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	<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Pandyan_art_and_architecture</id>
	<title>Pandyan art and architecture - Revision history</title>
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	<updated>2026-08-28T23:08:34Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Revision history for this page on the wiki</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandyan_art_and_architecture&amp;diff=336389&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>117.209.179.106: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</title>
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		<updated>2022-06-13T18:47:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;robot: Update article (please &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/User_talk:UpdateBot&quot; title=&quot;User talk:UpdateBot&quot;&gt;report&lt;/a&gt; if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;//en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandyan_art_and_architecture&amp;amp;diff=336389&amp;amp;oldid=245421&quot;&gt;Show changes&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>117.209.179.106</name></author>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandyan_art_and_architecture&amp;diff=245421&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>2405:201:C00C:90A0:3086:501D:B701:69CB: /* Tirunelveli */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandyan_art_and_architecture&amp;diff=245421&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2021-06-12T16:51:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Tirunelveli&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 22:21, 12 June 2021&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l14&quot;&gt;Line 14:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 14:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Tirunelveli ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Tirunelveli ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;v temp&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [[Nellaiappar Temple]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [[Nellaiappar Temple]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l21&quot;&gt;Line 21:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 20:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*[[Sittanavasal Cave]] - Rock cut cave and Paintings from 9th century Pandyan period&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*[[Sittanavasal Cave]] - Rock cut cave and Paintings from 9th century Pandyan period&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*[[Srivilliputhur Andal temple]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*[[Srivilliputhur Andal temple]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;*[[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*[[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*[[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>2405:201:C00C:90A0:3086:501D:B701:69CB</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandyan_art_and_architecture&amp;diff=56810&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>&gt;Allforrous: new key for Category:Pandyan architecture: &quot; &quot; using HotCat</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandyan_art_and_architecture&amp;diff=56810&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2021-02-03T16:10:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;new key for &lt;a href=&quot;/w/index.php?title=Category:Pandyan_architecture&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; class=&quot;new&quot; title=&quot;Category:Pandyan architecture (page does not exist)&quot;&gt;Category:Pandyan architecture&lt;/a&gt;: &amp;quot; &amp;quot; using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/BP:HC&quot; class=&quot;extiw&quot; title=&quot;wp:HC&quot;&gt;HotCat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:S-TN-71_Vettuvan_Koil_Tuticorin.jpg|alt=|right|thumb|300px|[[Vettuvan Koil]] in [[Kalugumalai]], Pandyan architecture, 8th century CE]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Rock-cut architecture|Rock cut]] and structural temples are significant part of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Pandyan art and architecture&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. The [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]] and [[mandapa]] are some of the features of the early [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyan]] temples.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H821AAAAIAAJ&amp;amp;q=vimana|title=Studies in Indian history and culture: volume presented to Dr. P. B. Desai ... on the occasion of his completing sixty years|last=Desai|first=Pandurang Bhimarao|date=1971|publisher=Prof. P. B. Desai Felicitation Committee, Karnatak University; [for copies write to the printer: K. E. B&amp;#039;s Print. Press]|pages=125|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Groups of small temples are seen at [[Tiruchirappalli district]] of Tamil Nadu. The Shiva temples have a [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi bull]] sculpture in front of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;maha mandapa&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlvqAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=nandi+statue+pandya|title=Rock-cut temple styles: early Pandyan art and the Ellora shrines|last=Rajan|first=K. V. Soundara|date=1998-03-01|publisher=Somaiya Publications|isbn=9788170392187|pages=58|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the later stages of Pandyas rule, finely sculptured idols, [[gopuram]]s on the [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimanas]] were developed. Gopurams are the rectangular entrance and portals of the temples.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyXxEX5PQH8C&amp;amp;q=gopuram+pandya+temple&amp;amp;pg=PA337|title=Ornament in Indian Architecture|last=Allen|first=Margaret Prosser|date=1991|publisher=University of Delaware Press|isbn=9780874133998|pages=350|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HAeAgAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=meenakshi+temple+pandya&amp;amp;pg=PA470|title=Historical Dictionary of India|last=Mansingh|first=Surjit|date=2006-05-09|publisher=Rowman &amp;amp; Littlefield|isbn=9780810865020|pages=430|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== History ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FourArmedVishnuPandyaDynasty8-9thCentury.jpg|right|thumb|Four-armed [[Vishnu]], Pandya Dynasty, 8th–9th century CE.]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{Empty section|date=February 2019}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Pandyan Temples==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Kalugumalai Temple complex (768-800 CE) ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Vettuvan Koil]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;official&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kalugumalaitemple.tnhrce.in/kalakumalai_history.html|title=Sthala Varalaru|year=2015|publisher=Hindu Religious and Endowment Board, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=4 November 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031712/http://www.kalugumalaitemple.tnhrce.in/kalakumalai_history.html|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Kalugasalamoorthy Temple]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Tirunelveli ===&lt;br /&gt;
v temp&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Nellaiappar Temple]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Others ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Sittanavasal Cave]] - Rock cut cave and Paintings from 9th century Pandyan period&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Srivilliputhur Andal temple]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Jaina_abode_Kalugumalai.JPG|alt=|center|thumb|700px|[[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]], Pandyan Empire, King Parantaka Nedunjadaiya (768-800 CE)]]{{Commons category|Art of the Pandyan Dynasty}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Pandya dynasty}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Pandyan architecture| ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Pandyan Empire]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Pandyan dynasty]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tamil art]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Indian art]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tamil architecture]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Indian sculpture]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Tamil-stub}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{TamilNadu-stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>&gt;Allforrous</name></author>
	</entry>
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