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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}{{Infobox river
| name = Papagni
| country = [[India]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| mouth = [[Penna River]]
| length = {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| mapframe-zoom = 7
| image = River bank of Papagni at Gandi Kshetram.jpg
| image_caption = River bank of Papagni at Gandi Kshetram
}}
'''Papagni River''' is a non-perennial, inter-state river in [[southern India]] that flows through the states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a right bank tributary of the [[Pennar River|Pennar river]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Ravindranath|first=R|title=The Role of Participatory Hydrological Monitoring in Groundwater Governance: Towards Evolving Informed Adaptative Mechanisms|url=http://iasc2008.glos.ac.uk/conference%20papers/papers/R/Ravindranath_108101.pdf|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082947/http://iasc2008.glos.ac.uk/conference%20papers/papers/R/Ravindranath_108101.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pennar Basin|url=http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/pennar_about.htm|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629191333/http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/pennar_about.htm|archive-date=29 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Pāpāgni'' is a [[compound word|compound]] of the words ''pāpa'' (meaning sin) and ''agni'' (meaning [[Agni|fire]]). According to legend a king who once killed an innocent tribal chieftain of the [[Chenchu people|Chenchus]], who live in this region, was afflicted by [[leprosy]] as punishment for his sin. He was supposedly cured of the affliction only after he undertook penance in the Papagni valley and took a dip in the river upon which the river is said to have turned his sins to ashes thus acquiring for itself the name ''Pāpāgni''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Papagni River|url=http://vayusutha.in/vs4/temple47.html|access-date=29 June 2013}}</ref>

== Course ==
The Papagni originates in the [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]] of [[Chikkaballapur district]] in Karnataka. It is a non-perennial river that is rainfed with its basin receiving 60–80 cm of rainfall annually. It traverses through a region of [[granitic]] deposits and [[red soil]] that is frequently affected by [[soil erosion]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sinha|first=Himadri|title=People and Forest: Unfolding the Participation Mystique|year=2006|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uh8DFm5ckdwC&q=papagni+river&pg=PA237|isbn=9788180692468}}</ref> It drains the districts of Kolar in Karnataka<ref>{{cite web|title=PAPAGNI RIVER SUB-WATERSHED, KOLAR DISTRICT|url=http://watershed.kar.nic.in/website_dec2006/Kol_papagniriv.htm|publisher=Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054255/http://watershed.kar.nic.in/website_dec2006/Kol_papagniriv.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the districts of [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]], [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]] and [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="waterconflictforum">{{cite journal|last=Rao|first=M Chandrasekhara|title=Groundwater Depletion in Papagani Catchment|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=18 February 2006|url=http://waterconflictforum.org/pdf/resources/Economic%20and%20Political%20Weekly%20case%20studies/conflicts_papagani.pdf|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084750/http://waterconflictforum.org/pdf/resources/Economic%20and%20Political%20Weekly%20case%20studies/conflicts_papagani.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The basin covers an area of 8,250 km<sup>2</sup>. and drains 30 [[Mandal (country subdivision)|mandals]] of which 21 lie in the [[Rayalseema|Rayalseema region]] of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="indiansss">{{cite journal|last=Krishnaiah|first=Y V|title=Landuse Pattern and Landuse Efficiency of the Papagni River Basin, India|journal=Indian Journal of Spatial Science|date=1 February 2013|volume=4.0|issue=1|pages=59–68|url=http://indiansss.org/pdf/2013-issues/summer-issues/Article8_Krishnaiah.pdf|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-date=26 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226153843/http://indiansss.org/pdf/2013-issues/summer-issues/Article8_Krishnaiah.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It joins the Pennar near [[Kamalapuram, Kadapa|Kamalapuram]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Sharad Kumar|title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India|year=2007|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|page=728|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&q=papagni+&pg=PA728|isbn=9781402051807}}</ref>

== Land use pattern ==
Although flowing through a largely [[semi-arid region]], wet cultivation including that of [[rice|paddy]] and [[wheat]] is undertaken along the Papagni's banks.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sreenivasulu|first=G.|title=An Analysis on Land Use/Land Cover Using Remote Sensing and GIS – A Case Study In and Around Vempalli, Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India|journal=International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications|date=May 2013|volume=3|issue=5|page=3|url=http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0513/ijsrp-p1761.pdf|access-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> [[Vertisol|Black]], [[Loamy soil|loamy]] and [[red soil]]s are found in the river basin area. 60% of the river basin comprises cultivated, [[fallow]] and culturable wastelands while another 15% is under forests.<ref name="indiansss" /> The forests here are mostly [[dry deciduous forest]]s, [[thorn forest]]s and [[scrubland|scrub]]. The [[yellow-throated bulbul]], [[Indian star tortoise|starred tortoise]], [[red sand boa]] and the [[Kolar leaf-nosed bat]] are among the major [[threatened species]] of fauna found here.<ref>{{cite web|title=FES Field Office: Chintamani, Karnataka|url=http://fes.org.in/includeAll.php?pId=My0zNy0z|publisher=Foundation for Ecological Security|access-date=29 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FES Field Office: Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh|url=http://fes.org.in/includeAll.php?pId=My0zNi0z|publisher=Foundation for Ecological Security|access-date=29 June 2013}}</ref>

== Environmental issues ==
The river has faced serious damage in recent years due to various human activities. Unregulated and excessive [[sand mining]] in the [[Stream bed|riverbed]] has led to falling [[groundwater]] levels in the river basin, besides damaging civil structures on and near the river and has led to both a deepening of the riverbed and deterioration in the quality of groundwater.<ref name="waterconflictforum" /> Restoration activities under the [[Foundation for Ecological Security]] through community participation towards maintenance of [[check dam]]s, curbing grazing and felling of trees has however led to a revival of the river leading to rising groundwater levels and an increase in tree cover. The success with the Papagni is now being seen as a possible model for the rejuvenation of the [[Arkavathy River|Arkavathy river]] in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Papagni's course to show way for River Arkavathy|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article148468.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629191315/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article148468.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2013|access-date=29 June 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Penna basin}}
{{Hydrology of Karnataka|state=expanded}}
{{Hydrography of Andhra Pradesh}}

{{coord|14|35|N|78|42|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rivers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Penna River]]

Papagni River - Revision history

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