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{{Short description|Oilfield in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox oil field
| name = Panna-Mukta
| image =
| caption =
| location_map = India
| location_map_width =
| location_map_text =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.362976|71.941223|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| relief = yes
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Gulf of Khambhat]]
| location = off the coast of [[Mumbai]]
| block =
| offonshore = Offshore
| operators = [[Reliance Industries]], [[BG Group]], [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]]
| partners =
| contractors =
| discovery =
| start_development =
| start_production =
| peak_year =
| abandonment =
| peak_of_production_oil_bbl/d =
| peak_of_production_oil_tpy =
| peak_of_production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| peak_of_production_gas_mmscm/d =
| peak_of_production_gas_bcm/y =
| oil_production_bbl/d = 19000
| oil_production_tpy =
| production_year_oil = 2016
| production_gas_mmcuft/d = 205
| production_gas_mmscm/d =
| production_gas_bcm/y =
| production_year_gas = 2010
| est_oil_bbl = 287
| est_oil_t =
| recover_oil_bbl =
| recover_oil_t =
| est_gas_bft =
| est_gas_bcm =
| recover_gas_bft =
| recover_gas_bcm =
| formations =
}}
[[File:Exercise PRASTHAN conducted in Western Offshore Development Area under aegis of Western Naval Command, 2017 (6).jpg|thumb|View from the [[ONGC]] oil platform Heera, located about 40 nautical miles west of Mumbai harbour, in the Heera–Panna oilfield.]]
[[File:An Mi 17 helicopter of the Indian Air Force approaching an oil rig for casualty evacuation drill as a part of Exercise Prasthan.jpg|thumb|An [[Indian Air Force]] [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter approaching an oil rig in the Panna oilfield, approximately 100 km southwest of Mumbai.]]
[[File:Exercise PRASTHAN conducted in Western Offshore Development Area under aegis of Western Naval Command, 2017 (3).jpg|thumb|[[MARCOS]] descend from a helicopter onto the ONGC oil platform Heera during an exercise Prasthan 2017.]]
The '''Panna-Mukta oilfield''' consists of two contiguous offshore oil fields to the northwest of [[Mumbai]], India.

==Location==
The Panna field is {{convert|95|km}} northwest of Mumbai, and has an area of {{convert|430|km2}}. It is just north of the Bassein gas field and about {{convert|50|km}} east of the [[Bombay High]] oilfield. The Mukta field is about {{convert|100|km}} northwest of Mumbai, and has an area of {{convert|777|km2}}. Average water depth is {{convert|45|m}} in the Panna field and {{convert|65|m}} in the Mukta field.<ref name=Reliance2006/>
As of May 1999 estimated recoverable reserves of oil were 287 million barrels.
Source rock is of Panna Formation <ref name=Infraline19990520/>

==Ownership==

The Panna-Mukta oil field and the Tapti gas field to the north were discovered by the Indian state-owned [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC), who initially operated the fields.<ref name=Comptroller201009/>
Following a privatization policy a [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]] - [[Enron]] consortium gained a 25-year lease on the oil field in February 1994. Oil production at that time was 12,000 barrels per day.<ref name=Express19980520/>
The lease was awarded under a production sharing arrangement.
The Government of India would receive a variable share of profit depending on the investment multiple.
In December 1994 a joint venture between ONGC (40%), Enron (30%) and Reliance (30%) took control of the field.<ref name=Comptroller201009/>

In 2002 British Gas ([[BG Group|BG]]) bought [[Enron]]'s 30% share of the Panna-Mukta and Tapti fields for $350 million.<ref name=EconTimes20020701/>
The other two stakeholders remained the ONGC with 40% and Reliance with 30%.<ref name=Chronicle20100806/>
Initially, BG continued as operator in place of Enron.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-03-21/news/27332907_1_joint-operatorship-tapti-panna-oilfield
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017005352/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-03-21/news/27332907_1_joint-operatorship-tapti-panna-oilfield
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=17 October 2015
|work=Economic Times
|title=BG still operating Panna oilfield
|date=21 Mar 2002
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>
However, there was a dispute between the partners over operation of the field, with BG wanting to control operations and the two Indian firms wanting a more equal sharing of control.<ref name=EconTimes20020701/>

==Controversy==

The contract was awarded during the tenure of [[Satish Sharma]] as petroleum minister.
The Comptroller and Auditor General of India wrote a report that was highly critical of the contract award process.<ref name=Outlook19970806/>
In December 1995 [[Y.P. Singh]], a Superintendent of Police, investigated allegations on nepotism and submitted a detailed report.<ref name=Outlook19970806/>
The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) registered a preliminary inquiry in June 1996.
By August 1997 the CBI had yet to issue a report on the affair.
An article in Outlook India that month reported that serious evidence of bribe-giving by companies looking for oil exploitation contracts had been submitted, but claimed that CBI was attempting a cover-up.<ref name=Outlook19970806/>

The [[Centre for Public Interest Litigation]] (CPIL) filed a petition for a judicial probe of the deal.<ref name=Express19980520/>
In October 1997 the Delhi High Court heard the CPIL petition and issued notices to the involved companies and government organizations.
The petition alleged that V P Singh's notes had been lost.
[[Prashant Bhushan]], advocate for CPIL, said: "If files are going to disappear like this, no investigation into criminal cases can be carried out".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/oct/14panna.htm
|work=Rediff
|date=14 October 1997
|title=Notices to Centre, CAG, Enron, Reliance on Panna-Mukta oilfield
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>
In May 1998 the CBI admitted that Y.P. Singh's case diary had indeed been lost and might have been deliberately destroyed.<ref name=Express19980520/>
In response to a further CPIL petition the [[Supreme Court of India]] conducted a hearing into the affair, which concluded in August 2000.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.enron-mail.com/email/lay-k/notes_inbox/India_CPIL_Supreme_Court_Case_2.html
|title=India "CPIL" Supreme Court Case
|date=30 Aug 2000
|author=Jeffrey Sherrick
|publisher=Enron-mail
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>

In September 2010 the Comptroller and Auditor General of India found that the consortium running the fields had made excessive payments to service contractors, which could have cut into the profits that the government made from the fields.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_cag-raps-panna-mukta-operators-over-rig-deals_1440355
|work=DNA India
|title=CAG raps Panna-Mukta operators over rig deals
|date=20 Sep 2010
|author=Neeraj Thakur
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>

==Development and production==

The initial phase of development was from 1995 to 1999, during which the joint venture installed three wellhead platforms, drilled development wells and established facilities for processing and transport. In a subsequent phase between November 2004 and March 2007 the joint venture installed pipelines and two wellhead platforms in the Panna oilfield.<ref name=Comptroller201009/>
As of 2006, production centered on the PPA facility, designed to handle {{convert|45,000|oilbbl|m3}} of oil per day and {{convert|90|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=off|lk=on}} per day at [[Standard temperature and pressure|standard conditions]] of gas.
Fluid from seven satellite platforms reaches PPA through subsea lines, where it is processed.
Crude oil is loaded onto a tanker and gas is sent via a line to [[Hazira]].
The PPA can accommodate 75 workers.<ref name=Reliance2006/>

In 1999 production was {{convert|27,000|oilbbl|m3}} of oil per day and {{convert|71|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of gas.<ref name=Infraline19990520/>
As of 2006 the fields were producing {{convert|30,000|oilbbl|m3}} of oil per day and {{convert|90|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day.<ref name=Reliance2006/>
As of 2008 the field was producing {{convert|40,000|oilbbl|m3}} of oil per day and {{convert|190|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of gas.
All of the oil was being sold to [[Indian Oil]] and all the gas to [[GAIL India]].
On 3 June 2008 there was an explosion in which one worker was killed, forcing a temporary halt to production.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/pannamukta-oil-field-shut-after-explosion;-1-dead/319125/0
|title= Panna-Mukta oil field shut after explosion; 1 dead
|date=6 Jun 2008
|work=Financial Express
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>
As of July 2010 the field was producing about {{convert|35,000|oilbbl|m3}} of oil per day and {{convert|205|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of gas.
On 20 July 2010 production was halted due to a leak in the sub-sea hose near the Panna [[single buoy mooring]].<ref name=Chronicle20100806/>
Production could not be resumed until October that year.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://tools.morningstar.co.uk/uk/stockreport/default.aspx?tab=3&vw=story&SecurityToken=0P00007O0L%5D3%5D0%5DE0GBR$$ALL&Id=0P00007O0L&ClientFund=0&CurrencyId=GBP&story=117201067748066
|title=DJ India Official: Panna-Mukta Oilfield Repairs To End By Oct First Week
|author=Eric Yep
|date=27 September 2010
|publisher=Dow Jones
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>

In October 2008 it was reported that British Gas was waiting for approval of a US$150 million program to construct nine in fill wells. These would be used to pump water into the reservoir to maintain pressure and improve recovery. The joint venture had started to implement a program to drill nine more production wells and install two additional platforms, with the platforms being due for commissioning in June 2009.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.steelguru.com/indian_news/PannaMukta_JV_plans_a_9_well_in_fill_drilling_program/67574.html
|title=Panna-Mukta JV plans a 9 well in fill drilling program
|date=21 Oct 2008
|work=Steel Guru
|accessdate=2012-04-30
}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
As of 2011 BG Group was continuing to incrementally develop the fields by well intervention, infill drilling and installation of new projects such as the recently installed Panna L.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bg-group.com/OurBusiness/WhereWeOperate/Pages/pgIndia.aspx
|title= India
|publisher=BG Group
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>

==References==
<references>

<ref name=Chronicle20100806>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/petroleum/panna-mukta-oil-leak-costs-rs-300-cr-926
|work=Financial Chronicle
|title=Panna-Mukta oil leak costs Rs 300 cr
|author=Siddhartha P Saikia
|date=6 Aug 2010
|accessdate=2012-04-30
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313210910/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/petroleum/panna-mukta-oil-leak-costs-rs-300-cr-926
|archive-date=13 March 2016
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
<ref name=Comptroller201009>{{cite web
|url = http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2011_2012/Civil_%20Performance_Audits/Report_19/chap6.pdf
|title = Performance Audit of Hydrocarbon PSCs - Findings in respect of Panna-Mukta and Mid & South Tapti Fields
|date = September 2010
|publisher = Comptroller and Auditor General of India
|accessdate = 2012-04-30
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130122011653/http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2011_2012/Civil_%20Performance_Audits/Report_19/chap6.pdf
|archivedate = 2013-01-22
}}</ref>
<ref name=EconTimes20020701>{{cite web
|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-07-01/news/27346582_1_panna-mukta-operatorship-bg-exploration
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514065422/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-07-01/news/27346582_1_panna-mukta-operatorship-bg-exploration
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=14 May 2013
|work=The Economic Times
|title=Panna-Mukta oilfield talks deadlocked
|date=1 Jul 2002
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>
<ref name=Express19980520>{{cite web
|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19980520/14050434.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522063958/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19980520/14050434.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=22 May 2013
|work=Financial Express
|date=20 May 1998
|title=CBI admits Panna-Mukta oil fields case file is missing
|accessdate=2012-04-30}} </ref>
<ref name=Infraline19990520>{{cite web
|url=http://www.infraline.com/Details/Panna-and-Mukta-oilfield-%60s-output-to-be-increased-51246.html
|work=Infraline Energy
|title=Panna and Mukta oilfield's output to be increased
|date=20 May 1999
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>
<ref name=Outlook19970806>{{cite web
|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?203987
|title=Rigged Deals
|date=6 Aug 1997
|first=Rajesh
|last=Joshi
|work=Outlook India
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>
<ref name=Reliance2006>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ril.com/downloads/pdf/panna_mukta.pdf
|publisher=[[Reliance Industries]]
|title=PANNA-MUKTA
|year=2006
|accessdate=2012-04-30
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903192448/http://www.ril.com/downloads/pdf/panna_mukta.pdf
|archive-date=2012-09-03
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

</references>

[[Category:Oil fields in India]]
[[Category:Energy in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:ONGC oil and gas fields]]
[[Category:Reliance oil and gas fields]]

Panna-Mukta oilfield - Revision history

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