Papa II - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 15:29, 1 October 2022
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	{{for\|~~The~~ jail\|Papa 2}}		{{Short description\|Defunct military interrogation centre in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
			{{for\|the jail\|Papa 2}}
	{{Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir}}		{{Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir}}
	'''Papa II''' was an [[interrogation]] centre in the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)\|Jammu and Kashmir]],<ref>{{cite book \|author=Wirsing, Robert \|title=India, Pakistan, and the Kashmir dispute: on regional conflict and its resolution \|url=https://archive.org/details/indiapakistankas00wirs \|url-access=registration \|publisher=St. Martin's Press \|location=New York \|year=1994 \|isbn=0-312-17562-0 }}</ref> operated by the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF)<ref name="HRW-1">{{cite web		'''Papa II''' was an [[interrogation]] centre in the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)\|Jammu and Kashmir]],<ref>{{cite book \|author=Wirsing, Robert \|title=India, Pakistan, and the Kashmir dispute: on regional conflict and its resolution \|url=https://archive.org/details/indiapakistankas00wirs \|url-access=registration \|publisher=St. Martin's Press \|location=New York \|year=1994 \|isbn=0-312-17562-0 }}</ref> operated by the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF)<ref name="HRW-1">{{cite web
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	\|archive-date=2020-05-21		\|archive-date=2020-05-21
	\|url-status=live		\|url-status=live
	}}</ref> on the banks of the [[Dal Lake]] in [[Srinagar]]. On occupation by the [[paramilitary]] [[Border Security Force]] in 1989, it was named Papa II "in an attempt to keep the ~~compound’s~~ new purpose nominally confidential".<ref name='Himal'>{{cite journal \|last=Hamid \|first=Arshad \|date=September 2007 \|title=Kashmir's tortured past and present \|journal=Himal \|url=https://www.himalmag.com/kashmirs-tortured-past-and-present/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521053421/https://www.himalmag.com/kashmirs-tortured-past-and-present/ \|archive-date=2020-05-21 \|url-status=live \|access-date=2008-04-21 }}</ref>		}}</ref> on the banks of the [[Dal Lake]] in [[Srinagar]]. On occupation by the [[paramilitary]] [[Border Security Force]] in 1989, it was named Papa II "in an attempt to keep the compound's new purpose nominally confidential".<ref name='Himal'>{{cite journal \|last=Hamid \|first=Arshad \|date=September 2007 \|title=Kashmir's tortured past and present \|journal=Himal \|url=https://www.himalmag.com/kashmirs-tortured-past-and-present/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521053421/https://www.himalmag.com/kashmirs-tortured-past-and-present/ \|archive-date=2020-05-21 \|url-status=live \|access-date=2008-04-21 }}</ref>

	A May 1996 report by [[Human Rights Watch]] detailed allegations of abuse and torture at Papa II.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Gossman \|first=Patricia \|date=May 1996 \|title=INDIA'S SECRET ARMY IN KASHMIR: New Patterns of Abuse Emerge in the Conflict \|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] \|url=http://hrw.org/reports/1996/India2.htm#P410_104590 \|access-date=2008-04-21}}</ref> According to [[William Dalrymple (historian)\|William Dalrymple]], Papa II was a centre into which <blockquote>...large numbers of local people, as well as the occasional captured foreign jihadi, would "disappear." Their bodies would later be found, if at all, floating down rivers, bruised, covered in [[cigarette burns]], missing fingers or even whole limbs.<ref name="WD">{{cite magazine \|last=Dalrymple \|first=William \|author-link=William Dalrymple (historian) \|date=1 May 2008 \|title=Kashmir: The Scarred and the Beautiful		A May 1996 report by [[Human Rights Watch]] detailed allegations of abuse and torture at Papa II.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Gossman \|first=Patricia \|date=May 1996 \|title=INDIA'S SECRET ARMY IN KASHMIR: New Patterns of Abuse Emerge in the Conflict \|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] \|url=http://hrw.org/reports/1996/India2.htm#P410_104590 \|access-date=2008-04-21}}</ref> According to [[William Dalrymple (historian)\|William Dalrymple]], Papa II was a centre into which <blockquote>...large numbers of local people, as well as the occasional captured foreign jihadi, would "disappear." Their bodies would later be found, if at all, floating down rivers, bruised, covered in [[cigarette burns]], missing fingers or even whole limbs.<ref name="WD">{{cite magazine \|last=Dalrymple \|first=William \|author-link=William Dalrymple (historian) \|date=1 May 2008 \|title=Kashmir: The Scarred and the Beautiful
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	== In Popular Culture ==		== In Popular Culture ==
	The interrogation centre is referred as ''Mama-II'' by the character of ''Roohdaar'' / [[Ghost (Hamlet)]], cast on [[Irrfan Khan]] in the 2014 Indian [[crime drama]] movie [[Haider (film)]] which is based on [[William Shakespeare]]'s tragedy ''[[Hamlet]]'' and [[Basharat Peer]]'s memoir ''[[Curfewed Night]]''.<ref>https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-haider-is-the-most-realistic-film-on-kashmir-s-horrors-2028219</ref>		The interrogation centre is referred as ''Mama-II'' by the character of ''Roohdaar'' / [[Ghost (Hamlet)]], cast on [[Irrfan Khan]] in the 2014 Indian [[crime drama]] movie [[Haider (film)]] which is based on [[William Shakespeare]]'s tragedy ''[[Hamlet]]'' and [[Basharat Peer]]'s memoir ''[[Curfewed Night]]''.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-haider-is-the-most-realistic-film-on-kashmir-s-horrors-2028219\|title = Haider is the most realistic film on Kashmir's horrors\|date = 22 October 2014}}</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==
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	[[Category:Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]]		[[Category:Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]]
	[[Category:1990s in Jammu and Kashmir]]		[[Category:1990s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
			[[Category:Military prisoner abuse scandals]]

imported>Trappist the monk: /* Shut down */ cite repair;

2021-02-24T18:54:38Z

Shut down: cite repair;

New page

{{for|The jail|Papa 2}}
{{Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir}}
'''Papa II''' was an [[interrogation]] centre in the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Wirsing, Robert |title=India, Pakistan, and the Kashmir dispute: on regional conflict and its resolution |url=https://archive.org/details/indiapakistankas00wirs |url-access=registration |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |year=1994 |isbn=0-312-17562-0 }}</ref> operated by the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF)<ref name="HRW-1">{{cite web
|title=Behind the Kashmir Conflict
|date=October 1998
|publisher=Human Rights Watch
|url=https://www.hrw.org/campaigns/kashmir/1996/India-09.htm
}}</ref> from the start of the [[Kashmir insurgency]] in 1989 until it was shut down in 1996.

==Background==
Every security force operating in Kashmir had its own interrogation centres in the state which included temporary detention centres at BSF, [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) and [[Indian army|army]] camps.<ref name="HRCK">{{cite book
|author=Asia Watch |author2=Physicians for Human Rights
|title=The Human Rights Crisis in Kashmir: A Pattern of Impunity
|publisher=Human Rights Watch
|year=1993
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/humanrightscrisi00asia/page/85 85]
|isbn=1-56432-104-5
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/humanrightscrisi00asia/page/85
}}</ref> Detainees were first interrogated by the detaining security force for a period of time which ranged from several hours to several weeks.<ref name="HRCK"/> During this time no person was allowed to meet the detainee and the detainee was not produced before the court.<ref name="HRCK"/> Detainees suspected of being militants were handed over to Counter-Intelligence Kashmir (CIK) and are interrogated at Joint Interrogation Centres (JICs) where detention sometimes lasted for months.<ref name="HRCK"/> Papa II was one of several such centres in Kashmir.<ref name="HRCK"/>

Lawyers in Kashmir told Asia Watch in 1993 that they had filed approximately 15,000 petitions since 1990 calling the state authorities to reveal the situation of the detainees and the charges against them, but the authorities had not responded.<ref name="HRCK"/>

==Operation of Papa II==
The building, of colonial origin, was initially a government guest house to accommodate visiting bureaucrats, in "serene surroundings" - the exclusive Gupkar Road<ref name="TH">{{cite news
|title=Crossfire zone
|author=Ranjit Hoskote
|author-link=Ranjit Hoskote
|date=2005-06-19
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/crossfire-zone/article28531052.ece
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521052957/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/crossfire-zone/article28531052.ece
|archive-date=2020-05-21
|url-status=live
}}</ref> on the banks of the [[Dal Lake]] in [[Srinagar]]. On occupation by the [[paramilitary]] [[Border Security Force]] in 1989, it was named Papa II "in an attempt to keep the compound’s new purpose nominally confidential".<ref name='Himal'>{{cite journal |last=Hamid |first=Arshad |date=September 2007 |title=Kashmir's tortured past and present |journal=Himal |url=https://www.himalmag.com/kashmirs-tortured-past-and-present/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521053421/https://www.himalmag.com/kashmirs-tortured-past-and-present/ |archive-date=2020-05-21 |url-status=live |access-date=2008-04-21 }}</ref>

A May 1996 report by [[Human Rights Watch]] detailed allegations of abuse and torture at Papa II.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gossman |first=Patricia |date=May 1996 |title=INDIA'S SECRET ARMY IN KASHMIR: New Patterns of Abuse Emerge in the Conflict |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |url=http://hrw.org/reports/1996/India2.htm#P410_104590 |access-date=2008-04-21}}</ref> According to [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]], Papa II was a centre into which <blockquote>...large numbers of local people, as well as the occasional captured foreign jihadi, would "disappear." Their bodies would later be found, if at all, floating down rivers, bruised, covered in [[cigarette burns]], missing fingers or even whole limbs.<ref name="WD">{{cite magazine |last=Dalrymple |first=William |author-link=William Dalrymple (historian) |date=1 May 2008 |title=Kashmir: The Scarred and the Beautiful
|magazine=The [[New York Review of Books]] |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/21310#fnr1 }}</ref></blockquote>

A method of interrogation by which bodies of suspects were placed under heavy rollers caused at least 250 deaths through acute [[renal failure]] at one Srinagar hospital alone, according to [[Pankaj Mishra]].<ref name="PM">{{cite magazine |last=Mishra |first=Pankaj |author-link=Pankaj Mishra |date=21 September 2000 |title=Death in Kashmir - The New York Review of Books |magazine=The [[New York Review of Books]] |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/13813
}}</ref> Others died through [[Electric shock#Torture|application of electric shocks]], and particularly through "[[waterboarding|immersing the prisoners’ heads in water during interrogation.]]"<ref name='Himal'/> One commonly observed consequence of the use of torture through electrodes attached to the detainee's genitals is that released detainees find themselves either unable to consummate or sometimes even participate in normal sexual relationships.<ref name='Himal'/><ref name="BP">{{cite journal |last=Peer |first=Basharat |date=May–June 2007 |title=Style Over Substance |journal=[[Columbia Journalism Review]] |url=https://www.cjr.org/dispatch/style_over_substance_1.php?page=2 |access-date=2008-04-21 }}</ref> It is unknown how many deaths occurred at Papa II, the most intensive centre of its kind: on the tenth of every month, the relatives of some of the disappeared stage a public protest near the building, demanding information on their kin from the authorities; they claim about 10,000 have gone missing during the years of militancy.<ref name='Himal'/> The Government of India contests that figure.<ref>[[Amnesty International]], ''Analysis of the Government of India's response to Amnesty International's report on torture and deaths in custody in Jammu and Kashmir'', 1995.</ref>

==Shut down==

Following ''D.K. Basu vs West Bengal'' in December 1996, in which judgment<ref name="Basu">Judgement dated December 18, 1996, in W.P. (Crl.) No. 539 of 1986 W.P. (Crl.) No. 592 of 1987 Ashok K. Johri Vs State of U.P. <br/>A copy of the judgment can be found at {{cite web
| url=http://www.alrc.net/doc/mainfile.php/cl_india/143/
| title=SHRI D.K. BASU v State of West Bengal
| access-date=2008-04-21 |author=Supreme Court of India | date=2002-10-03
| publisher=Asian Legal Resource Center| author-link=Supreme Court of India
}}</ref> the [[Supreme Court of India]] laid out restrictions on detention without trial in an attempt to curb custodial violence,<ref name='JL'>{{Cite conference |first=Jinee |last=Lokaneeta |title=Torture in Postcolonial India: A Liberal Paradox? |conference=Evil, Law and the State: Issues in State Power and Violence |place=Salzburg, Austria |date=March 2008}}</ref> and the election of the left-leaning [[United Front (India)|United Front]] government at the [[Government of India|Centre]], most interrogation centres, including Papa II, were shut down.

Since then it has been used as a residence by senior state politicians, including the state finance minister. Currently it is the official residence of [[Mehbooba Mufti]], who leads the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]], though her occupation of it is contested by those who would prefer it to be a memorial to the ones who disappeared.<ref name="Himal"/>

== In Popular Culture ==
The interrogation centre is referred as ''Mama-II'' by the character of ''Roohdaar'' / [[Ghost (Hamlet)]], cast on [[Irrfan Khan]] in the 2014 Indian [[crime drama]] movie [[Haider (film)]] which is based on [[William Shakespeare]]'s tragedy ''[[Hamlet]]'' and [[Basharat Peer]]'s memoir ''[[Curfewed Night]]''.<ref>https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-haider-is-the-most-realistic-film-on-kashmir-s-horrors-2028219</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[Category:Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1990s in Jammu and Kashmir]]