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{{Other uses|Pandua (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pandua
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.08|N|88.28|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 276.43
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 18
| population_total = 316,197
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712134 (Boinchi)<br/> 712149 (Pandua)
| area_code = 03454
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-15, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-16, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-18
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 75.86%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Pandua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandua]]
| website = {{URL|hooghly.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pandua''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Chinsurah subdivision]] of [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
Pandua CD Block is part of the Hooghly-Damodar Plain, one of the three natural regions in the district of the flat [[alluvium|alluvial]] plains that forms part of the [[Ganges Delta|Gangetic Delta]]. The region has many depressions which receive water from the surrounding lands during the rainy season and discharge the water through small channels.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physigraphy, Page 17|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Map of hooghly district .jpg|thumb|500 px|left|Map of Hooghly district showing CD blocks and municipal areas]]
[[File:Pandua CD Block map.svg|thumb|right|Pandua CD block sowing GP areas]]
Pandua is located at {{coord|23.08|N|88.28|E|format=dms|}}.

Pandua CD Block is bounded by [[Kalna II (community development block)|Kalna II]] CD Block, in Bardhaman district, in the north, [[Balagarh (community development block)|Balagarh]] and [[Chinsurah Mogra]] CD Blocks the east, [[Polba Dadpur]] CD Block in the south and [[Dhaniakhali (community development block)|Dhaniakhali]] and [[Memari I (community development block)|Memari I]] CD Block, the latter in Bardhaman district, in the west.

It is located 27 km from [[Chinsurah]], the district headquarters.

The Pandua CD Block has an area of 276.43 km<sup>2</sup>. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 16 [[gram panchayat]]s, 247 gram sansads (village councils), 157 [[mouza]]s and 163 inhabited villages. [[Pandua, Hooghly#Police station|Pandua]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at Pandua.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Map of Hooghly with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hooghlyzp.org/html/pandua.html | title = Pandua | work= Local Self-government| access-date = 6 June 2017 | publisher = Hooghly Zilla Parishad}}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Pandua block/ panchayat samiti are: Batika-Boinchee, Belun-Damasin, Berala-Konchmali, Haral-Daspur, Ilosova-Daspur, Itachuna-Khanyan, Jamgram-Mondalal, Jamna, Jayar-Dwarbasini, Khirkundi-Namajgram-Niala, Panchghora-Toregram, Pandua, Rameswarpur-Gopalnagar, Sarai-Tinna, Sikhara-Champta and Simlagarh-Vitasin.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Hooghly – Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 May 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Pandua CD Block had a total population of 316,197, of which 265,863 were rural and 50,334 were urban. There were 159,323 (50%) males and 156,874 (50%) females. Population below 6 years was 31,838. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 101,302 (32.04%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 48,555 (15.36%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 26 May 2016}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Pandua block had a total population of 283,004, out of which 142,487 were males and 140,517 were females. Pandua block registered a population growth of 16.12 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Hooghly district was 15.72 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_12.htm|title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – Hooghly district |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211036/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_12.htm|archive-date=September 28, 2011 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]]s in Pandua CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Batika]] (8,717), [[Pandua, Hooghly|Pandua]] (30,700), [[Purusattompur]] (3,665) and [[Namajgram]] (7,252).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Pandua CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Berela (6,712), Bainchi (13,063), Sarai (4,043), Tinna (6,131), Champahati (6,128), Pontba (4,237), Haral (4,521), Rameswarpur (4,821), Dwarbasini (5,256), Khanyan (9,575) and Ilchobi (4,136).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Pandua CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Daspur (2,088), Belun (3,257), [[Itachuna]] (1,451), Gopalnagar (2,807), Jamgram (2,753), Torgram (2,467) and Panchgara (1,919).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Pandua CD Block was 215,701 (75.86% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 117,603 (82.22% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 98,098 (69.41% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 12.81%.<ref name=census2011/>
As per the 2001 census, Pandua block had a total literacy of 47.34 per cent. While male literacy was 66.05 per cent, female literacy was 58.35 per cent.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hooghlyzp.org/html/pandua.html | title = Pandua | work= Local Self-government| access-date = 2011-08-04 | publisher = Hooghly Zilla Parishad}}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Hooghly district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
As per the 2001 census, Bengali is the mother tongue for 86.4% of the population of the district followed by Hindi at 7.9%. Santali at 2.6% and Urdu at 2.0%, are the two other major languages spoken in the district. The population who reported Bengali as a mother tongue has decreased from 88.1% in 1961 to 86.4% in 2001 census whereas the population who reported Hindi as mother tongue has increased from 5.8% in 1961 to 7.9% in 2001 census.<ref name=census2>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Religion, Mother-tongue Pages 50-51|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Pandua CD Block
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|Orange|68.58}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|Green|24.15}}
{{bar percent|Others|Yellow|7.27}}
}}

As per the 2011 census, majority of the population of the district belong to the Hindu community with a population share of 82.9% followed by Muslims at 15.8%. The percentage of the Hindu population of the district has followed a decreasing trend from 87.1% in 1961 to 82.9% in the latest census 2011. On the other hand, the percentage of Muslim population has increased from 12.7% in 1961 to 15.8% in 2011 census.<ref name=census2/>

In 2011 census Hindus numbered 216,134 and formed 68.48% of the population in Pandua CD Block. Muslims numbered 76,357 and formed 24.15% of the population. Others numbered 23,006 and formed 7.27% of the population.<ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 3 May 2016}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2005, [[rural poverty]] in Pandua CD Block was 34.30%.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Hooghly |work = Table 2.38: Empirical Measurement of Rural Poverty in Hooghly 2005, page 89 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 14 June 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170807182323/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |archive-date = 7 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood<br/>in Pandua CD Block'''
|value1 = 11.82
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 51.33
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.80
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 33.05
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Pandua CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 11.82%, agricultural labourers 51.33%, household industry workers 3.80% and other workers 33.05%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly | work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 153 inhabited villages in Pandua CD Block. 100% villages have power supply. 85 villages have more than one source of drinking water (tap, well, tube well, hand pump), 55 villages have only tube well/ borewell, 16 villages have only hand pump and 1 village has only well. 25 Villages have post offices, 16 villages have sub post offices and 12 villages have post and telegraph offices. 111 villages have landlines, 108 villages have public call offices and 124 villages have mobile phone coverage. 83 villages have pucca roads and 56 villages have bus service (public/ private). 37 villages have agricultural credit societies and 23 villages have commercial/ co-operative banks.<ref name=censushandbook>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Appendices to Village Directory, 2009, Pages 775-779|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

===Agriculture===
This is a rich agricultural area with several cold storages.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/cold%20storage-ok/Cold%20storage11.html | title= List of functioning Cold Storage of West Bengal District wise as on 18.01.07 | publisher= West Bengal State Marketing Board | access-date= 28 January 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090122084728/http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/cold%20storage-ok/Cold%20storage11.html | archive-date= 22 January 2009 | url-status= dead }}</ref> Though rice is the prime crop of the district, the agricultural economy largely depends on potato, jute, vegetables, and orchard products. Though potato is cultivated in all the blocks of this district Dhaniakhali, Arambagh, Goghat, Pursurah, Haripal, Polba-Dadpur, Tarakeswar, Pandua and Singur contributed much of its production of this district.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://hooghly.nic.in/AGRI-INTEN.HTM | title= Intensive cropping with remarkable feature of Hooghly District | access-date= 28 January 2009 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716220215/http://hooghly.nic.in/AGRI-INTEN.HTM | archive-date= 16 July 2011 }}</ref>

Some of the primary and other ''hats'' or markets in the Pandua block area are at: [[Boinchi]], Khanyan, [[Pandua, Hooghly|Pandua]] and [[Simlagarh]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/hooghly.html | title = Primary Hats/Markets of District | publisher = West Bengal State Marketing Board | work = Hooghly | access-date = 29 January 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090707074955/http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/hooghly.html | archive-date = 7 July 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The [[Tebhaga movement]] launched in 1946, in 24 Parganas district, aimed at securing for the share-croppers a better position within the existing land relation structure. Although the subsequent Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#ffffcc; color:black; width:20em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background-color:#cccccc;" | Important Handicrafts of Hooghly District
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
*'''Zari Work on Sari''' - Pandua, Pursurah, Jangipara, Tarakeswar and other blocks - 3,000 families involved
*'''Chikon Embroidery''' – Babnan, Pandua, Singur - 2,500 families involved
*'''Silk and Cotton Printing''' – Serampore (Chanditala) - 300 families involved
*'''Brass and Bell Metal''' – Manikpat, Goghat, Arambagh - 150 families involved
*'''Conch Shell''' – Pandua, Khanakul, Makla, Chandannagar
*'''Jute Diversified Product''' – Baidyabati, Mogra
*'''Terracota''' – Chinsurah, Chandannagar, Baidyabati, Mogra
Source:District [[Human Development Report]] 2010: Hooghly P. 67
|}
Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Pandua CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 7.73%, patta (document) holders 7.29%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 3.07%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 19.40% and agricultural labourers 62.51%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Pandua CD Block had 127 fertiliser depots, 54 seed stores and 61 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013-14.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, Pandua CD Block produced 4,608 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 1,846 hectares, 34,119 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 11,592 hectares, 1,980 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 800 hectares and 288,975 tonnes of potatoes from 10,461 hectares. It also produced oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Pandua CD Block was 29,092 hectares, out of which 15,175 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 1,850 hectares by tank water, 860 hectares by river lift irrigation, 4,040 hectares by deep tube wells and 7,167 hectares by shallow tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Pandua CD Block had offices of 14 commercial banks and 3 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Pandua CD Block has 1 ferry service and 12 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Howrah-Bardhaman main line]] was made operable from Howrah to Raniganj in 1855.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | title = The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian | publisher = railindia | access-date = 30 May 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080316015721/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | archive-date = 16 March 2008 | url-status = dead }}</ref> There are stations at Khanyan, Pundooah, Simlagarh, Bainchigram and Bainchi. It is part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway#Howrah Eastern Section|Kolkata Suburban Railway]] network.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/howrah-barddhaman-jn-local-37811/14442/1/2 |title = 37811 Howrah Bardhaman Jn Local | publisher= Indiarailinfo| access-date = 4 June 2017 }}</ref>

[[State Highway 13 (West Bengal)|SH 13]]/ [[Grand Trunk Road|GT Road]] passes through this block.<ref name=pwd>{{cite web| url = http://www.pwdwb.in/road/state_highway |title = Road - Highway | publisher= Public Works Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>Google maps</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Pandua CD Block had 185 primary schools with 18,168 students, 8 middle schools with 848 students, 25 high schools with 15,116 students and 13 higher secondary schools with 18,312 students. Pandua CD Block had 1 general college with 4,368 students, 4 technical/ professional institutions with 461 students and 613 institutions for special and non-formal education with 12,382 students<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Bejoy Narayan Mahavidyalaya]], a general degree college, was established at [[Itachuna]] in 1950.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bnmahavidyalaya.org/index.html | title = Bejoy Narayan Mahavidyalaya | publisher = BNM | access-date = 30 June 2017 | archive-date = 1 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170701014936/http://bnmahavidyalaya.org/index.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/BejoyNarayanMahavidyalaya/Bejoy_Narayan_Mahavidyalaya.shtml | title = Bejoy Narayan Mahaviyalaya, Itachuna, Hooghly | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref>

In Pandua CD Block, amongst the 153 inhabited villages, 12 had no school, 59 had more than 1 primary school, 103 had at least 1 primary school, 38 had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 30 had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref name=censushandbook/>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Pandua CD Block had 1 rural hospital, 6 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and 4 private nursing homes with total 45 beds and 9 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 51 family welfare subcentres. 11,327 patients were treated indoor and 410,244 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Pandua CD Block has Pandua Rural Hospital (with 30 beds) at [[Pandua, Hooghly|Pandua]], B.L.Mukherjee [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] (Boinchigram) at [[Boinchi]] (with 10 beds), Itachuna PHC at [[Itachuna]] (with 10 beds), Dwarbasini PHC (with 4 beds), Ramswarpur-Gopalnagar PHC at PO Chandpur (with 10 beds), Haraldaspur PHC at PO Hatni (with 10 beds) and Jamgram PHC (with 6 beds).<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 July 2017}}</ref>

Pandua CD Block is one of the areas of Hooghly district where ground water is affected by moderate level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. In Hooghly district, 16 blocks have arsenic levels above WHO guidelines and 11 blocks above Indian standard value. The maximum concentration in Pandua CD Block is 61 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb8.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Hughli| access-date = 3 June 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170524133243/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb8.htm| archive-date = 24 May 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}
{{Commons category|Map of CD Block Hooghly District|Map of CD Blocks in Hooghly District }}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Hooghly topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Chinsurah subdivision]]

Pandua (community development block) - Revision history

103.224.49.42 at 08:17, 15 March 2026

->Sadads: link rural poverty using Find link