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{{short description|10th-13th century dynasty of Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
The '''Paramaras of Chandravati''' ruled the area around the Arbuda mountain (present-day [[Mount Abu]]) in India during 10th-13th centuries. Their capital was located at [[Chandravati]], and their territory included parts of present-day southern [[Rajasthan]] and northern [[Gujarat]]. The most notable ruler of the dynasty was Dharavarsha, who helped his [[Chaulukya]] overlords repulse a [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] invasion at the [[Battle of Kasahrada]] in 1178.
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Paramaras of Abu
|common_name = Paramara
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start = {{circa|10th century}} CE
|year_end = {{circa|13th century}} CE
|p1 = Paramaras of Malwa
|s1 = Delhi Sultanate
|capital = [[Chandravati]]
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|leader1 =
|year_leader1 =
|leader2 =
|year_leader2 =
|today = [[India]]
}}

== Territory ==
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"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-size": "small", "title": "[[Rohida]] (Roheda)" },
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The Paramaras of Chandravati ruled the area around the Arbuda mountain (present-day [[Mount Abu]]). Their territory, called Arbuda (or Arvvuda in an inscription{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=97}}), spanned over present-day southern Rajasthan and northern Gujarat. Chandravati (also called Chandrapalyam or Chandrapalli in inscriptions{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=97}}), a town at the foot of the mountain, was their capital.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=93}}

== Political history ==

The Paramaras of Chandravati ruled between 10th and 13th centuries.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=93}} The 1161 CE inscription of the Paramara king Ranasimha refers to the [[Agnivansha]] myth, stating that the dynasty was created by the sage [[Vashistha]] during a ritual sacrifice. It then states that the historical king Utpalaraja was born in this dynasty at Chandrapalli,{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=101}} which is probably an alternative name for the kingdom's capital Chandravati.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=97}}

[[File:1867 photo of Hindu temple ruins at Chandravati, Gujarat.jpg|thumb|right|Hindu temple ruins at Chandravati]]

The inscription then names and praises Utpalaraja's successors, describing them using stereotyped phrases and [[double entendre]]s. Dhandhuka, the sixth ruler after Utpalaraja, had at least three sons. Punyapala, or Purnapala, the eldest of these, seems to have died without an heir, and was succeeded by his younger brother Dantivarmman. The throne then passed on to the third son Krishnadeva, whose descendants Kakkaladeva and Vikramasimha also subsequently became the kings. The throne then passed on to Dantivarmman's descendant Yashodhavala.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=103}}

According to Ranasimha's 1161 CE inscription, he was a son of Vikramasimha, and ruled after Yashodhavala. However, the Roheda inscription states that Yashodhavala's son Dharavarsha succeeded him on the throne, and that Ranasimha obtained the throne "for a while" (or "in the meanwhile").{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|pp=104-105}} Ranasimha's 1161 CE inscription states that Ranasimha vanquished the "immense army" of [[Malwa|Malava]] at the Parnna river.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=101}} The Roheda inscription also refers to this victory, although the relevant verse can be read interpreted to mean that either Ranasimha or Dharavarsha obtained this victory.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=105}} Based on the Roheda inscription, epigraphist H. V. Trivedi theorizes that while Dharavarsha was busy fighting an invasion from Malava, Ranasimha usurped the throne for a brief period. Historian [[R. C. Majumdar]] theorizes that it was Ranasimha who defeated the Malava army as the king of Chandravati, and subsequently ceded power to Dharavarsha.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=104}} Dániel Balogh, who edited Ranasimha's 1161 CE inscription, considers another possibility that Ranasimha acted as a regent for Dharavarsha. Balogh notes that Dharavarsha's earliest inscription is dated 1163 CE (1120 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]), while his last inscription dated 1219 CE (1276 VS). This means, he ruled for at least 56 years, which is unusually long for the dynasty. Thus, it is likely that he inherited the throne when he was a child, and had Ranasimha as his regent during his early regnal years.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=105}}

Epigraphist H. V. Trivedi identified the Parnna river as the Purna stream that flows beside the Girvad (Girwar) village near Mount Abu and Chandravati.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|pp=97-98}} Balogh doubts the accuracy of this identification, noting that this stream is too insignificant to be mentioned as a landmark in the inscription, and is not located on the way from Chadnravati to Malava, where the battle was likely fought. According to Balogh, "Parnna" may be a shorter form of "Parnnasha" ([[IAST]]: Parṇṇāśā), which is most likely another name for the [[Banas River]].{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=98}}
===Conflict with Ghurids===
Dharavarsha, who ruled as a [[Chaulukya]] feudatory, is regarded as the greatest ruler of the dynasty.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=95}} Dharavarsha was one of the Chaulukya vassals who repulsed a [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] invasion at the [[Battle of Kasahrada]] in 1178;{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=138}} he is called "Darabaraz" ([[Hasan Nizami]]) or "Darabaras" ([[Firishta]]) by the Muslim chroniclers writing about the battle.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=140}}
===Conflict with Chahamanas===
[[Prithviraja III|Prithviraja Chauhan III]] launched a night attack on the region around Mount Abu, which was then ruled by Dharavarsha of the Paramaras of Chandravati, a feudatory of the [[Chaulukya dynasty]]. This event is described in the Sanskrit text Partha-Parakrama-Vyayoga, composed by his younger brother Prahaladana, which portrays the attack as unsuccessful for the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] led by [[Prithviraja III]]. It likely took place during Prithviraja’s Gujarat campaign.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=76}}

== Religion ==

The 1161 CE inscription of Ranasimha begins with an invocation to [[Shiva]], describing him as the "stage director" of the world's creation, and naming [[Brahma]] and [[Vishnu]] as his assistants.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=101}}

== List of rulers ==

The following is a list of Paramara rulers of Chandravati, with approximate regnal years, as estimated by epigraphist H. V. Trivedi.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=103}}{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2010|p=270}} The rulers are sons of their predecessors unless noted otherwise:

{| class="wikitable"
! Regional Name !! [[IAST]] Name !! Reign (CE) !! Notes
|-
| Utpala-raja || Utpalarāja || c. 910–930 || Founder of dynasty
|-
| Arnno-raja or Aranya-raja || Arṇṇorāja or Araṇyarāja || c. 930–950 ||
|-
| Krishna-raja || Kṛṣṇarāja || c. 950–979 ||
|-
| Dhara-varaha or Dharani-varaha || Dharāvarāha or Dharaṇīvarāha || c. 970–990 ||
|-
| Dhurbhata || Dhūrbhaṭa || c. 990–1000 ||
|-
| Mahi-pala || Mahīpāla || c. 1000–1020 || son of Dharavaraha
|-
| Dhandhuka || Dhaṃdhuka || c. 1020–1040 ||
|-
| Punya-pala or Purna-pala || Puṇyapāla or Pūrṇapāla || c. 1040–1050 ||
|-
| Danti-varmman || Daṃtivarmman || c. 1050–1060 || son of Dhandhuka
|-
| Krishna-deva or Krishna-raja II || Kṛṣṇadeva or Kṛṣṇarāja II || c. 1060–1090 || son of Dhandhuka
|-
| Kakkala-deva, or Kakala-deva || Kakkaladeva, or Kākaladeva || c. 1090–1115 ||
|-
| Vikrama-simha || Vikramasiṃha || c. 1115–1145 ||
|-
| Yasho-dhavala || Yaśodhavala || c. 1145–1160 || great-grandson of Dantivarman through Yogaraja and Ramadeva
|-
| Rana-simha || Raṇasiṃha || ? || son of Vikramasimha; possibly a regent for Dharavarsha
|-
| Dhara-varsha || Dhārāvarṣa || c. 1160–1220 || son of Yashodhavala and the last known ruler of dynasty
|}

Yashodhavala's last inscription is dated c. 1150 CE (1207 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]); Ranasimha's inscription is dated 1161 CE (1218 VS); and Dharavarsha's earliest inscription is dated c. 1163 CE (1220 VS). This suggests that Ranasimha either held the throne sometime between 1150 and 1163, or acted as a regent during Dharavarsha's early regnal years.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=105}}

== Inscriptions ==

Some of the dynasty's inscriptions, written in [[Sanskrit]] language and [[Nagari script]], include:

* An inscription of Ranasimha from an unknown [[find spot]], dated 1218 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]] (1 November 1161 CE). Now in a private collection. It was edited and translated and edited by Sanskritologist Dániel Balogh in 2010.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2010|p=267}} It records the grant of Pippala-grama village and surrounding lands to the entire [[Brahmin|brahmana]] priestly community of the Vasa village. The inscription also refers to an earlier land donation by his father Vikramasimha.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=102}} The inscription was inscribed by Soniya, the grandson of a [[Kayastha]] from [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]].{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=103}}
* Fragmentary [[Rohida]] (Roheda) inscription, now lost{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=95}}
* [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]] inscription of Dharavarsha{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=95}}
* Ajari inscription, dated 1223 VS{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=95}}
* [[Achalgarh Fort|Achalgadh]] inscription of Yashodhavala{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=97}}
* [[Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple|Achaleshvara]] inscription, dated 1225 VS{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=95}}
* Kayadra stone inscription of Dharavarsha{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=97}}

== See also ==

* [[Paramara dynasty]]
* [[History of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of Rajput dynasties and states]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Dániel Balogh |title=Raṇasiṃha Revisited: A New Copper-plate Inscription of the Candrāvatī Paramāra Dynasty |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |series=Third Series |volume=22 |issue=1 |year=2012 |pages=93–106 |jstor=41490376 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Dániel Balogh |title=A copperplate land grant by Raṇasiṃhadeva of the Candrāvatī Paramāras |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |volume=63 |issue=3 |year=2010 |pages=259–273 |doi=10.1556/AOrient.63.2010.3.3 |jstor=23659005 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:10th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:13th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Agnivansha]]
[[Category:History of Gujarat]]
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Sirohi district]]

Paramaras of Chandravati - Revision history

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