the area.

==History==
The tiger reserve has remnants of the [[Cochin State Forest Tramway]], which was used to ship wood from the Parambikulam forests to the nearby harbor at [[Kochi]], and from there to different locations of the world.

==Visitor information==
[[File:Parambikulam Reservoir.jpg|thumb|View of Parambikulam Reservoir from tree-house]]
[[File:Solar Panels at Bamboo Grove, Parambikulam Tiger Reserve.JPG|thumb|Solar Panels at Bamboo Grove, Parambikulam Tiger Reserve]]
[[File:Economic Value or Monetary Value Of A Tree - A Nature Education Certificate Issued at Parambikulam Tiger Reserve.jpg|thumb|This informational certificate, issued to the visitors, has a write-up indicating monetary value of a tree.]]
Ecotourism activities at the tiger reserve are held at the buffer zones of the tiger reserve, avoiding the core areas.<ref>{{Cite news|title = 10-year conservation plan for Parambikulam tiger reserve|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/article2493759.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2011-09-28|access-date = 2015-11-06|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref> Parambikulam provides visitors with a number of opportunities for nature education. Experienced forest guides accompanies one during trekking, for which the visitors can contact the information centre. There are also opportunities for bamboo rafting that are powered by oarsmen. The reservoirs are sources of drinking water, and power boating are not encouraged. While the local inhabitants are allowed to boat and fish on the lake, visitors are not allowed to boat by themselves on the reservoir. The ''Kannimara Thekku [[Teak]] Tree'', which is said to be World's largest teak tree, is located at [[Thoonakkadavu]].
A variety of accommodation, such as tree-top houses and accommodations inside islands are available, and these needed to be booked in advance. The details are made available at the official website of the reserve. A visitor is expected to contact the information centre of the forest department directly and the forest department have not authorised any private travel agents for taking bookings on behalf of forest department. Safari vehicles managed by Forest Development Agency (FDA), operates safari vehicles that takes a visitor for a safari of the tiger reserve. Private vehicles are allowed inside the tiger reserve only if they have overnight booking inside the tiger reserve. Two-wheeled vehicles are not given permission to enter the tiger reserve.

Parambikulam is accessible by road from [[Pollachi]], Tamil Nadu. There is a Kerala SRTC bus plying between Palakkad and Parambikulam. Tamil Nadu STC makes two bus trips between Pollachi and Parambikulam. Pollachi to Parambikkulam is about 65 km. Those who are traveling by bus and plans to go for a vehicle safari inside the tiger reserve should get down at Anappady, and visit the Information Centre at Anappady for purchasing tickets. The nearest railway station is at Pollachi and the nearest airport is at [[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu, about 40 km from Pollachi.

==Fauna==
[[File:Indian Bison (Gaur).jpg|thumb|Wild Gaur in Prarambikulam]]
The sanctuary has a rich [[biodiversity|diversity]] of animal life including: Mammals 39 species, Amphibians 16 sp., Birds 268 sp., Reptiles 61 sp., Fish 47 sp., Insects 1049 sp. and Butterflies 221 sp. This sanctuary is also referred to as the "state capital for the massive gaur" by wildlife experts.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Parambikulam – Subaltern Sanctuary To Sanctum Sanctorum|url = http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/magazines/features/9896-parambikulam-subaltern-sanctuary-to-sanctum-sanctorum.html|website = www.sanctuaryasia.com|access-date = 2015-08-11}}</ref>

*'''Mammals''' Important mammals include: [[lion-tailed macaque]]s, [[Nilgiri tahr]], [[Indian elephant|elephant]]s, [[Bengal tiger]]s, [[Indian leopard]]s, [[wild boar]], [[sambar deer|sambar]], [[bonnet macaque]]s, [[Nilgiri langur]]s, [[sloth bear]]s, [[Nilgiri marten]] [[Petinomys fuscocapillus|small Travancore flying squirrel]] and [[gaur]].
*'''Reptiles''' Reptiles of very high importance in Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary include: [[king cobra]], [[Plectrurus aureus|Kerala shieldtail]], [[Oligodon|Travancore kukri snake]], [[Lycodon capucinus|Travancore wolf snake]], [[Geoemyda silvatica|Cochin cane turtle]], [[Travancore tortoise]], [[Cnemaspis sisparensis|Indian day gecko]] and [[Draco blanfordii|Western Ghats flying lizard]]. Other important reptiles are [[Indian python|Indian rock python]], [[Malabar pit viper]], [[Travancore tortoise]], [[Hemiphyllodactylus typus|South Indian forest ground gecko]], [[Psammophilus dorsalis|South Indian rock lizard]], [[Eutropis clivicola|mountain skink]], [[mugger crocodile]], [[varanus]], [[Melanochelys trijuga|pond terrapin]], [[chameleon]] and the snakes [[Indian cobra|spectacled cobra]], [[krait]], [[Rhabdophis plumbicolor|green keelback]], [[Atretium schistosum|olivaceous keelback]], western [[rat snake]] and [[Ahaetulla|vine snake]].
*'''Fish''' 47 species of fish are recorded in the Sanctuary of which seven species are listed as endangered and 17 are endemic to Western Ghats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://parambikulam.org/admin/category/Fishes.pdf |format=pdf |publisher=Parambikulam Tiger Reserve |access-date=2014-11-29 |title=Checklist of Fish Fauna |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204151124/http://parambikulam.org/admin/category/Fishes.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''Birds''' 268 bird species have been recorded in the sanctuary. 134 species are listed as rare and 18 species are endemic to western Ghats. [[Lesser adjutant|Lesser adjutant stork]], [[grey-headed fish-eagle]] [[Oriental bay owl|Peninsular bay owl]], [[broad-billed roller]] and [[Great hornbill|great pied hornbill]]. Other birds include: [[darter]], [[little cormorant]], [[black eagle]], [[black-capped kingfisher]], [[great Indian hornbill]], and [[black woodpecker]].<ref>Kerala Information & Public Relations Department, PARAMBIKULAM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, retrieved 5/11/2007 [http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/parambikulam.htm PARAMBIKULAM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610031508/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/parambikulam.htm |date=10 June 2011 }}</ref> See complete checklist of birds of Parambikulam Wildlife sanctuary: [http://www.parambikulam.org/admin/category/Birds.pdf PDF]
*'''Butterflies''' There are 221 species of butterflies recorded in the sanctuary of which 11 are rare and endemic.
*'''Amphibians''' There are 23 amphibian species living in the sanctuary include: ridged toad ''[[Bufo parietalis]]'', common Asiatic toad ''[[Bufo melanostictus]]'', large wrinkled frog ''[[Nyctibatrachus major]]'', small wrinkled frog ''[[Nyctibatrachus minor]]'', ''[[Rana tigerina]]'', Verrucose frog ''[[Fejervarya keralensis|Rana keralensis]]'', ''[[Rana cyanophlyctis]]'', Boulenger's Indian frog ''[[Indirana leptodactyla|Rana leptodactyla]]'', ''[[Rana limnocharis]]'', Beddome's leaping frog ''[[Indirana beddomii|Rana beddomii]]'', South Indian frog ''[[Indirana semipalmata|Rana semipalmata]]'', bicoloureol frog ''[[Rana curtipes]]'', bronzed frog ''[[Rana temporalis]]'', reddish burrowing frog ''[[Fejervarya rufescens|Tomopterna rufescens]]'', Parambikulam wart frog ''[[Zakerana parambikulamana|Tomopterna parambikulamana]]'', white-nosed bush frog ''[[Philautus leucorhinus]]'', white-spotted bush frog ''[[Philautus chalazodes]]'', Kerala warty frog ''[[Limnonectes keralensis]]'', Indian skipper frog ''[[Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis]]'', cricket frog ''[[Fejervarya limnocharis|Limnonectes limnocharis]]'', Beddome's leaping frog ''[[Indirana beddomii]]'', short webbed leaping frog ''[[Indirana brachytarsus]]'' and the common frog ''[[Micrixalus fuscus]]''.<ref>[http://www.parambikulam.org/amphibians.htm amphibians] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707130649/http://www.parambikulam.org/amphibians.htm |date=2007-07-07 }}</ref>

==Flora==

[[File:Kannimara Teak Parambikulam 003.jpg|thumb|Kannimara Teak]]
The sanctuary has a variety of trees mainly [[teak]], [[neem]], [[sandalwood]] and [[rosewood]]. Even the oldest ever teak tree, Kannimara Teak exists here. It is about 450 years old and has a girth of {{convert|6.8|m|ft}} and a height of {{convert|49.5|m|ft}}. It won the Mahavriksha Puraskar given by the Indian Government. Haplothismia exannulata is a rare species of mycotrophic plant found in this area.<ref>http://www.iaat.org.in/images/journalprev/2000/2/131-134.pdf</ref>

==Threats==
[[File:Do-Not-Feed-Animals Signage at Parambikulam Tiger Reserve.JPG|thumb|Do-Not-Feed-Animals Signage at Parambikulam Tiger Reserve]]
[[File:Information signage indicating the prohibition of liquor.JPG|thumb|Information signage at Parambikulam Tiger Reserve indicating the prohibition of liquor and plastic.]]

'''Fires in the forest''' - In April 2007 a wild fire in parts of Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary and the adjoining Nelliampathy forests destroyed hundreds of acres of forest tracts and plantations. One of the reasons for the fires was the lack of pre-monsoon rain in the area. The area used to get rain in during January, February, March and April. In 2007, there was only 4 mm rain in January and after that there was no rain. Nelliampathy was facing an unprecedented drought during that summer. The temperature reached 34 °C in April when the average high is usually 26 °C.<ref>Prabhakaran G. (4/9/2007) ''Fire engulfs Parambikulam, Nelliampathy forests'', The Hindu, retrieved 6/12/2007 [https://archive.today/20130103204550/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/09/stories/2007040901140300.htm Fire]</ref>

'''Waste generation due to tourist visit''' - Some tourists throw away plastic material, aluminium cans, biscuit wrappers etc. inside the reserve, instead of putting them in waste bins. The staff of the tiger reserve engage in picking up these waste materials on a daily basis. Some of these plastic waste are recycled to make keychains, which are sold at the ecoshops located inside the tiger reserve. These key-chains are referred to as "Pugmark keychains".

'''Demand for expanding the tourism zone''' - There is pressure from multiple quarters to expand the tourism activities that is currently conducted in the buffer zone of the tiger reserve. This also results in demand for building new roads inside the tiger reserve, which is not an ecologically friendly option.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Travel News - KFRI opposes plan for motorable road from Nelliyampathy to Parambikulam Tiger Reserve {{!}} TravelBiz Monitor|url = http://www.travelbizmonitor.com/Ministry/kfri-opposes-plan-for-motorable-road-from-nelliyampathy-to-parambikulam-tiger-reserve-17986|website = www.travelbizmonitor.com|access-date = 2015-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Greens oppose tourism in Nelliampathy forest|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article754108.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2010-04-22|access-date = 2015-08-05|issn = 0971-751X}}</ref>

'''Quarrying in nearby areas''' - Demand for construction material such as granite has resulted in the destruction of hills and hillocks in the peripheral regions such as Nelliyampathy. A ban on quarrying has been sought in regions such as Muthalamada, Chuliar and Seetharkund.<ref>{{Cite web|title = A green concern over Nelliampathy - Indian24News|url = http://www.indian24news.com/india/a-green-concern-over-nelliampathy/54760-news|website = Haber Yayınları|access-date = 2015-10-20}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Sustainability Practices==
As part of a study to ascertain the visitor management strategy at Parambikulam, a study report by KFRI in 2002 indicated limited tourism with community participation.<ref>KFRI Research Report No. 239, Visitor Management Strategy for Eravikulam National Park, Parambikulam and Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuaries, KFRI, July 2002</ref> While questions has been raised about the effectiveness of Eco-Development-Committees (EDCs) in promoting sustainable development at Parambikulam,<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Participatory eco-development in question: The case of the Parambikulam wildlife sanctuary in South India|last = Dejouhanet|first = Lucie|date = 2010|journal = Journal of Alpine Research}}</ref> there has also been indications that ecotourism has provided benefits to the local population.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Local Economic Benefits of Ecotourism: A Case Study on Parambikulam Tiger Reserve in Kerala, India|last = Vinodan|first = A|date = July 2011|journal = South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage|last2 = Manalel|first2 = James}}</ref> The tiger reserve strives towards ecotourism initiatives that cause minimum harm to the environment. The tiger reserve also promotes the usage of solar energy.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary}}

{{Protected areas of Kerala}}
{{Tiger Reserves Of India}}
{{Tourism in Kerala|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Kerala]]
[[Category:South Western Ghats montane rain forests]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Kerala]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1973]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Geography of Palakkad district]]

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve - Revision history

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

->Shaan Vinoth: This isnt a brochure site

106.197.99.32 at 09:33, 17 August 2021