Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam - Revision history

Jaishink: cleanup

2025-12-25T19:18:26Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 20:45, 23 November 2022
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=February ~~2022~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2015}}
	{{Infobox officeholder		{{Infobox officeholder
	\| honorific-prefix = [[General (India)\|General]]		\| honorific-prefix = [[General (India)\|General]]
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	During [[World War II]], he was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) as a temporary major for action in [[Libya]] on 27 May 1942 at Point 171, south of Bir Hakiem commanding the 7th Field Battery, [[ 2 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled) (Letse & Point 171)\|2nd Field Regiment]], Indian Artillery.<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=35665 \|supp=y\|page=3543\|date=11 August 1942}}</ref>		During [[World War II]], he was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) as a temporary major for action in [[Libya]] on 27 May 1942 at Point 171, south of Bir Hakiem commanding the 7th Field Battery, [[ 2 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled) (Letse & Point 171)\|2nd Field Regiment]], Indian Artillery.<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=35665 \|supp=y\|page=3543\|date=11 August 1942}}</ref>

	The citation recommending Kumaramangalam for a Distinguished Service Order runs as follows:<ref name="DSO_cite">{{cite web \|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7358935\|title=Recommendation for Award for Kumaramangalam, Paramasiva Prabhakar \|website=The National Archives (UK)\|publisher=UK Government \|access-date=4 November ~~2022~~}}</ref>		The citation recommending Kumaramangalam for a Distinguished Service Order runs as follows:<ref name="DSO_cite">{{cite web \|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7358935\|title=Recommendation for Award for Kumaramangalam, Paramasiva Prabhakar \|website=The National Archives (UK)\|publisher=UK Government \|access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>

	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
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	==Other interests==		==Other interests==
	He was also a [[polo]] player, horseman, [[show jumping\|show jumper]], and [[cricket (game)\|cricketer]]. He was a member of the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]], a fellow of the [[Royal Horticultural Society]], and president of [[Indian Polo Association]] and Equestrian Federation of India. On retirement as army chief, he was elected President of the [[World Wide Fund for Nature\|World Wildlife Fund - India]] (WWF-India) during its formative stages.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://factstasy.blogspot.in/2012/04/list-of-chief-of-army-staff-of-ndian.html#.Vdldjvmqqko\|title = List of Chief of Army staff of the !ndian army\|date = 17 April ~~2022~~}}</ref>		He was also a [[polo]] player, horseman, [[show jumping\|show jumper]], and [[cricket (game)\|cricketer]]. He was a member of the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]], a fellow of the [[Royal Horticultural Society]], and president of [[Indian Polo Association]] and Equestrian Federation of India. On retirement as army chief, he was elected President of the [[World Wide Fund for Nature\|World Wildlife Fund - India]] (WWF-India) during its formative stages.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://factstasy.blogspot.in/2012/04/list-of-chief-of-army-staff-of-ndian.html#.Vdldjvmqqko\|title = List of Chief of Army staff of the !ndian army\|date = 17 April 2012}}</ref>

	==Death==		==Death==

Bot at 15:15, 23 November 2022

2022-11-23T15:15:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:45, 23 November 2022
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=February ~~2015~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2022}}
	{{Infobox officeholder		{{Infobox officeholder
	\| honorific-prefix = [[General (India)\|General]]		\| honorific-prefix = [[General (India)\|General]]
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	\| width = 200px		\| width = 200px
	\| caption =		\| caption =
	\| office = 6th [[Chief of Army Staff (India)\|Chief of the Army Staff]]		\| office = 6th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)\|Chief of the Army Staff]]
	\| president = [[Zakir Husain (politician)\|Zakir Husain]] <br/> [[V. V. Giri]]		\| president = [[Zakir Husain (politician)\|Zakir Husain]] <br/> [[V. V. Giri]]
	\| primeminister = [[Indira Gandhi]]		\| primeminister = [[Indira Gandhi]]
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	\| nickname =		\| nickname =
	\| allegiance = {{flag\|British India}} (1933-1947) <br />{{flag\|India}} (after 1947)		\| allegiance = {{flag\|British India}} (1933-1947) <br />{{flag\|India}} (after 1947)
	\| branch = {{army\|British ~~Raj~~}}<br/>{{army\|India}}		\| branch = {{army\|British India}}<br/>{{army\|India}}
	\| serviceyears = 1933–1969		\| serviceyears = 1933–1969
	\| rank = [[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg\|20px]] [[General (India)\|General]]		\| rank = [[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg\|20px]] [[General (India)\|General]]
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	\| commands = [[File:IA Eastern Command.jpg\|20px]][[Eastern Command (India)\|Eastern Army]]		\| commands = [[File:IA Eastern Command.jpg\|20px]][[Eastern Command (India)\|Eastern Army]]
	\| battles = [[World War II]]<br />[[Indo-Pakistan War of 1947]]<br />[[Sino-Indian War]]<br />[[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965]]<br />[[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]]		\| battles = [[World War II]]<br />[[Indo-Pakistan War of 1947]]<br />[[Sino-Indian War]]<br />[[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965]]<br />[[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]]
	\| awards = [[File:~~IND~~ Padma Vibhushan ~~BAR~~.~~png~~\|23px]][[Padma Vibhushan]]<br />[[File:Dso-ribbon.svg\|23px]][[Distinguished Service Order (United Kingdom)\|Distinguished Service Order]] <br />[[File:Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.svg\|23px]][[Order of the British Empire\|Member of the Order of the British Empire]]		\| awards = [[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg\|23px]][[Padma Vibhushan]]<br />[[File:Dso-ribbon.svg\|23px]][[Distinguished Service Order (United Kingdom)\|Distinguished Service Order]] <br />[[File:Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.svg\|23px]][[Order of the British Empire\|Member of the Order of the British Empire]]
	\| relations = [[P. Subbarayan]] (Father)<br/>[[Mohan Kumaramangalam]] (Brother)<br/>[[Rangarajan Mohan Kumaramangalam]] (Brother's Grandson)		\| relations = [[P. Subbarayan]] (Father)<br/>[[Mohan Kumaramangalam]] (Brother)<br/>[[Rangarajan Mohan Kumaramangalam]] (Brother's Grandson)
	\| laterwork =		\| laterwork =
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	}}		}}

	[[General (India)\|General]] '''Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam''', {{post-nominals\|country=GBR\|size=100%\|commas=on\|DSO\|MBE\|FRHS}} (1 July 1913 – 13 March 2000) was the 6th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)\|Chief of the Army Staff]] (COAS) of the [[Indian Army]] from 1967 to 1969. He was one of the last British-trained [[King's Commissioned Indian Officer~~\|KCIO~~]]s to serve in the [[Indian Army]], and the last ~~[[King's Commissioned Indian Officer]] (~~KCIO) to lead the Indian Army.		[[General (India)\|General]] '''Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam''', {{post-nominals\|country=GBR\|size=100%\|commas=on\|DSO\|MBE\|FRHS}} (1 July 1913 – 13 March 2000) was the 6th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)\|Chief of the Army Staff]] (COAS) of the [[Indian Army]] from 1967 to 1969. He was one of the last British-trained [[King's Commissioned Indian Officer]] (KCIO) to serve in the [[Indian Army]], and the last KCIO to lead the Indian Army.

	==Early life and education==		==Early life and education==
	Kumaramangalam was born to [[P. Subbarayan]], who served as [[Chief Minister]] of the [[Madras Presidency]] between 1926 and 1930, and was a member of the zamindari family of [[Kumaramangalam]] from [[Tiruchengode\|Thiruchengode]] [[Taluk]], [[Namakkal district\|Namakkal District]], [[Tamil Nadu]].		Kumaramangalam was born to [[P. Subbarayan]], who served as [[Chief Minister]] of the [[Madras Presidency]] between 1926 and 1930, and was a member of the zamindari family of [[Kumaramangalam]] from [[Tiruchengode\|Thiruchengode]] [[Taluk]], [[Namakkal district\|Namakkal District]], [[Tamil Nadu]].

	He was educated at the [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)\|preparatory]] [[St Hugh's School, Faringdon\|St Hugh's School]] (then in [[Kent]]), and at [[Eton College]]. He then studied at the [[Royal Military Academy Woolwich\|Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]], and was commissioned into the [[British ~~Indian Army\|~~Indian Army]] as an unattached [[second lieutenant]] in 1933.<ref name="commission">{{London Gazette\|issue=33974\|page=5733\|date=1 September 1933}}</ref> He was appointed to the [[British Indian Army]] on the 12th of November, 1934.<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=34129\|page=775\|date=1 February 1935}}</ref>		He was educated at the [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)\|preparatory]] [[St Hugh's School, Faringdon\|St Hugh's School]] (then in [[Kent]]), and at [[Eton College]]. He then studied at the [[Royal Military Academy Woolwich\|Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]], and was commissioned into the [[British Indian Army]] as an unattached [[second lieutenant]] in 1933.<ref name="commission">{{London Gazette\|issue=33974\|page=5733\|date=1 September 1933}}</ref> He was appointed to the [[British Indian Army]] on the 12th of November, 1934.<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=34129\|page=775\|date=1 February 1935}}</ref>

	==Military life==		==Military life==
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	During [[World War II]], he was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) as a temporary major for action in [[Libya]] on 27 May 1942 at Point 171, south of Bir Hakiem commanding the 7th Field Battery, [[ 2 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled) (Letse & Point 171)\|2nd Field Regiment]], Indian Artillery.<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=35665 \|supp=y\|page=3543\|date=11 August 1942}}</ref>		During [[World War II]], he was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) as a temporary major for action in [[Libya]] on 27 May 1942 at Point 171, south of Bir Hakiem commanding the 7th Field Battery, [[ 2 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled) (Letse & Point 171)\|2nd Field Regiment]], Indian Artillery.<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=35665 \|supp=y\|page=3543\|date=11 August 1942}}</ref>

	The citation recommending Kumaramangalam for a Distinguished Service Order runs as follows:<ref name="DSO_cite">{{cite web \|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7358935\|title=Recommendation for Award for Kumaramangalam, Paramasiva Prabhakar \|website=The National Archives (UK)\|publisher=UK Government \|access-date=4 November ~~2018~~}}</ref>		The citation recommending Kumaramangalam for a Distinguished Service Order runs as follows:<ref name="DSO_cite">{{cite web \|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7358935\|title=Recommendation for Award for Kumaramangalam, Paramasiva Prabhakar \|website=The National Archives (UK)\|publisher=UK Government \|access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref>

	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
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	==Other interests==		==Other interests==
	He was also a [[polo]] player, horseman, [[show jumping\|show jumper]], and [[cricket (game)\|cricketer]]. He was a member of the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]], a fellow of the [[Royal Horticultural Society]], and president of [[Indian Polo Association]] and Equestrian Federation of India. On retirement as army chief, he was elected President of the [[World Wide Fund for Nature\|World Wildlife Fund - India]] (WWF-India) during its formative stages.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://factstasy.blogspot.in/2012/04/list-of-chief-of-army-staff-of-ndian.html#.Vdldjvmqqko\|title = List of Chief of Army staff of the !ndian army\|date = 17 April ~~2012~~}}</ref>		He was also a [[polo]] player, horseman, [[show jumping\|show jumper]], and [[cricket (game)\|cricketer]]. He was a member of the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]], a fellow of the [[Royal Horticultural Society]], and president of [[Indian Polo Association]] and Equestrian Federation of India. On retirement as army chief, he was elected President of the [[World Wide Fund for Nature\|World Wildlife Fund - India]] (WWF-India) during its formative stages.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://factstasy.blogspot.in/2012/04/list-of-chief-of-army-staff-of-ndian.html#.Vdldjvmqqko\|title = List of Chief of Army staff of the !ndian army\|date = 17 April 2022}}</ref>

	==Death==		==Death==
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	{\| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"		{\| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
	\|{{Ribbon devices\|number=0\|type=award‐star\|ribbon=~~IND~~ Padma Vibhushan ~~BAR~~.~~png~~\|width=106}}		\|{{Ribbon devices\|number=0\|type=award‐star\|ribbon=Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg\|width=106}}
	\|{{Ribbon devices\|number=0\|type=award‐star\|ribbon=Sena Medal ribbon.svg\|width=106}}		\|{{Ribbon devices\|number=0\|type=award‐star\|ribbon=Sena Medal ribbon.svg\|width=106}}
	\|{{Ribbon devices\|number=0\|type=award‐star\|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg\|width=106}}		\|{{Ribbon devices\|number=0\|type=award‐star\|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg\|width=106}}
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	[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]		[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]
	[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]		[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]
			[[Category:Vice Chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]
	[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]		[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
	[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in civil service]]		[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in civil service]]
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	[[Category:Indian generals]]		[[Category:Indian generals]]
	[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Horticultural Society]]		[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Horticultural Society]]
			[[Category:Indian Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
			[[Category:Indian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

2022-06-26T20:15:38Z

robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:45, 27 June 2022
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	}}		}}

	[[General (India)\|General]] '''Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam''', {{post-nominals\|country=GBR\|size=100%\|commas=on\|DSO\|MBE\|FRHS}} (1 July 1913 – 13 March 2000) was the 6th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)\|Chief of the Army Staff]] (COAS) of the [[Indian Army]] from 1967 to 1969. He was ~~among~~ the last ~~of the~~ [[King's Commissioned Indian Officer]]s ~~trained in England~~ in the [[Indian Army]], and the last [[King's Commissioned Indian Officer]] (KCIO) to lead the Indian Army.		[[General (India)\|General]] '''Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam''', {{post-nominals\|country=GBR\|size=100%\|commas=on\|DSO\|MBE\|FRHS}} (1 July 1913 – 13 March 2000) was the 6th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)\|Chief of the Army Staff]] (COAS) of the [[Indian Army]] from 1967 to 1969. He was one of the last British-trained [[King's Commissioned Indian Officer\|KCIO]]s to serve in the [[Indian Army]], and the last [[King's Commissioned Indian Officer]] (KCIO) to lead the Indian Army.

	==Early life and education==		==Early life and education==
	~~P P~~ Kumaramangalam was born to ~~the Former~~ [[Chief Minister]] of [[Madras Presidency]], ~~[[P. Subbarayan]] in~~ the zamindari family of [[Kumaramangalam]] in [[Tiruchengode\|Thiruchengode]] Taluk, [[Namakkal district\|Namakkal District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was educated at [[St Hugh's School, Faringdon\|St Hugh's School]]~~, while it was located~~ in Kent, and ~~had his secondary education~~ at [[Eton College]]. He ~~was commissioned from~~ the [[Royal Military Academy Woolwich]] ~~as a Second Lieutenant on the Unattached List for~~ the Indian Army ~~on the 31 August~~ 1933.<ref name="commission">{{London Gazette\|issue=33974\|page=5733\|date=1 September 1933}}</ref> He was appointed to the [[British Indian Army]] on 12 November 1934.<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=34129\|page=775\|date=1 February 1935}}</ref>		Kumaramangalam was born to [[P. Subbarayan]], who served as [[Chief Minister]] of the [[Madras Presidency]] between 1926 and 1930, and was a member of the zamindari family of [[Kumaramangalam]] from [[Tiruchengode\|Thiruchengode]] [[Taluk]], [[Namakkal district\|Namakkal District]], [[Tamil Nadu]].

			He was educated at the [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)\|preparatory]] [[St Hugh's School, Faringdon\|St Hugh's School]] (then in [[Kent]]), and at [[Eton College]]. He then studied at the [[Royal Military Academy Woolwich\|Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]], and was commissioned into the [[British Indian Army\|Indian Army]] as an unattached [[second lieutenant]] in 1933.<ref name="commission">{{London Gazette\|issue=33974\|page=5733\|date=1 September 1933}}</ref> He was appointed to the [[British Indian Army]] on the 12th of November, 1934.<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=34129\|page=775\|date=1 February 1935}}</ref>

	==Military life==		==Military life==

	===World War II===		===World War II===
	During [[World War II]], he was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) as a temporary major for action in [[Libya]] on 27 May 1942 at Point 171, south of Bir Hakiem commanding the 7th Field Battery, [[2 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled) (Letse & Point 171)\|2nd Field Regiment]], Indian Artillery.<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=35665 \|supp=y\|page=3543\|date=11 August 1942}}</ref>		During [[World War II]], he was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) as a temporary major for action in [[Libya]] on 27 May 1942 at Point 171, south of Bir Hakiem commanding the 7th Field Battery, [[ 2 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled) (Letse & Point 171)\|2nd Field Regiment]], Indian Artillery.<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=35665 \|supp=y\|page=3543\|date=11 August 1942}}</ref>

	The citation recommending Kumaramangalam for a Distinguished Service Order runs as follows:<ref name="DSO_cite">{{cite web \|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7358935\|title=Recommendation for Award for Kumaramangalam, Paramasiva Prabhakar \|website=The National Archives (UK)\|publisher=UK Government \|access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>		The citation recommending Kumaramangalam for a Distinguished Service Order runs as follows:<ref name="DSO_cite">{{cite web \|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7358935\|title=Recommendation for Award for Kumaramangalam, Paramasiva Prabhakar \|website=The National Archives (UK)\|publisher=UK Government \|access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>
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	For great courage and devotion to duty.		For great courage and devotion to duty.

	On 27 May 1942 during the action which took place 3 miles S.E. of BIR HACHEIM, Major Kumaramangalam showed great bravery in controlling the fire of his battery under heavy enemy fire. He continually encouraged the gun detachments, and by his cool demeanour in the face of machine gun and anti-tank fire from enemy tanks undoubtedly inspired his men with the confidence with which they withstood the final tank attack. When one of his troops was over run and captured, he acquired an armoured car left at the position and tried to drive the Italian tanks away which were encircling it. Subsequently he ~~lead [''sic'']~~ a patrol back to the position and recovered three guns.		On 27 May 1942 during the action which took place 3 miles S.E. of BIR HACHEIM, Major Kumaramangalam showed great bravery in controlling the fire of his battery under heavy enemy fire. He continually encouraged the gun detachments, and by his cool demeanour in the face of machine gun and anti-tank fire from enemy tanks undoubtedly inspired his men with the confidence with which they withstood the final tank attack. When one of his troops was over run and captured, he acquired an armoured car left at the position and tried to drive the Italian tanks away which were encircling it. Subsequently he led a patrol back to the position and recovered three guns.
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

	He was taken [[Prisoner of War]] (PoW) by the Italians later in 1942 and held in a PoW camp in Italy. With the Italian Armistice in September 1943 he escaped on 19 November;<ref>{{cite news\|title=Major Kumaramangalam Escapes\|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=guRYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2248%2C5887796\|access-date=11 February 2018\|agency=[[Associated Press]]\|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]\|date=20 November 1943\|page=1}}</ref> however he was captured again in January 1944 and imprisoned, this time in [[Germany]], where he was transferred to [[Stalag Luft III]] a high security camp for PoWs. At the end of the war in 1945, he returned to India.		He was taken [[Prisoner of War]] (PoW) by the Italians later in 1942 and held in a PoW camp in Italy. With the Italian Armistice in September 1943 he escaped on 19 November;<ref>{{cite news\|title=Major Kumaramangalam Escapes\|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=guRYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2248%2C5887796\|access-date=11 February 2018\|agency=[[Associated Press]]\|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]\|date=20 November 1943\|page=1}}</ref> however, he was captured again in January 1944 and imprisoned, this time in [[Germany]], where he was transferred to [[Stalag Luft III]], a high security camp for PoWs. At the end of the war in 1945, he returned to India.

	===Postwar===		===Postwar===
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	==Other interests==		==Other interests==
	He was also a [[polo]] player, horseman, [[show jumping\|show jumper]], and [[cricket (game)\|cricketer]]. He was a member of the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]], a fellow of the [[Royal Horticultural Society]], and president of [[Indian Polo Association]] and Equestrian Federation of India. On retirement as army chief, he was elected President of the [[World Wide Fund for Nature\|World Wildlife Fund - India]] (WWF-India) during its formative stages.<ref>http://factstasy.blogspot.in/2012/04/list-of-chief-of-army-staff-of-ndian.html#.Vdldjvmqqko</ref>		He was also a [[polo]] player, horseman, [[show jumping\|show jumper]], and [[cricket (game)\|cricketer]]. He was a member of the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]], a fellow of the [[Royal Horticultural Society]], and president of [[Indian Polo Association]] and Equestrian Federation of India. On retirement as army chief, he was elected President of the [[World Wide Fund for Nature\|World Wildlife Fund - India]] (WWF-India) during its formative stages.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://factstasy.blogspot.in/2012/04/list-of-chief-of-army-staff-of-ndian.html#.Vdldjvmqqko\|title = List of Chief of Army staff of the !ndian army\|date = 17 April 2012}}</ref>

	==Death==		==Death==
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	{{succession box		{{succession box
	\|before = [[T. B. Henderson Brooks]]		\|before = [[T. B. Henderson Brooks]]
	\|title = [[~~General officer commanding~~#~~Usage in the Indian Army~~\|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Eastern Command (India)\|Eastern Command]]		\|title = [[General_officer_commanding#Usage_in_the_Indian_Army\|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Eastern Command (India)\|Eastern Command]]
	\|years = 1963-1964		\|years = 1963-1964
	\|after =[[Sam Manekshaw]]		\|after =[[Sam Manekshaw]]

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	===World War II===		===World War II===
	During [[World War II]], he was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) as a temporary major for action in [[Libya]] on 27 May 1942 at Point 171, south of Bir Hakiem commanding the 7th Field Battery, [[ 2 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled) (Letse & Point 171)\|2nd Field Regiment]], Indian Artillery.<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=35665 \|supp=y\|page=3543\|date=11 August 1942}}</ref>		During [[World War II]], he was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) as a temporary major for action in [[Libya]] on 27 May 1942 at Point 171, south of Bir Hakiem commanding the 7th Field Battery, [[2 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled) (Letse & Point 171)\|2nd Field Regiment]], Indian Artillery.<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=35665 \|supp=y\|page=3543\|date=11 August 1942}}</ref>

	The citation recommending Kumaramangalam for a Distinguished Service Order runs as follows:<ref name="DSO_cite">{{cite web \|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7358935\|title=Recommendation for Award for Kumaramangalam, Paramasiva Prabhakar \|website=The National Archives (UK)\|publisher=UK Government \|access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>		The citation recommending Kumaramangalam for a Distinguished Service Order runs as follows:<ref name="DSO_cite">{{cite web \|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7358935\|title=Recommendation for Award for Kumaramangalam, Paramasiva Prabhakar \|website=The National Archives (UK)\|publisher=UK Government \|access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>
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	{{succession box		{{succession box
	\|before = [[T. B. Henderson Brooks]]		\|before = [[T. B. Henderson Brooks]]
	\|title = [[~~General_officer_commanding~~#~~Usage_in_the_Indian_Army~~\|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Eastern Command (India)\|Eastern Command]]		\|title = [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army\|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Eastern Command (India)\|Eastern Command]]
	\|years = 1963-1964		\|years = 1963-1964
	\|after =[[Sam Manekshaw]]		\|after =[[Sam Manekshaw]]

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Fix duplicate ref names – You can help!: named ref "<ref name="insignia" group="note">" was used x3 with inclusion of full note and ref inline each time: removed details for x2, using only "<ref name="insignia" group="note"/>" instead of repeated full cites

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[General (India)|General]]
| name = P P Kumaramangalam
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|commas=on|DSO|MBE|FRHS}}
| image = File:General Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumramangalam.jpg
| width = 200px
| caption =
| office = 6th [[Chief of Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
| president = [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]] [[V. V. Giri]]
| primeminister = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| term_start = 8 June 1966
| term_end = 7 June 1969
| predecessor = [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri|General Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]]
| successor = [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] [[Sam Manekshaw|S.H.F.J. Manekshaw]]
| birth_name = Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1913|7|01}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2000|03|13|1913|7|01}}
| birth_place = [[Kumaramangalam]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj]]
| death_place = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]
| resting_place = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]
| placeofburial_label =
| module = {{Infobox military person | embed=yes
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} (1933-1947) {{flag|India}} (after 1947)
| branch = {{army|British Raj}} {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 1933–1969
| rank = [[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|20px]] [[General (India)|General]]
| servicenumber= IA-1282<ref name="DSO_cite"/>
| unit = [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
| commands = [[File:IA Eastern Command.jpg|20px]][[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Army]]
| battles = [[World War II]] [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1947]] [[Sino-Indian War]] [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965]] [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]]
| awards = [[File:IND Padma Vibhushan BAR.png|23px]][[Padma Vibhushan]] [[File:Dso-ribbon.svg|23px]][[Distinguished Service Order (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Service Order]] [[File:Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.svg|23px]][[Order of the British Empire|Member of the Order of the British Empire]]
| relations = [[P. Subbarayan]] (Father) [[Mohan Kumaramangalam]] (Brother) [[Rangarajan Mohan Kumaramangalam]] (Brother's Grandson)
| laterwork =
| signature =
}}
}}

[[General (India)|General]] '''Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|commas=on|DSO|MBE|FRHS}} (1 July 1913 – 13 March 2000) was the 6th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] (COAS) of the [[Indian Army]] from 1967 to 1969. He was among the last of the [[King's Commissioned Indian Officer]]s trained in England in the [[Indian Army]], and the last [[King's Commissioned Indian Officer]] (KCIO) to lead the Indian Army.

==Early life and education==
P P Kumaramangalam was born to the Former [[Chief Minister]] of [[Madras Presidency]], [[P. Subbarayan]] in the zamindari family of [[Kumaramangalam]] in [[Tiruchengode|Thiruchengode]] Taluk, [[Namakkal district|Namakkal District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was educated at [[St Hugh's School, Faringdon|St Hugh's School]], while it was located in Kent, and had his secondary education at [[Eton College]]. He was commissioned from the [[Royal Military Academy Woolwich]] as a Second Lieutenant on the Unattached List for the Indian Army on the 31 August 1933.<ref name="commission">{{London Gazette|issue=33974|page=5733|date=1 September 1933}}</ref> He was appointed to the [[British Indian Army]] on 12 November 1934.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34129|page=775|date=1 February 1935}}</ref>

==Military life==

===World War II===
During [[World War II]], he was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) as a temporary major for action in [[Libya]] on 27 May 1942 at Point 171, south of Bir Hakiem commanding the 7th Field Battery, [[ 2 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled) (Letse & Point 171)|2nd Field Regiment]], Indian Artillery.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35665 |supp=y|page=3543|date=11 August 1942}}</ref>

The citation recommending Kumaramangalam for a Distinguished Service Order runs as follows:<ref name="DSO_cite">{{cite web |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7358935|title=Recommendation for Award for Kumaramangalam, Paramasiva Prabhakar |website=The National Archives (UK)|publisher=UK Government |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>

<blockquote>
4 June 1942

Captain (Ty. Major) PARAMASIVA PRABHAKAR KUMARAMANGALAM (IA 1282), 2nd Indian Field Regiment, [[3rd Indian Motor Brigade]]

For great courage and devotion to duty.

On 27 May 1942 during the action which took place 3 miles S.E. of BIR HACHEIM, Major Kumaramangalam showed great bravery in controlling the fire of his battery under heavy enemy fire. He continually encouraged the gun detachments, and by his cool demeanour in the face of machine gun and anti-tank fire from enemy tanks undoubtedly inspired his men with the confidence with which they withstood the final tank attack. When one of his troops was over run and captured, he acquired an armoured car left at the position and tried to drive the Italian tanks away which were encircling it. Subsequently he lead [''sic''] a patrol back to the position and recovered three guns.
</blockquote>

He was taken [[Prisoner of War]] (PoW) by the Italians later in 1942 and held in a PoW camp in Italy. With the Italian Armistice in September 1943 he escaped on 19 November;<ref>{{cite news|title=Major Kumaramangalam Escapes|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=guRYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2248%2C5887796|access-date=11 February 2018|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 November 1943|page=1}}</ref> however he was captured again in January 1944 and imprisoned, this time in [[Germany]], where he was transferred to [[Stalag Luft III]] a high security camp for PoWs. At the end of the war in 1945, he returned to India.

===Postwar===
On 18 April 1946, Kumaramangalam was appointed a Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (MBE).<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37536 |supp=y|page=1949|date=16 April 1946}}</ref> He became an acting [[Brigadier]] in 1948, with the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was promoted to the substantive rank of colonel on 2 February 1951.<ref name="colonel">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=57 |date=24 March 1951 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1951/O-2306-1951-0012-107780.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> As a brigadier, he was appointed to command a paratroop brigade on 14 February 1955,<ref name="brig">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=72 |date=9 April 1955 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2198-1955-0015-100713.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> and was given command of an infantry division on 9 September 1956, with the acting rank of major-general.<ref name="actg_maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2 |date=5 January 1957 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1957/O-2120-1957-0001-96124.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

Kumaramangalam was promoted to substantive major-general on 1 August 1958,<ref name="maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=261 |date=24 October 1959 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1959/O-1989-1959-0043-89834.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> and appointed the [[Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College|Commandant]] of the [[Defence Services Staff College]] on 25 February 1959.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2 |date=9 May 1959 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1959/O-1985-1959-0019-89537.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He was appointed Adjutant-General on 5 October 1959, with the acting rank of lieutenant-general.<ref name="actg_lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=286 |date=21 November 1959 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1959/O-1989-1959-0047-89838.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> Promoted lieutenant-general on 8 May 1961,<ref name="lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=245 |date=16 September 1961 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1961/O-1910-1961-0037-85901.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> he took over as [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief|General Officer Commanding]], [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] on 1 May 1963, with appointment as GOC-in-C, Eastern Command on 4 April 1964.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=172 |date=2 May 1964 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1797-1964-0018-81928.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> On 16 November 1964 he was appointed Deputy Chief of the Army Staff,<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=509 |date=19 December 1964 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1799-1964-0051-82054.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> followed by appointment as Vice Chief of the Army Staff on 15 January 1965.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=73 |date=6 February 1965 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1965/O-1725-1965-0006-78835.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> General Kumaramangalam took over as the Chief of the Army Staff on 8 June 1966,<ref name="COAS">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=375 |date=25 June 1966 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1966/O-1663-1966-0026-75847.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> the first Indian gunner officer and paratrooper to reach this coveted appointment. The tenure of General Kumaramangalam as Chief of the Army Staff was marked by an unpublicised but exhaustive re-organisation of the service, up-gradation of weapons, training and tactics based on the lessons learned from the [[1965 War]]. He served in the Indian Army with distinction for 36 years until his retirement on 7 June 1969. He received the [[Padma Vibushan]] in 1970.

===Views on America===

General Kumaramangalam trained at the artillery school in [[Fort Sill]], [[Oklahoma]]. From his letters it is evident he was not very impressed with the Americans. He saw them as suffering from an ''"aggressive [[inferiority complex]]"'' and cautioned a newly independent [[India]] against coming under American influence. The following is an excerpt from a letter written by him to [[C. Rajagopalachari]] in 1947:

: "''This country is not one that I will ever get fond of. I have not got a very high opinion of them. The people that I have to deal with are very kind, hospitable and have been very good to the two of us. But somehow I feel there is a trace of artificiality in that and also it is the result of trying to impress one. They I think are very jealous of the old world and its background and culture and this results in an aggressive inferiority complex. As for their state of morality, there is none. People seem to delight in trying to outwit each other by any means, mainly crooked. The politicians are racketeers and big business has a tight grip on everything in the country. The small country trader and the farmer I think have their hands securely tied by the big men. I do hope that our country proceeds with caution and doesn't get entirely under the influence of the States.''"<ref>P.P. Kumaramangalam to C. Rajagopalachari, 22 December 1947, in File 82, Fifth Installment, C. Rajagopalachari Papers, NMML.</ref>

==Other interests==
He was also a [[polo]] player, horseman, [[show jumping|show jumper]], and [[cricket (game)|cricketer]]. He was a member of the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]], a fellow of the [[Royal Horticultural Society]], and president of [[Indian Polo Association]] and Equestrian Federation of India. On retirement as army chief, he was elected President of the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|World Wildlife Fund - India]] (WWF-India) during its formative stages.<ref>http://factstasy.blogspot.in/2012/04/list-of-chief-of-army-staff-of-ndian.html#.Vdldjvmqqko</ref>

==Death==
He died following a [[heart attack]] on 13 March 2000.

==Awards and decorations==

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=IND Padma Vibhushan BAR.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Sena Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India_General_Service_Medal_1947.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Indian_Independence_medal_1947.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Dso-ribbon.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military)_Ribbon.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_Africa_Star.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png|width=106}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Padma Vibhushan]]
|[[Sena Medal]]
|Sainya Seva Medal
|[[General Service Medal 1947]]
|[[Indian Independence Medal]]

|-
|[[Distinguished Service Order]]
|Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]]
|[[1939–1945 Star]]
|[[Africa Star]]
|[[War Medal 1939–1945]]
|}

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1a.svg|25px]] || [[Second lieutenant#United Kingdom & other Commonwealth countries|Second Lieutenant]] || [[British Indian Army]] || 31 August 1933<ref name="commission"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1b.svg|25px]] || [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] || British Indian Army || 2 May 1935.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34173|page=4012|date=21 June 1935}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-2.svg|25px]] || [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] || British Indian Army || 1940 (acting) 3 February 1940 (temporary)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_45">{{cite book|pages=187|title=Indian Army List for October 1945 (Part I)|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1945}}</ref> 2 February 1941 (substantive)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35165|page=2827|date=16 May 1941}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-3.svg|25px]] || [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]] ||British Indian Army || 1942 (temporary) 1 July 1946 (substantive)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=38069|page=4286|date=12 September 1947}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-3.svg|25px]] || Major || [[Indian Army]] || 15 August 1947<ref name="insignia" group="note">Upon independence in 1947, India became a [[Dominion of India|Dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As a result, the rank insignia of the [[British Army]], incorporating the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath|Bath Star]] ("pip"), was retained, as [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] remained Commander-in-Chief of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a [[Republic of India|republic]], the [[President of India]] became Commander-in-Chief, and the [[Lion Capital of Asoka|Ashoka Lion]] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army (1928-1953) OF-6.svg|25px]] || [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] ||Indian Army || 1948 (acting)<ref name="insignia" group="note"/><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-4.svg|25px]] || [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-Colonel]] || Indian Army || 1948<ref name="insignia" group="note"/><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || Lieutenant-Colonel || Indian Army || 26 January 1950 (substantive; recommissioning)<ref name="insignia_designs">{{cite web|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=227 |date=11 February 1950 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || [[Colonel]] || Indian Army || 2 February 1951<ref name="colonel"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || [[Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 1955<ref name="brig"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || [[Major general#India|Major General]] || Indian Army || 9 September 1956 (acting)<ref name="actg_maj_gen"/> 1 August 1958 (substantive)<ref name="maj_gen"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || [[Lieutenant-General]] || Indian Army || 5 October 1959 (acting)<ref name="actg_lt_gen"/> 8 May 1961 (substantive)<ref name="lt_gen"/> 
|-
|align="center" |[[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || [[General (India)|General]] (COAS) || Indian Army || 8 June 1966<ref name="COAS"/>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri]]
|title = [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Army Staff]]
| years = 1966–1969
| after = [[Sam Manekshaw]]
}}
{{succession box
|before = [[T. B. Henderson Brooks]]
|title = [[General_officer_commanding#Usage_in_the_Indian_Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]
|years = 1963-1964
|after =[[Sam Manekshaw]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Chief of the Army Staff India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumaramangalam, P P}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Kumaramangalam family|Paramasiva]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners of war]]
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Italy]]
[[Category:Indian escapees]]
[[Category:Escapees from Italian detention]]
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Germany]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Horticultural Society]]