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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the poppy family Papaveraceae}}
{{about|the species of flowering plant|the artificial flower worn in some countries to commemorate military personnel who died in war|Remembrance poppy}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Koeh-101.jpg
| genus = Papaver
| species = rhoeas
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Linné |first=Carl von |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |year=1753 |location=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |pages=507 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358526}}</ref>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="plantlist">{{cite web|title=Papaver rhoeas L. is an accepted name|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2561554|website=23 March 2012|publisher=theplantlist.org|access-date=24 October 2017}}</ref>
| synonyms =
{{hidden begin}}
*''Papaver commutatum'' Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Trautv.
*''Papaver insignitum'' Jord.
*''Papaver intermedium'' Becker
*''Papaver rhoeas'' var. ''strigosum'' Boenn.
*''Papaver rhoeas'' subsp. ''strigosum'' Simonk.
*''Papaver roubiaei'' Vig.
*''Papaver strigosum'' Schur
*''Papaver tenuissimum'' Fedde
*''Papaver trilobum'' Wallr.
*''Papaver tumidulum'' Klokov
{{hidden end}}

}}

'''''Papaver rhoeas''''', with [[common name]]s including '''common poppy''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17}}</ref> '''corn poppy''', '''corn rose''', '''field poppy''',<ref name=Readers>{{cite book |year=1981 |title=Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain |page=30 |publisher=[[Reader's Digest]] |isbn=9780276002175}}</ref> '''Flanders poppy''', and '''red poppy''', is an annual [[herbaceous]] species of flowering plant in the poppy family [[Papaveraceae]]. It is a [[temperate]] native with a very wide distribution area, from [[Africa]] to temperate and [[tropical Asia]] and [[Europe]].

It is regarded as an agricultural weed (hence the common names including "corn" and "field"). As the plant thrives in areas of disturbed soil, it was often abundant in agricultural fields before the advent of [[herbicide]]s. Flushes of poppies may still appear in fields where herbicides are not used, as well as those in [[fallow]]. The corn poppy and its [[cultivar]]s such as the [[Shirley poppy]] are widely grown in gardens, and are frequently found in packets of seed labelled "wildflower mixes". Since [[World War I]], it has been used in the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] as a symbol of remembrance for fallen soldiers.

==Description==
[[File:Poster papaver 3a.jpg|thumb|upright=1.9|The three stages in a common poppy flower: bud, flower, and capsule]]

''Papaver rhoeas'' is a variable, erect [[Annual plant|annual]], forming a long-lived [[soil seed bank]] that can germinate when the soil is disturbed. In the [[Northern Hemisphere]] it generally flowers in late spring (between May and October in the UK)<ref name=Readers/> but if the weather is warm enough other flowers frequently appear at the beginning of autumn. It grows up to about {{convert|70|cm|in|0|abbr=off}} in height. The stems hold single flowers,<ref name=Readers/><ref name="Perfect">{{cite book|last1=Philips|first1=Roger|last2=Rix|first2=Brian|title=Perfect Plants|date=1996|publisher=Macmillan|location=London|isbn=0333653416|page=298}}</ref> which are large and showy, {{convert|5-10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} across,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Blamey|first1=M.|last2=Fitter|first2=R.|last3=Fitter|first3=A|year=2003|title=Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora|publisher=A & C Black|location=London|isbn=978-1408179505|pages=32}}</ref> with four petals that are vivid red, most commonly with a black spot at their base. The petals slightly overlap each other.<ref name=Readers/> The plant can produce up to 400 flowers in a warm season, that last only one day.<ref name=Readers/> The [[Pedicel (botany)|flower stem]] is usually covered with coarse hairs that are held at right angles to the surface, helping to distinguish it from ''[[Papaver dubium|P. dubium]]'' in which the hairs are more usually appressed (''i.e.'' held close to the stem). The [[Capsule (fruit)|capsules]] are hairless, obovoid (egg-shaped), less than twice as tall as they are wide, with a [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] at least as wide as the capsule. Like many other species of ''Papaver'', the plant exudes white to yellowish [[latex]] when the tissues are broken.<ref name=Stace>{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|author-link = Stace, C. A.|year=2019|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=Fourth|publisher=C & M Floristics|location = Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.| isbn=978-1-5272-2630-2}}</ref>{{rp|94}}

Not all corn poppies that are available commercially have red flowers. Selective breeding has resulted in cultivars in yellow, orange, pink, and white. The Shirley poppy is a well known cultivar. A very pale speckled variety, derived from the Shirley, is also available.

A nearly black-flowering hybrid, known as 'Evelina', was bred in Italy in the late 1990s, with ''P. dubium'', but does not appear to be available commercially.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=https%3A%2F%2Fpapaveronero.wordpress.com%2Fevelina-il-papavero-nero%2F&edit-text=&act=url |title=Evelina, the black poppy |last=Sagrati |first=Giorgio |date=2012 |website=The black poppy Evelina |publisher=WordPress |access-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>

=== Phytochemistry ===
''Papaver rhoeas'' contains the [[alkaloid]] called [[rhoeadine]], which is a mild sedative.<ref name="kew">{{cite web |title=Papaver rhoeas (common poppy) |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:306058-2 |access-date=24 January 2017 |publisher=kew.org}}</ref> [[Rhoeadic acid]], [[papaveric acid]] and [[rhoeagenine]] are also found in this plant.

==Taxonomy==
It was formally described by the Swedish botanist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his seminal publication ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753.<ref name="plantlist"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Papaveraceae Papaver rhoeas L.|url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=306058-2|publisher=ipni.org|access-date=24 October 2017}}</ref> ''Papaver'', also ''pappa'', is the [[Latin]] word for food or milk and ''rhoeas'' means red in [[Greek language|Greek]].<ref name="kew"/>

=== Natural history ===
[[File:Papaver rhoeas capsules.jpg|thumb|Capsules]]
Its origin is not known for certain. As with many such plants, the area of origin is often ascribed by Americans to Europe, and by northern Europeans to southern Europe. It is known to have been associated with [[agriculture]] in the [[Old World]] since early times and has had an old symbolism and association with agricultural fertility. It has most of the characteristics of a successful [[weed]] of agriculture. These include an annual lifecycle that fits into that of most cereals, a tolerance of simple weed control methods, the ability to flower and seed itself before the crop is harvested, and the ability to form a long-lived seed bank. The leaves and latex have an acrid taste and are mildly poisonous to [[grazing|grazing animals]].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 June 2013 |title=corn poppy (Common name) |url=http://www.cbif.gc.ca/eng/species-bank/canadian-poisonous-plants-information-system/all-plants-common-name/corn-poppy/?id=1370403267095 |access-date=24 October 2017 |publisher=cbif.gc.ca}}</ref>

A sterile hybrid with ''P. dubium'' is known, ''P.'' × ''hungaricum'', that is intermediate in all characteristics with ''P. rhoeas''.<ref name="Stace" />

''P. rhoeas'' topped the list in a UK study of [[meadow]] [[pollen]] production, on a per flower basis, with its rate of 13.3 ± 2.8 μl. The [[California poppy]] placed second with a rate of 8.3 ± 1.1 μl. The pollen production of ''P.rhoeas'', on a per flower basis, was very high in comparison with the other plants tested, at almost triple the amount of the top-ranked perennial (a mallow). When sampled at the level of the entire [[capitulum (flower)|capitulum]], however, it was outranked by the ox-eye daisy, ''[[Leucanthemum vulgare]]'', with its 15.9 ± 2 μl measurement. It tied with ''[[Cosmos bipinnatus]]''. Neither poppy produced a significant quantity of [[nectar]], making their role in meadow ecology specific to pollen-gathering/consuming insects.<ref name="Meadows">{{cite journal |last1=Hicks |first1=DM |last2=Ouvrard |first2=P |last3=Baldock |first3=KCR |date=2016 |title=Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=e0158117 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1158117H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0158117 |pmc=4920406 |pmid=27341588 |doi-access=free}}</ref> As poppies are not wind-pollinated, their pollen poses no [[allergy]] risk via [[inhalation]].

==Distribution and habitat==
The species is found within Africa, in [[Algeria]], [[Egypt]], [[Libya]], [[Morocco]], [[Tunisia]], [[Madeira Islands]], and the [[Canary Islands]].<ref name="grin">{{cite web |date=14 November 2001 |title=Taxon: Papaver rhoeas L. |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=26703 |access-date=24 October 2017 |publisher=npgsweb.ars-grin.gov}}</ref> Within temperate Asia, it is found in the [[Caucasus]] regions of [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and [[Ciscaucasia]].
In Western Asia, it is found in [[Afghanistan]], [[Cyprus]], [[Egypt]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]] and [[Turkey]]. Within tropical Asia, it is found in [[Pakistan and India]]. Within Europe, it is found in [[Belarus]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Moldova]], [[Ukraine]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Germany]], [[Hungary]], [[Netherlands]], [[Poland]], [[Slovakia]], [[Switzerland]], [[Denmark]], [[Ireland]], [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Albania]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], [[Greece]], [[Italy]], [[Kosovo]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Romania]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovenia]], [[France]], [[Portugal]], and [[Spain]].<ref name="grin" /><ref name="kew" /><ref name="Perfect" />

It grows in fields, beside roads, and on grasslands.<ref name=Readers/>
It is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] to between [[Hardiness zone#USDA hardiness zones|USDA Zone 8]] and Zone 10, or down to 10 °F (-12 °C).<ref name="Perfect"/>

== Uses ==
The commonly grown garden decorative Shirley poppy is a [[cultivar]] of this plant.<ref name="Readers" />

The black seeds are edible, and can be eaten either on their own or as an ingredient in bread. Oil made from the seed is highly regarded in [[France]].<ref name="kew" />

The petals contain a red [[dye]] which is used in some medicines and [[wines]]; also the dried petals are occasionally used to give colour to [[potpourri]]s.<ref name="kew" />

In traditional [[folk medicine]], it was used for [[gout]], aches, and pains. The petals were used to create a syrup that was fed to children to help them sleep.<ref name="Readers" />

== Culture ==
{{See also|Remembrance poppy}}

Due to the extent of ground disturbance in warfare during [[World War I]], corn poppies bloomed between the [[trench warfare|trench lines]] and [[no man's land]]s on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western front]]. Poppies are a prominent feature of "[[In Flanders Fields]]" by Canadian Lieutenant Colonel [[John McCrae]], one of the most frequently quoted English-language poems composed during the First World War. During the 20th century, the wearing of a poppy at and before [[Remembrance Day]] (sometimes known informally as Poppy Day) each year became an established custom in English-speaking western countries.<ref name=Readers/> It is also used at some other dates in some countries, such as at appeals for [[Anzac Day]] in Australia and New Zealand.

This poppy appears on a number of postage stamps, coins, banknotes, and national flags, including:

*[[Two hundred lei (Romanian banknote)]]
*[[Canadian twenty-dollar note]] (2012) and [[Canadian ten-dollar note]] (2001)
*[[Quarter (Canadian coin)|Some commemorative Canadian twenty-five cent coins in 2004 and 2008]]
*[[Great Britain commemorative stamps 2000-2009]]: 2007 Lest we forget - 90th anniversary of the [[Battle of the Somme]]

The common or corn poppy was voted the [[County flowers of the United Kingdom|county flower]] of [[Essex]] and [[Norfolk]] in 2002 following a poll by the wild plant conservation charity [[Plantlife]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plantlife.org.uk/wild_plants/county_flowers/ |title=County Flowers | Wild plants |publisher=Plantlife |access-date=2012-03-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430170312/http://www.plantlife.org.uk/wild_plants/county_flowers/ |archive-date=2015-04-30 }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:00MoinaMichael.jpg|United States commemorative stamp depicting [[Moina Michael]] and corn poppies
File:Claude Monet - L'été - Champ de coquelicots.JPG|[[Claude Monet]], "Summer Field of Coquelicots", 1875
File:NZRSA remembrance poppy.jpg|An example of the artificial Flanders poppy which has been distributed by the millions throughout New Zealand by the [[Returned Services' Association|RSA]] for [[Anzac Day]] activities and other days of remembrance.
</gallery>

===China===
In [[China]], ''P. rhoeas'' is known as ''yumeiren'' (虞美人, meaning "Yu the Beauty"), after [[Consort Yu (Xiang Yu's wife)|Consort Yu]], the concubine of the warlord [[Xiang Yu]]. In 202 BC, when they were besieged in the [[Battle of Gaixia]] by the force of [[Liu Bang]] (founder of the [[Han Dynasty]]), Consort Yu committed suicide; according to folklore, poppies grew out of the ground where Consort Yu fell, and ''P. rhoeas'' thus became a symbol of loyalty unto death.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alaintruong.com/archives/2018/09/25/36734557.html |title=The Falangcai Poppy Bowl |date=25 September 2018 |website=Alain.R.Truong |access-date=11 November 2018 }}</ref>

In 2010, ''P. rhoeas'' was at the centre of a diplomatic controversy between China and the United Kingdom; during an official visit to China, [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[David Cameron]] and his entourage rejected a demand from China to not wear the [[remembrance poppy]], which the Chinese government had mistaken for the [[Papaver somniferum|opium poppy]], a plant that carries connotations of the [[Opium Wars]] in China.<ref>{{cite news|last=Evans|first=Annnemarie|date=15 November 2010|title=Flanders poppy 'a symbol of heroism, not of opium'|url=https://www.scmp.com/article/730530/flanders-poppy-symbol-heroism-not-opium|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=11 November 2018}}</ref>

===Persian literature===
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2017}}

In [[Persian literature]], red poppies, especially red corn poppy flowers, are considered the flower of love. They are often called the eternal lover flower.
In classic and modern Persian poems, the poppy is a symbol of people who died for love (Persian: راه عشق).

Many poems interchange "poppy" and "tulip" (Persian: لاله).

<blockquote><poem>[I] was asking the wind in the field of tulips during the sunrise: whose martyrs are these bloody shrouded?

[The wind] replied: [[Hafez]], you and I are not capable of this secret, sing about red wine and sweet lips.</poem></blockquote>

===Urdu literature===
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2017}}
In [[Urdu literature]], red poppies, or "Gul-e-Lalah", are often a symbol of martyrdom, and sometimes of love.

==See also==
*[[Poppy]]
*[[Coquelicot]]
*[[Remembrance Day]]
*''[[The Red Poppies on Monte Cassino]]''
*[[Corn poppy with lamb]]
*[[White poppy (symbol)]]
*''[[From Up on Poppy Hill]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Papaver rhoeas}}
{{Wikispecies|Papaver rhoeas}}
* [http://www.maltawildplants.com/PAPV/Papaver_rhoeas.php Malta Wild Plants – ''Papaver rhoeas'']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q130201}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Papaver|rhoeas]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Flora of the Caucasus]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of North Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Armenia]]
[[Category:Flora of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Cyprus]]
[[Category:Flora of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Flora of Iran]]
[[Category:Flora of Iraq]]
[[Category:Flora of Lebanon and Syria]]
[[Category:Flora of Palestine (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Turkey]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Melliferous flowers]]

Papaver rhoeas - Revision history

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