https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Paramaras_of_SiwanaParamaras of Siwana - Revision history2026-09-07T16:26:58ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramaras_of_Siwana&diff=398988&oldid=prevAjay Kumar: Add new article2023-07-23T19:24:03Z<p>Add new article</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Rajput ruler}}<br />
The '''Paramaras of Siwana''' were one of the many [[Rajput]] rulers in [[Rajasthan]] who ruled a principality centered on the [[Siwana|fort of Siwana]]. They belonged to the [[Rajput]] [[Agnivansha|Agnivanshi]] clan of [[Parmar|Paramaras]]. The last ruler, Sitala Deva was eventually [[Siege of Siwana|defeated and his domain annexed]] by the [[Delhi Sultanate|sultan of Delhi]], [[Alauddin Khilji]]. <br />
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==History==<br />
At the beginning of the 14th century, the present-day [[Rajasthan]] had several small principalities centered around hill forts. One of these was Siwana, ruled by the [[Parmar|Parmar clan]] of [[Rajput|Rajputs]]. A number of local chiefs acknowledged their suzerainty.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=134}}<br />
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===Decline===<br />
{{Main|Siege of Siwana}}<br />
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Most of the Rajput principalities had acknowledged the sultan of Delhi, [[Alauddin Khalji|Alauddin Khalji's]] suzerainty after his conquest of the powerful [[Siege of Ranthambore (1301)|Ranthambore]] (1301) and [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|Chittor]] (1303) kingdoms. However, the forts of [[Siwana]] and [[Jalore Fort|Jalore]], located in the south-west end of Rajasthan, remained independent. Siwana, located near the [[Thar Desert]], was then ruled by Sitala Deva (also called "Satal Deo" or "Sital Dev" in medieval chronicles).<br />
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According to the Delhi courtier [[Amir Khusrau]]'s ''Dawal Rani'', the Delhi army had been besieging the Siwana fort for 5–6 years without any success.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=396}} The legendary poem ''[[Kanhadade Prabandha]]'' claims that on one occasion, the [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Jalore Chahamana]] ruler [[Kanhadadeva]] sent an army in Sitala Deva's aid. The joint force defeated the Delhi army, killing the invading commanders Nahar Malik and Khandadhara Bhoja.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=163}}<br />
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===Collapse===<br />
In 1308, Alauddin decided to personally lead an expedition to Siwana.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=396}} He started his march from Delhi on 2 July 1308,{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=135}} and took charge of the siege operations in Siwana in August–September 1308.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=198}} Eventually the Sultan's army scaled the fort walls, and defeated the defenders after a full day of battle.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=396}}<br />
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==Aftermath==<br />
Sital Deva tried to flee to [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Jalor]], but the Delhi soldiers ambushed and killed him on 10 November 1308. His head was later presented to Alauddin. The contemporary writer [[Amir Khusrau]] states that he was a man of huge stature, and Alauddin was astonished on seeing his giant head.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=135}} The 16th-century historian [[Firishta]] incorrectly states that Sitala Deva ultimately surrendered by sending a golden statue of himself to Alauddin and asking for a pardon (which was granted). Firishta appears to have confused Sital Deva with the Kakatiya king Prataparudra.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=135}}<br />
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After the conquest, Siwana was renamed Khayrabad. It was assigned to Malik Kamal al-Din 'Gurg', who later led the army that [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore|captured Jalore]].{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=198}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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==Bibliography==<br />
{{ref begin}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |oclc=3624414 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}<br />
{{ref end}}<br />
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[[Category:Rajput monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Rajput clans]]</div>Ajay Kumar