imported>Jellysandwich0 at 06:28, 13 July 2021

2021-07-13T06:28:20Z

New page

{{Infobox language
| name = Pangwali
| nativename = 𑚞𑚫𑚌𑚦𑚭𑚪𑚯, पंगवाड़ी
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[North-Western Indo-Aryan languages|North-Western]]
| fam5 = [[Western Pahari]]
| script = [[Takri script|Takri]], [[Devanagari]]
| iso3 = pgg
| glotto = pang1282
| glottorefname = Pangwali
| dia1 = Killar
| dia2 = Purthi
| dia3 = Sach
| dia4 = Dharwasi
| speakers = 18,668 (2011)
| ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|date=29 June 2018}}</ref>
| image = pangi.png
| imagecaption = Pangwali written in Takri
| ethnicity = [[Pangwala]]
}}{{Contains special characters|Indic}}{{wtc|Pangwali language}}
'''Pangwali''' ([[Takri script|Takri]]: {{Lang|pgg|𑚞𑚫𑚌𑚦𑚭𑚪𑚯}}) is a [[Western Pahari language]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. It is spoken in the [[Pangi, Himachal Pradesh|Pangi Tehsil]] of [[Chamba district]], and is threatened to go extinct. Pangwali is natively written in the [[Takri script]], but [[Devanagari]] is used as well.

== Classification ==
The linguist [[George Abraham Grierson]] recorded Pangwali as a dialect of [[Chambeali]] in his [[Linguistic Survey of India]].<ref name="LSI">{{Linguistic Survey of India|9|4|chapter=Paṅgwāḷī}}</ref> It is now regarded as a language in its own right as a part of the Chamealic group of [[Western Pahari]], affiliated with Chambeali, [[Bilaspuri]], [[Bhadarwahi]], among others.

Pangwali has about 64% inherent intelligibility with [[Mandeali]], 52% with [[Kangri language|Kangri]], 44% with Chambeali, and 50% with Bhadarwahi. Its lexical similarity is 55% with [[Hindi]], 77% with [[Kullu Pahari]], and 45% with Bhadarwahi.<ref>{{Ethnologue22|pgg}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+'''Consonants'''<ref name="phon">*{{cite book
| last= Nayak
| first= Binaya
| author2 = Dhanujay
| author3 = Rosy
| year= 2010
| title= A write-up on Pangwali Phonology
| url= https://pangwali.com/sites/all/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/en/file/40/force_download
}}</ref>
!colspan=2| 
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!colspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
|
| {{IPA|n}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=4|[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!voiceless
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|t̪}}
|
| {{IPA|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPA|ʈ}}
|
| {{IPA|k}}
|
|-
!aspirated
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|t̪ʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|t͡ʃʰ}}
| {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|-
!voiced
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|d̪}}
|
| {{IPA|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPA|ɖ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
|
|-
!breathy
| {{IPA|bʱ}}
| {{IPA|d̪ʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|d͡ʒʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɖʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ɦ}}
|-
!colspan=2|[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPA|w}}
|
| {{IPA|l}}
|
|
| {{IPA|j}}
|
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Flap consonant|Flap]] or [[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|
| {{IPA|ɾ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+'''Vowels'''<ref name="phon"/>
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! Close
| {{IPA|i iː ĩ ĩː}}
|
| {{IPA|u uː ũ ũː}}
|-
! Near-close
| {{IPA|ɪ̥}}
|
|
|-
! Close-mid
|
| {{IPA|ɘ ɘː ɘ̥ ɘ̃}}
| {{IPA|o oː}}
|-
! Open-mid
| {{IPA|ɛ ɛː}}
|
|
|-
! Near-open
|
| {{IPA|ɐ ɐː ɐ̃ː}}
|
|-
! Open
| {{IPA|a aː}}
|
|
|}

Pangwali exhibits a fossilized system of [[vowel harmony]] as other languages of the area (such as [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]) do. The original conditioning vowels that caused harmony have often been lost, so the system is no longer productive.<ref name="phon"/>{{rp|16}}

== Grammar ==
Since Grierson's sketch of Pangwali, there has been only recently published a grammar of Pangwali written in [[Hindi]] by Binaya Sundar Nayak.<ref name="Nayak">{{cite book|title=प्रारंभिक पंगवाड़ी व्याकरण|year=2011|publisher=Pangiteam|author=Binaya Sundar Nayak, Parmas|editor=G.S. Chouhan|editor2=Raj Kumar|editor3=Mahatam|editor4=Shakuntla Rana|trans-title=Basic Pangwali Grammar|language=hi}}</ref> Both are referenced in this article.

=== Nouns ===
Pangwali nouns have [[grammatical gender]], with the two genders being masculine and feminine.

=== Case markers ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Relation
! Marker
|-
| [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
| बइ ''bai'', जुए ''juē'', बलि ''bali''
|-
| [[Dative case|Dative]]
| जे ''jē''
|-
| [[Ablative case|Ablative]]
| केआं ''kēāṃ'', पुटा/बुटा ''puṭā/buṭā'', -ए ''-ē''
|-
| [[Genitive case|Genitive]]
| -ए ''-ē''
|}

=== Numerals ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Numeral
! Pangwali<ref name="Nayak"/>
! IPA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de/numeral/Pangwali.htm|title=Pangwali, Himachal Pradesh, India|last=Nayak|first=Binaya|date=September 5, 2018|website=Numeral Systems of the World's Languages}}</ref>
|-
| 1 || यक ''yak'' || {{IPA|/yak/}}
|-
| 2 || दुई ''duī'' || {{IPA|/d̪ui/}}
|-
| 3 || टाई ''ṭāī'' || {{IPA|/ʈai/}}
|-
| 4 || चेउर ''ceur'' || {{IPA|/tʃɘuɾ/}}
|-
| 5 || पांच ''pāṃc'' || {{IPA|/pandʒ/}}
|-
| 6 || छेअ ''chea'' || {{IPA|/tʃʰea/}}
|-
| 7 || सत ''sat'' || {{IPA|/sat/}}
|-
| 8 || आठ ''āṭh'' || {{IPA|/aʈʰ/}}
|-
| 9 || नोउ ''nou'' || {{IPA|/nɘu/}}
|-
| 10 || दश ''daś'' || {{IPA|/dɘs/}}
|}

== Geographical distribution ==

=== Status ===
The language is commonly called [[Pahari language|Pahari]] or [[Western Pahari|Himachali]]. Some speakers may even call it a dialect of Punjabi or [[Dogri language|Dogri]]. The language has no official status. According to the [[UNESCO|United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)]], the language is of critically endangered category, i.e. the youngest speakers of Pangwali are generally grandparents or older and they too speak it infrequently or partially.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Endangered languages|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered}}</ref>

The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=Zee News|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/himachal-pradesh/hp-for-inclusion-of-pahari-language-in-eighth-schedule_615857.html}}</ref> There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations strive to save the language and demand it.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=The Statesman|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/demand-for-pahari-as-language-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-1479046804.html}}</ref> Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Language Census|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf}}</ref> even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and having a higher mutual intelligibility with other recognised languages like Dogri and other [[Western Pahari]] languages.

At the time of the Linguistic Survey of India, 3,701 speakers were estimated of Pangwali.<ref name="LSI"/>

=== Dialects ===
Following are the dialects of the language:

# Killar
# Purthi
# Sach
# Dharwasi

[[Pangi, Himachal Pradesh|Killar]], being the headquarter of the Tehsil, is the dialect which is widely understood. Sach dialect is said to be the most conservative in regards to [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Introduction to Pangwali|url=https://www.pangi.in/en/introduction-to-pangwali-language-sp}}</ref>

== Literature ==
Tubari Magazine<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pangi.in/en/tubari-magazine/tubari-monthly-magazine-2019-all-editions|title=Tubari all 2019 Editions}}</ref> is a recent effort to maintain the language. The magazine uses Devanagari Script. There are [https://www.pangi.in/en/pangi-home-page-pangwali-sp other] publications which generally describe the language.

== Idioms ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Idioms in Pangwali (Takri and Devanagari Script)
!𑚞𑚫𑚌𑚦𑚭𑚪𑚯
!पंगवाड़ी
!Transliteration (Roman ITRANS)
!Meaning
|-
|𑚢𑚌𑚮𑚤𑚮 𑚩𑚙𑚴𑚄 𑚥𑚃 𑚠𑚮𑚧𑚰𑚘
|मगिरि हतोउ लई बिशुण
|magiri hatou laI bishuNa
|To be worrying a lot
|-
|𑚥𑚰𑚫𑚌𑚙𑚲 𑚑𑚅 𑚊𑚱𑚘 𑚥𑚌𑚴𑚨𑚲
|लुंगते जऊ कूण लगोसे
|luMgate jaU kUNa lagose
|Getting old when young
|-
|𑛂𑛀 𑚤𑚲𑚙𑚯 𑚏𑚴𑚤𑚲, 𑛂𑛁 𑚆𑚊𑚯𑚣𑚰 𑚢𑚭𑚥𑚸𑚲
|२० रेती चोरे, २१ एकीयु मालखे
|20 retI chore, 21 ekIyu mAlakhe
|Theft/lies are always caught
|-
|𑚛𑚰𑚁𑚤𑚲 𑚛𑚰𑚁𑚤𑚲 𑚢𑚲𑚝𑚯 𑚏𑚰𑚘𑚯𑚘
|दुआरे दुआरे मेनी चुणीण
|duAre duAre menI chuNINa
|To struggle a lot
|}

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}
{{Western Pahari languages}}

[[Category:Pahari languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]

Pangwali - Revision history

imported>Jellysandwich0 at 06:28, 13 July 2021