Parai - Revision history

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2023-07-22T06:02:08Z

Cleanup: Information added.

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:32, 22 July 2023
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			{{Short description\|Traditional Indian drum}}
	{{More citations needed\|date=April 2021}}		{{More citations needed\|date=April 2021}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2020}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=August 2020}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=August 2020}}
	[[File:Parai back side.JPG\|thumb~~\|160px~~\|Underside of ~~the~~ parai, ~~alongside~~ [[Percussion mallet\|~~percussion~~ sticks]]]]		[[File:Parai back side.JPG\|thumb\|Underside of a parai, [[Percussion mallet\|sticks]] on left]]

	The '''parai''' is a frame drum about 35 centimeters in diameter. It consists of a shallow ring of wood, covered on one side with a stretched cow hide that is glued to the wooden frame. The preferred wood is neem wood although other types may be used. The shell is made up of three ~~separate~~ pieces of wood each in the shape of an arc~~. These pieces are~~ held together by three metal plates. The parai is played with two sticks: one long, thin flat bamboo stick (approx. 28 cm) called 'Sindu/ Sundu Kuchi'<ref name="auto">{{cite web\|url=http://www.vikatan.com/new/article.php?module=magazine&aid=102105\|title=உலகம் முழுக்க பறை ஒலிக்கட்டும்!\|publisher=Vikatan\|access-date=11 September 2016\|date=1 January 2015}}{{in lang\|ta}}</ref> and a short, thick stick called 'Adi Kucchi'<ref name="auto"/> that can be made from any variety of wood (approx. ~~18 cm)~~		The '''parai''' is a traditional [[Tamil people\|Tamil]] frame drum about 35 centimeters in diameter, used in the [[Parai Attam\|parai attam]] dance. It consists of a shallow ring of wood, covered on one side with a stretched cow hide that is glued to the wooden frame. The preferred wood is [[neem]] wood, although other types may be used. The shell is made up of three pieces of wood each in the shape of an arc, held together by three metal plates. The parai is played with two sticks.

	==Technique==		==Technique==
	[[File:A tamil thappu.ogv\|thumb\|Video of a boy's parai recital]]		[[File:A tamil thappu.ogv\|thumb\|Video of a boy's parai recital]]
	[[File:Parai attam.jpg\|thumb\|Parai attam]]		[[File:Parai attam.jpg\|thumb\|upright=.7\|Parai attam]]
	The parai is slung by a strap over one shoulder (weak/off hand side) and is held vertically by pushing it towards the performer's body. This ~~simple~~ harness allows the drummer to play while standing, walking, or dancing. ~~The Parai~~ is played ~~entirely~~ with two sticks~~- Adi kuchi~~ ([[Tamil language\|Tamil]]:~~அடி~~ குச்சி) and ~~Sundu Kuchi~~ ([[Tamil language\|Tamil]]:~~சுண்டு~~ குச்சி).		The parai is slung by a strap over one shoulder (weak or off-hand side) and is held vertically by pushing it towards the performer's body. This harness allows the drummer to play while standing, walking, or dancing. It is played with two sticks: a long, thin flat bamboo stick (approx. 28 cm) called ''Sindu Kuchi'' or ''Sundu Kuchi'' ([[Tamil language\|Tamil]]:சுண்டு குச்சி) and a short, thick stick (approx. 18 cm) that may be of any wood, called ''Adi Kucchi'' ([[Tamil language\|Tamil]]:அடி குச்சி).<ref name="auto">{{cite web\|url=http://www.vikatan.com/new/article.php?module=magazine&aid=102105\|title=உலகம் முழுக்க பறை ஒலிக்கட்டும்!\|publisher=Vikatan\|access-date=11 September 2016\|date=1 January 2015 \|language=ta}}</ref>

	There are three fundamental strokes from which all of the rhythmic patterns are derived; striking the center of the drum with the shorter stick held in the strong/dominant hand; "slapping" the center of the drum with the long stick held in the weak/off hand; and striking the drum with both sticks, the dominant immediately followed by the off. The short stick ~~(adikuchi)~~ is loosely held between the thumb and three other fingers: index, middle, and ring of the dominant hand. It is held vertically ~~upright~~, positioned near the lower rim of the drum. The off hand which holds the long stick rests on the upper part of the frame. This stick is positioned at an angle ~~pointed downward~~. The base of the stick is gripped by the thumb and index fingers and balanced between the middle and ring fingers~~. The long~~ stick is moved back and forth using the ring finger and thumb respectively		The short stick is loosely held between the thumb and three other fingers, index, middle, and ring, of the strong or dominant hand. It is held vertically, positioned near the lower rim of the drum. The off or weak hand, which holds the long stick, rests on the upper part of the frame. This stick is positioned at a downward-pointing angle. The base of the stick is gripped by the thumb and index fingers and balanced between the middle and ring fingers; the stick is moved back and forth using the ring finger and thumb respectively. There are three fundamental strokes from which all of the rhythmic patterns are derived: striking the center of the drum with the shorter stick; "slapping" the center of the drum with the long stick; and striking the drum with both sticks, the dominant immediately followed by the off.

	Just before the commencement of every performance, drummers will heat the ~~Parai~~, holding ~~them extremely~~ close to a small bonfire, so that the heat absorbs the moisture in the drum heads and tightens them considerably. After heating, the drums produce a high pitched ~~loud~~ cracking sound when struck.		Just before the commencement of every performance, drummers will heat the parai, holding it close to a small bonfire, so that the heat absorbs the moisture in the drum heads and tightens them considerably. After heating, the drums produce a loud, high-pitched cracking sound when struck.

	===Rhythms===		===Rhythms===
Line 23:		Line 24:

	==History==		==History==
	In Tamil, the word ''parai'' means 'to speak' or 'to tell~~'. It was performed in the courts of Sangam, Chola, and Pandiyan rulers~~. The drums were used to ~~announce important messages and orders of the great Tamil Kings~~.		In Tamil, the word ''parai'' means "to speak" or "to tell". The drums were used for multiple purposes including signaling people to gather,<ref name=gosahim>{{Cite web \|title=Parai Attam Folk Dance, Origin, History, Information, Style \|url=https://www.gosahin.com/places-to-visit/parai-attam-dance/ \|access-date=2022-07-03 \|website=Gosahin }}</ref> alerting them to upcoming war, requesting civilians to leave the battlefield, announcing victory or defeat, stopping a breach of water body, gathering farmers for farming activities, warning wild animals about people's presence, during festivals, weddings and other celebrations, and as part of worship of nature.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/secular-and-sacred/article4268995.ece\|title=Secular and sacred\|work=The Hindu\|date=3 January 2013\|access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref> There were as many as 156 traditional drum beats or ''adi'' for different purposes and designating different emotions.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Anantharam \|first=Chitradeepa \|date=2018-01-16 \|title=Striving to 'parai' relevant to young audiences \|work=The Hindu \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/parai-attam-the-ancinet-folk-dance-of-tamil-nadu/article22449763.ece \|access-date=2022-07-03 \|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The drums were played in the royal courts of Sangam, Chola, and Pandiyan rulers. It is one of the earliest percussion instruments and is mentioned in ''[[Tolkāppiyam\|Tholkaapiam]]'' as a standard musical instrument. It and the parai attam dance have become symbols of Tamil culture.<ref name=gosahim/> It was only later called ''thappu'' (meaning "inauspicious") to derogate Tamil arts during the 14th century AD Vijayanagara rule of Tamil land.<ref>{{Cite web \|first=Priya Sengutpa \|last=Das \|date=2022-01-06 \|title=Parai Attam is a Special Type of Dance in Tamil \|url=https://bharatstories.com/parai-attam-is-a-special-type-of-dance-in-tamil/ \|access-date=2022-07-03 \|website=Bharat Stories }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2021-08-21 \|title=The parai: Then and now, the instrument plays a key role in anti-caste struggle \|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/parai-then-and-now-instrument-plays-key-role-anti-caste-struggle-154197 \|access-date=2022-07-03 \|website=The News Minute }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last1=Thirumurthy \|first1=Priyanka \|title=Watch: The Parai is breaking frontiers but its makers still face discrimination \|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-parai-breaking-frontiers-its-makers-still-face-discrimination-119212 \|website=The News Minute \|date=29 February 2020 \|publisher=The News Minute \|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref>

	~~In olden days,~~ parai ~~was used for multiple reasons, ranging from warning people about the~~ upcoming war, requesting ~~the~~ civilians to leave the battlefield, announcing victory or defeat, stopping a breach of water body, gathering farmers for farming activities, warning ~~the~~ wild animals about people's presence, during festivals, ~~wedding,~~ celebrations, worship of nature ~~and so on~~.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/secular-and-sacred/article4268995.ece\|title=Secular and sacred\|~~publisher~~=The Hindu\|date=3 January 2013\|access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref> Parai ~~has been an instrumental part~~ of the ~~people's life~~.

	==Types==		==Types==
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	* Panchamasatham		* Panchamasatham
	}}		}}

	~~==Music and dance ensembles==~~
	*thanjai veera chozha thappattam kalai kuzhu
	*manvaasam parai isai payirchi maiyam, dharmapuri
	*samar kalaikuzhu , alanganallur ,mathurai
	*Ulaga marabu kalaikoodam -chennai, Tamil nadu,india
	*Infinite performing art academy- chennai,india
	*AathiTamilar Kalai Kuzhu, Ponneri
	[[Buddhar kalaikuzhu]], Vedanthangal <ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/jan/21/finding-parai-aattam-a-better-place-444828.html\|title=Finding parai aattam a better place\|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]\|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
	*ParramParra - Soul Of Sound, Tamil Nadu
	*Tamizhi Kalaikalam- தமிழி கலைக்களம், Tamil Nadu
	*Nayyappudai kalaikuzhu, chennai <ref>{{cite news \| url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/ilamai-puthumai/39424-.html \| title=பறை இசைத்து நிமிர்ந்து நில் \| date=10 April 2015 \| newspaper=The Hindu \| language=ta \| access-date=16 August 2020 }}</ref>
	* [[Maiyam Kalaikuzhu]], [[Chennai]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://ww38.tymp3.com/mp3/-maiyam-kalaikuzhu-parai-isai.html?subid1=20210420-0115-47a7-a841-34523fb70b00\|title=tymp3.com\|website=Ww38.tymp3.com\|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/from-football-to-hip-hop-vyasarpadi-is-multifaceted/articleshow/53859032.cms\|title=From football to hip-hop, Vyasarpadi is multifaceted \|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]\|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
	* Sakthi kalaikuzhu, [[Dindigul]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.valaitamil.com/usa-st-luis-software-engineers-playing-parai-isai_10962.html\|title=அமெரிக்காவில் கணிப்பொறி வல்லுனர்கள் கையில் எடுத்திருக்கும் தமிழனின் பறை இசை!\|website=Valaitamil.com\|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
	* Nigar Kalaikoodam, [[Coimbatore]]
	* Minnesota Parai Kuzhu, Minnesota (USA)
	* Detroit Unaruyir kalaikoodam, [[Detroit]]
	* Nimirvu Kalaiyagam, [[Coimbatore]]
	* Chicago Tamil Sangam - PonParai Group [Chicago, Illinois], United States<ref>[http://chicagotamilsangam.org/] {{dead link\|date=April 2021}}</ref>
	* American Parai Team [[St. Louis]], United States <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ohmkaram.org/American_Parai_Team.pdf\|format=PDF\|title=American Parai Team\|website=Ohmkaram.org\|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
	* Manudam Parai Ani [[Connecticut]], United States <ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=11821\|title=Tamil Makkal Manram - A Fabulous Pongal Vizha\|website=Lokvani.com\|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
	* West Michigan Parai Isai Maiam [[Grand Rapids]].. மேற்கு மிச்சிகன் பறையிசை மய்யம் <ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FWestMichiganTamilSangam%2F\|title=Log into Facebook\|website=Facebook.com\|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
	* New York Parai Isai Group (NYC). நியூயார்க் பறையிசை குழு(நியூயார்க் நகரம்).
	* Ongu Parai Kuzhu, Charlotte, NC. ஓங்கு பறை குழு, சார்லட், வட கரோலினா <ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FOngu-Parai-113732030186312%2F\|title=Log into Facebook\|website=Facebook.com\|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
	* Giramiya puthalvan kalainan kulu ;Coimbatore
	*Iswara Group; Mauritius

	==See also==		==See also==
	*[[Paraiyar]]		*[[Paraiyar]]
	*[[Tamil culture]]		*[[Tamil culture]]
	*[[Tamil people]]

	==References==		==References==
Line 97:		Line 69:

	==External links==		==External links==
	~~{{Commons category\|Parai}}~~
	* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmdYjV_afwJGqeriIWhF4bw Australia Tamil Arts Tamil Arts - YouTube]		* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmdYjV_afwJGqeriIWhF4bw Australia Tamil Arts Tamil Arts - YouTube]
	* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4WLQb57Q9g&list=PL887D53C4C5213A0F ''Parai: Mother of Percussion''], a short video by The Educational Multimedia Research Center of [[Anna University]]		* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4WLQb57Q9g&list=PL887D53C4C5213A0F ''Parai: Mother of Percussion''], a short video by The Educational Multimedia Research Center of [[Anna University]]

102.116.52.199 at 08:50, 1 September 2021

2021-09-01T08:50:11Z

New page

{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Parai back side.JPG|thumb|160px|Underside of the parai, alongside [[Percussion mallet|percussion sticks]]]]

The '''parai''' is a frame drum about 35 centimeters in diameter. It consists of a shallow ring of wood, covered on one side with a stretched cow hide that is glued to the wooden frame. The preferred wood is neem wood although other types may be used. The shell is made up of three separate pieces of wood each in the shape of an arc. These pieces are held together by three metal plates. The parai is played with two sticks: one long, thin flat bamboo stick (approx. 28 cm) called 'Sindu/ Sundu Kuchi'<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.vikatan.com/new/article.php?module=magazine&aid=102105|title=உலகம் முழுக்க பறை ஒலிக்கட்டும்!|publisher=Vikatan|access-date=11 September 2016|date=1 January 2015}}{{in lang|ta}}</ref> and a short, thick stick called 'Adi Kucchi'<ref name="auto"/> that can be made from any variety of wood (approx. 18 cm)

==Technique==
[[File:A tamil thappu.ogv|thumb|Video of a boy's parai recital]]
[[File:Parai attam.jpg|thumb|Parai attam]]
The parai is slung by a strap over one shoulder (weak/off hand side) and is held vertically by pushing it towards the performer's body. This simple harness allows the drummer to play while standing, walking, or dancing. The Parai is played entirely with two sticks- Adi kuchi ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]:அடி குச்சி) and Sundu Kuchi ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]:சுண்டு குச்சி).

There are three fundamental strokes from which all of the rhythmic patterns are derived; striking the center of the drum with the shorter stick held in the strong/dominant hand; "slapping" the center of the drum with the long stick held in the weak/off hand; and striking the drum with both sticks, the dominant immediately followed by the off. The short stick (adikuchi) is loosely held between the thumb and three other fingers: index, middle, and ring of the dominant hand. It is held vertically upright, positioned near the lower rim of the drum. The off hand which holds the long stick rests on the upper part of the frame. This stick is positioned at an angle pointed downward. The base of the stick is gripped by the thumb and index fingers and balanced between the middle and ring fingers. The long stick is moved back and forth using the ring finger and thumb respectively

Just before the commencement of every performance, drummers will heat the Parai, holding them extremely close to a small bonfire, so that the heat absorbs the moisture in the drum heads and tightens them considerably. After heating, the drums produce a high pitched loud cracking sound when struck.

===Rhythms===
*Otthaiyadi ({{lang-ta|ஒத்தையடி}})
*Thenmangu ({{lang-ta|தென்மாங்கு}})
*Samiaatam ({{lang-ta|சாமியாட்டம்}})
*Thullal ({{lang-ta|துள்ளல்}})
*Uyirppu ({{lang-ta|உயிர்ப்பு}})

==History==
In Tamil, the word ''parai'' means 'to speak' or 'to tell'. It was performed in the courts of Sangam, Chola, and Pandiyan rulers. The drums were used to announce important messages and orders of the great Tamil Kings.

In olden days, parai was used for multiple reasons, ranging from warning people about the upcoming war, requesting the civilians to leave the battlefield, announcing victory or defeat, stopping a breach of water body, gathering farmers for farming activities, warning the wild animals about people's presence, during festivals, wedding, celebrations, worship of nature and so on.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/secular-and-sacred/article4268995.ece|title=Secular and sacred|publisher=The Hindu|date=3 January 2013|access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref> Parai has been an instrumental part of the people's life.

==Types==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* Ariparai
* Areriparai
* Uvagaiparai
* Saaparai or Sakaatuparai
* Vettiyanparai
* Neytharparai
* Pampai
* Meenkotparai
* Maruthanilaparai
* Kallavadam
* Kuravaiparai
* Thadaru
* Kurumparai
* Kodukotti
* Kotparai
* Thamuku
* Nisaalam
* Soosikam
* Thakkai
* Thadaari
* Parathappattai
* Thalaiparai
* Padalai
* Pandaramelam
* Panriparai
* Murasu, Veparai
* Poosatrunnumai
* Murugiyam
* Veriyaatuparai
* Veeranam
* Panchamasatham
}}

==Music and dance ensembles==
*thanjai veera chozha thappattam kalai kuzhu
*manvaasam parai isai payirchi maiyam, dharmapuri
*samar kalaikuzhu , alanganallur ,mathurai
*Ulaga marabu kalaikoodam -chennai, Tamil nadu,india
*Infinite performing art academy- chennai,india
*AathiTamilar Kalai Kuzhu, Ponneri
[[Buddhar kalaikuzhu]], Vedanthangal <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/jan/21/finding-parai-aattam-a-better-place-444828.html|title=Finding parai aattam a better place|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
*ParramParra - Soul Of Sound, Tamil Nadu
*Tamizhi Kalaikalam- தமிழி கலைக்களம், Tamil Nadu
*Nayyappudai kalaikuzhu, chennai <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/ilamai-puthumai/39424-.html | title=பறை இசைத்து நிமிர்ந்து நில் | date=10 April 2015 | newspaper=The Hindu | language=ta | access-date=16 August 2020 }}</ref>
* [[Maiyam Kalaikuzhu]], [[Chennai]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ww38.tymp3.com/mp3/-maiyam-kalaikuzhu-parai-isai.html?subid1=20210420-0115-47a7-a841-34523fb70b00|title=tymp3.com|website=Ww38.tymp3.com|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/from-football-to-hip-hop-vyasarpadi-is-multifaceted/articleshow/53859032.cms|title=From football to hip-hop, Vyasarpadi is multifaceted |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
* Sakthi kalaikuzhu, [[Dindigul]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.valaitamil.com/usa-st-luis-software-engineers-playing-parai-isai_10962.html|title=அமெரிக்காவில் கணிப்பொறி வல்லுனர்கள் கையில் எடுத்திருக்கும் தமிழனின் பறை இசை!|website=Valaitamil.com|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
* Nigar Kalaikoodam, [[Coimbatore]]
* Minnesota Parai Kuzhu, Minnesota (USA)
* Detroit Unaruyir kalaikoodam, [[Detroit]]
* Nimirvu Kalaiyagam, [[Coimbatore]]
* Chicago Tamil Sangam - PonParai Group [Chicago, Illinois], United States<ref>[http://chicagotamilsangam.org/] {{dead link|date=April 2021}}</ref>
* American Parai Team [[St. Louis]], United States <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohmkaram.org/American_Parai_Team.pdf|format=PDF|title=American Parai Team|website=Ohmkaram.org|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
* Manudam Parai Ani [[Connecticut]], United States <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=11821|title=Tamil Makkal Manram - A Fabulous Pongal Vizha|website=Lokvani.com|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
* West Michigan Parai Isai Maiam [[Grand Rapids]].. மேற்கு மிச்சிகன் பறையிசை மய்யம் <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FWestMichiganTamilSangam%2F|title=Log into Facebook|website=Facebook.com|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
* New York Parai Isai Group (NYC). நியூயார்க் பறையிசை குழு(நியூயார்க் நகரம்).
* Ongu Parai Kuzhu, Charlotte, NC. ஓங்கு பறை குழு, சார்லட், வட கரோலினா <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FOngu-Parai-113732030186312%2F|title=Log into Facebook|website=Facebook.com|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
* Giramiya puthalvan kalainan kulu ;Coimbatore
*Iswara Group; Mauritius

==See also==
*[[Paraiyar]]
*[[Tamil culture]]
*[[Tamil people]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Parai}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmdYjV_afwJGqeriIWhF4bw Australia Tamil Arts Tamil Arts - YouTube]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4WLQb57Q9g&list=PL887D53C4C5213A0F ''Parai: Mother of Percussion''], a short video by The Educational Multimedia Research Center of [[Anna University]]
* [https://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/sac/media_library/This_Is_A_Music__Reclaiming_an_Untouchable_Drum/ ''This Is a Music: Reclaiming an Untouchable Drum''] (2011), description of an ethnomusicological documentary film about parai drummers
*[http://www.vikatan.com/new/article.php?module=magazine&aid=102105 உலகம் முழுக்க பறை ஒலிக்கட்டும்!]
*[http://www.vikatan.com/new/article.php?module=magazine&aid=19783 "பறை இனி இறப்புக்கான இசை இல்லை!"]

{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Frame drums}}
{{Expand Tamil|பறை_(இசைக்கருவி)|date=March 2015}}

[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Membranophones]]
[[Category:Medicine drums]]
[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Tamil music]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu]]