->John of Reading: Typo/general fixes, replaced: emnity → enmity

2021-05-10T11:47:34Z

Typo/general fixes, replaced: emnity → enmity

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{{Infobox ethnic group|
|group= Pano
|pop = 1,205,099 (2011 Census)<ref name="Census 2011"/>
|popplace = [[Odisha]]
|langs = [[Odia language|Odia]]
|rels= [[Hinduism]]
|related=
}}
The '''Pano''' ([[Odia language|Odia]]:ପାଣ) (also known as '''Pan''', Buna Pana, Desua Pana) are a [[scheduled caste]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/stsc/SCList.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630154308/http://www.orissa.gov.in/stsc/SCList.htm |archive-date=2017-06-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They are recognized as Scheduled Caste in [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Jharkhand]] officially.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/scorder1950636011777382153618.pdf|title=THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED CASTES) ORDER, 19501|website=Socialjustice.nic.in|access-date=3 February 2019}}</ref> They speak [[Odia language|Odia]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R--XMUsk7sIC&q=Pano+Caste&pg=PA60|title=The concept of tribal society|first1=Deepak Kumar|last1=Behera|first2=Georg|last2=Pfeffer|date=3 February 2019|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170229834|access-date=3 February 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref>

Panos have several sub-castes: the Odia, who claim a higher social status than the others, Buna, who are weavers, Betra or Raj, basketmakers, bamboo workers, and also perform watchman duties, Baistab, Panos who are Vaishnavites and perform their religious ceremonies, and Patraida, Panos who live alongside the Khondhs.<ref name=":0" /> This last subset is often simply referred to as the Khonda Panos, while the others are collectively referred to as Desa Panos.<ref name=":1" />

Colonial ethnographers, such as Herbert Hope Risley, theorized they were Dravidians who have been "Hinduized."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Risley, Herbert Hope, Sir, 1851-1911.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/609335795|title=The tribes and castes of Bengal|date=1892|publisher=Printed at the Bengal secretariat Press|oclc=609335795}}</ref>

The Buna Pano are a part of the Pano.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Schedule%20Castes%20Orderl/SC%20Constitution%20(Scheduled%20Castes)%20Orders%20(Amendment)%20Bill,%202012.pdf|title=THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED CASTES) ORDERS (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2012|website=Prsindia.org|access-date=3 February 2019}}</ref> According to the 2011 Census, 1,205,099 people in Odisha constituting 17.7% of the total SC population, were members of this caste. It was the most populous of the scheduled castes of Odisha.<ref name= "Census 2011">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=A-10 Individual Scheduled Caste Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix - Odisha|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A10/SC-0900-PCA-A-10-ddw.xlsx|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2017-02-06|website=|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> The Pano have the maximum population in [[Jajpur district]], followed by [[Kendujhar district]] and [[Dhenkanal district]], but they constitute the highest proportion (77.9%) of the total SC population in [[Kandhamal district]]. In Odisha, 14% of them have middle educational level, about 13% have more. 60.9% of their children in the 5–14 years group were at school. 16.8% of the Pano workers were cultivators, 54.3% agricultural labourers, 4.2% HHI workers and 24.7% other workers.
16.89% of the total population of Kandhamal district are members of a scheduled caste. Most of them are Pano (77.92%).<ref>[http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/December/engpdf/132-135.pdf] {{dead link|date=February 2019}}</ref>
Kendujhar district has 11.62% members of scheduled castes and among them the major caste groups are the Pano (58.77%).<ref>[http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/December/engpdf/140-143.pdf] {{dead link|date=February 2019}}</ref> In 1891, those living in Sitra were called workers in metal, speaking [[Kui language (India)|Kui]] and [[Odia language|Odia]]. Intermarriage to [[Khonds]] and [[Odia people|Odias]] was not permitted.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5dHEQ6nWAcC&q=Pano+Caste&pg=PT46|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume VI of VII|first=Edgar|last=Thurston|date=28 September 2020|publisher=Library of Alexandria|isbn=9781465582416|access-date=3 February 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref>

== Culture ==
The Panos have a group of totemistic exogamous clans, traced down the father's line. However, this system of exogamy only considers ancestors only a few generations back and in the area, and so only excludes those of the clan in the area. This system of exogamy is followed by tribals throughout central and eastern India and is dubbed "local lines" by anthropologists. However, within this system, Panos ban marriage between someone and their first cousins and paternal uncle.

Pano girls were only married when they became adults. The dowry provided near the turn of the 20th century was Rs. 2 cash, a mound and a half of husked rice, a goat and 2 saris: for the bride and for the mother-in-law. Widow remarriage is common and it is seen as correct for the bride to marry her husband's younger brother, but never the elder. Divorce is also recognized, and the divorced husband must provide for his wife for 6 months. Divorcees are allowed to remarry.

== Religion ==
At the turn of the 20th century, the Panos, although nominally Vaishnavites, were practicing animism similar to neighbouring Dravidian tribes. They held in the belief of certain village deities who were to be propitiated to induce fertility or stave off ruin, primarily via animal sacrifice. Their main deity was ''Pauri Pahari'', the god who lived upon the highest of the local hills, and to him they would offer goat sacrifices. The Panos of southern Odisha maintain they were always animists like their Khond neighbours.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-25|title=10 Years Post Kandhamal Riots: Let Us Not Forget How It Tore the Secular Fabric|url=https://www.newsclick.in/10-years-post-kandhamal-riots-let-us-not-forget-how-it-tore-secular-fabric|access-date=2021-02-09|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref> Today, however, most the Panos are Catholics.<ref name="auto" />

== Recent status ==
Due to their knowledge of Odia, the Panos often acted as intermediaries between the Khond hill-tribes and the Odia-speaking caste Hindu society. For instance in the Meriah human sacrifices formerly practiced by the Khonds, the Panos would always provide the victims. Occasionally they would kidnap people from the plains and sell them to the Khonds (during which British authorities alleged they cheated the Khonds). When the British began to crack down on practice of the Meriah, the Panos developed a closer relationship with the Christian missionaries who began arriving in the area. Thus they converted to Christianity and became more prosperous than their Khond counterparts who remained animists. This led to Khond accusations of their being "traitors" to their original faith. This enmity between the two communities was fanned by alleged favouritism by NGOs in helping the Christian Panos in times of distress, and Hindutva organisations, especially those led by Laxmananda Saraswati of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|Vishwa Hindu Parishad]], leading "reconversion" drives.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5O0ABAAAQBAJ&q=Pano+Caste&pg=PA30|title=Democratic Transformation and the Vernacular Public Arena in India|first1=Taberez Ahmed|last1=Neyazi|first2=Akio|last2=Tanabe|first3=Shinya|last3=Ishizaka|date=11 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317694038|access-date=3 February 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Mohanty|first=Rabindra K.|date=2017-07-18|title=The Extant of Conflict among Marginalised Communities: A Study in Kandhamal District of Odisha|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022917708452|journal=Sociological Bulletin|volume=66|issue=2|pages=174–190|doi=10.1177/0038022917708452|s2cid=157238629|issn=0038-0229}}</ref>

Due to a Presidential Order in 1950, Panos who converted to Christianity could no longer hold SC status. Pano organization Phulbani Kui Janakalyan Samiti, started in 2002, sought to give Panos Scheduled Tribe status due to their knowledge of Kui.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last=Osuri|first=Goldie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8lz0Mg3xx9sC&q=Pano+Caste&pg=PA45|title=Religious Freedom in India: Sovereignty and (anti) Conversion|date=3 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415665575|access-date=3 February 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref> This effort was opposed by the Khonds - the government soon denied Panos the ST status and hundreds of Pano government employees were fired for falsifying caste certificates. These tensions would culminate in the [[2008 Kandhamal violence|Kandhamal Riots]], when, after the murder of Saraswati which was claimed to be done by Christians,{{Efn|Maoists later claimed they killed him for inciting communal tensions as a member of Vishwa Hindu Parishad, a Hindtuva group|name=|group=}} mobs of tribals and non-tribals attacked Pano settlements and churches throughout Kandhamal.<ref name="auto1"/> Many Panos were displaced and lost everything, and as of 2017 the situation between the two communities has not returned to normalcy.<ref name=":2" />

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Scheduled Castes]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]

Pano (caste) - Revision history

->John of Reading: Typo/general fixes, replaced: emnity → enmity