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{{Infobox dam
| name = Panchet Dam
| name_official = Panchet Dam
| image = Panchet Dam (DVC) Dhanbad.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Panchet Dam in 2013
| image_alt =
| location_map = India Jharkhand
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|23|40|41|N|86|44|49|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Dhanbad district]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Purulia district]], [[West Bengal]]
| status = Functional
| construction_began =
| opening = 6 December 1959
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner = [[Damodar Valley Corporation]]
| dam_type = Earthen Dam with concrete Spillway
| dam_height = {{convert|45.00|m}}
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation=
| dam_length = {{convert|6777|m}}
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base = {{convert|10.67|m}}
| dam_volume =
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_crosses = [[Damodar River]]
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type = concrete spillway
| spillway_capacity = 17853 m³/s
| res_name = Panchet reservoir
| res_capacity_total =
| res_capacity_active = 1497.54 million m3
| res_capacity_inactive= 170.37 million m3
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = 27.92 km2
| res_elevation =
| res_max_depth =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator = [[Damodar Valley Corporation]]
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity = 2x40 MW
| plant_annual_gen =
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Panchet Dam''' was the last of the four multi-purpose dams included in the first phase of the [[Damodar Valley Corporation]] (DVC). It was constructed across the [[Damodar River]] at [[Panchet]] in [[Dhanbad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]], and opened in 1959.

==DVC overview==
{{OSM Location map
| width=320| height=350| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|44|50|N|86|45|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the eastern portion of Dhanbad Sadar subdivision in Dhanbad district''' M: Municipality, CT: Census town, N: Neighbourhood, R: Rural/ Urban centre, D: Dam, P: Power Plant Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|47|40|N|86|42|34|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Bhamal | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Bhamal]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|44|5|N|86|46|29|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Panchmahali| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Panchmahali]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|42|45|N|86|47|24|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Dumarkunda| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Dumarkunda]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|41|24|N|86|45|36|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Panchet| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Panchet]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|47|29|N|86|41|47|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Panrra| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Panrra]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|47|11|N|86|42|16|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Nirsa| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Nirsa]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|45|46|N|86|43|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Marma| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Marma, Dhanbad]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|45|20|N|86|46|12|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Egarkunr| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Egarkunr]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|45|20|N|86|47|0|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Siuliban| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Siuliban]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|45|45|N|86|47|37|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Mera| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Mera, Dhanbad]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|46|12|N|86|48|30|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Maithon| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Maithon]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|44|24|N|86|48|0|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Chirkunda| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Chirkunda]] (M) |label-color12=#800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|45|0|N|86|47|5|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Kumardubi| numbered13=N| mark-title13= [[Kumardubi]] (N) |shape-color13= #C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|46|12|N|86|43|48|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Mugma| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Mugma]] (R)| shape-14 =#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|46|34|N|86|43|39|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=ECL Mugma Area |numbered15=0 | mark-title15=[[Mugma Area]] | label-size15=12| shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|43|45|N|86|44|30|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16=BCCL Chanch/ Victoria Area |numbered16=0 | mark-title16=[[Chanch/ Victoria Area]] | label-size16=12| shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|23.7809|86.8055}}| label17= Maithon|labela17= Dam| label-color17 = #C42222 | label-angle17=0| label-pos17=top| label-size17=10| mark-size17=12| numbered17=D|mark-title17 =[[Maithon Dam]]| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23.6823|86.7473}}| label18= Panchet|labela18= Dam| label-angle18=0| label-pos18=right| mark-size18=12| numbered18=D|mark-title18 =Panchet Dam|shape-color18=black| label-size18=13|label-color18=black 
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|49|4|N|86|45|23|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Maithon Power Plant | numbered19=P| mark-title19= [[Maithon Power Plant]] |shape-color19=#967117
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|44|29|N|86|39|19|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Kaliasole| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Kaliasole]] (R)|shape-20 =#C42222}}As a result of the catastrophic flood of 1943, the Governor of Bengal appointed the Damodar Flood enquiry committee to suggest remedial measures. It suggested creating an authority similar to that of the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] in the United States. W.L.Voorduin, senior engineer of TVA prepared a preliminary report that outlined a plan designed to achieve flood control, irrigation, power generation and navigation. As a result, Damodar Valley Corporation came into existence in 1948 for development and management of the basin as a whole. While Voorduin envisaged the construction of eight dams and a barrage, it was later decided to have only four dams at [[Tilaiya]], [[Konar Dam|Konar]], [[Maithon]] and [[Panchet]], and [[Durgapur Barrage]].<ref name=jain>{{cite book|author1=Sharad K. Jain|author2=Pushpendra K. Agarwal|author3=Vijay P. Singh|title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&pg=PA395|year=2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-5180-7|page=395}}</ref>

The first dam was built across the [[Barakar River]] at Tilaiya and inaugurated in 1953. Two years later, in 1955, the second dam across the [[Konar River]] was inaugurated. The third dam across the Barakar at Maithon was inaugurated in 1957, and the fourth dam across the Damodar at Panchet was inaugurated in 1959.<ref name=dvc1>{{cite web |url =http://www.dvc.gov.in/activitiesdamsbarrages.htm |title =Damodar Valley Corporation |work =Dams and Barrages |publisher =DVC |access-date =2010-06-06 |url-status =dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100429025712/http://www.dvc.gov.in/activitiesdamsbarrages.htm |archive-date =2010-04-29 }}</ref>

==Location==
The Damodar forms the border between Dhanbad district of Jharkhand and [[Purulia district]] of [[West Bengal]], before meeting the Barakar at [[Dishergarh]] and flowing fully through West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/dhanbad_ns.pdf | title = Name and Situation | access-date = 2010-06-06 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713104807/http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/dhanbad_ns.pdf | archive-date = 2011-07-13 }}</ref> Panchet Dam has been constructed a little above its confluence with the Barakar.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mahesh Chand|author2=V.K. Puri|title=Regional Planning in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAuKnmh8K-wC&pg=PA423|year=1983|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-058-8|page=423}}</ref> While Dhanbad district is on the northern bank of Panchet reservoir, Purulia district is on the southern bank. [[Panchet Hill]] rises above Panchet Dam.

Panchet Dam is {{convert|9|km}} from [[Chirkunda]] on [[Grand Trunk Road]], and {{convert|54|km}} from [[Dhanbad]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.jharkhanddarshan.9f.com/dhanbad.html |title = About Dhanbad |work = Jharkhand darshan |access-date = 2010-06-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090902122311/http://www.jharkhanddarshan.9f.com/dhanbad.html |archive-date = 2009-09-02 |url-status = dead }}</ref> It is {{convert|20|km}} from [[Asansol]].<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.indiahotelreview.com/asansol-qna-is-panchet-dam-near-to-asansol-674.htm |title =Asansol |publisher =IHR |access-date =2010-06-06 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100130064634/http://www.indiahotelreview.com/asansol-qna-is-panchet-dam-near-to-asansol-674.htm |archive-date =2010-01-30 |url-status =dead }}</ref> The nearest railway station is at [[Kumardubi]], {{convert|10|km}} away, on the [[Grand Chord]] line.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Panchet-Dam-14942.htm | title = Panchet Dam |publisher = india9 | access-date = 2010-06-06 }}</ref>

==Details of the dam==
The Panchet Dam is an earthen dam with concrete spillway. It has a catchment area of {{convert|10961|km2}}. The average annual rainfall is {{convert|114|cm}} and average annual run off is {{convert|4540|m3|abbr=on}}. At the dam site the maximum observed flood (June 1949) was {{convert|8558|m3|abbr=on}} per second. For the project the spillway design flood that was adopted was {{convert|17853|m3|abbr=on}} per second. Two units of 40 MW have been installed for power generation.<ref name=jain/>

The four DVC dams are capable of moderating floods of {{convert|651000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} to {{convert|250000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dvcindia.org/activitieswateroverview.htm |title = Damodar Valley Corporation |work = Water Management Overview |publisher = DVC |access-date = 2010-06-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100118213808/http://www.dvcindia.org/activitieswateroverview.htm |archive-date = 2010-01-18 }}</ref>

The Panchet Dam has a storage capacity of {{convert|85170370000|m3|abbr=on}} to dead storage and {{convert|1497.54|m3|abbr=on}} to top of gates. The reservoir covers an area of {{convert|27.92|km2|abbr=on}} at dead storage level, {{convert|121.81|km2|abbr=on}} at maximum conservation pool and {{convert|153.38|km2|abbr=on}} at top of gates.<ref name=dvc1/>

Salient features of Panchet Reservoir:<ref name=jain/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!Elevation (m)
!Storage (million m3)
|-
| Minimum draw down level
|119.50
|170.26
|-
| Spillway crest
|123.47
|312.15
|-
| Maximum conservation pool
|125.00
|392.36
|-
| Maximum flood control pool
|132.62
|1058.62
|-
| Full and maximum pool
|135.67
|1475.65
|-
| Top of dam
|139.33
|
|-
|}
[[File:Panchet dam summers.jpg|thumb|Panchet Dam in Summers]]
[[File:Panchet Dam with - gates open.jpg|thumb|Panchet Dam in Monsoons]]

==Historical ruins==
[[File:Panchet reservoir.jpg|thumb|Reservoir of Panchet Dam]]
[[Telkupi]], a village under [[Raghunathpur, Purulia|Raghunathpur]] police station, was submerged with the construction of Panchet Dam. Telkupi was capital of Tilakampa Kingdom, of which Panchakot Raj was probably a part. The ruins of the [[Garh Panchkot|garh]] (fort) of the Singh Deo dynasty of Panchakot located at the southern foothills and a group of temples are still standing as mute spectators of the rise and fall of the dynasty. J.D.Beglar who visited Telkupi in 1902 described it as 'containing, perhaps, the finest and largest number of temples within a small space that is to be found in the Chota Nagpur Circle in Bengal'. He listed over twenty temples and referred to several others and to 'numerous mounds, both of brick and stone’. Telkupi dates back to the 1st century AD.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://purulia.gov.in/tourntravel/tour_archeo.html | title =Travel and Tourism in Purulia|publisher = Purulia District Administration | access-date = 2010-06-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Asia/India/East/West_Bengal/Garpanchkot/photo900506.htm | title = Historical ruins by knowdebu | access-date = 2010-06-06 }}</ref> The temples submerged at Telkupi were [[Jainism|Jain]] temples.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.international.icomos.org/risk/world_report/2006-2007/pdf/H@R_2006-2007_21_National_Report_India.pdf | title =The Temple Sites at Telkupi ("Bhairavasthan") Jaina Architectural Remains Submerged by Panchet Dam in Jharkhand and West Bengal | work= India, Heritage at Risk| access-date = 2010-06-14 }}</ref>

==Inauguration impact==
[[File:Damodar Map.jpg|thumb|300px|Damodar Basin]]
In 1959, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], then Prime Minister of India, was invited to inaugurate the newly constructed Panchet Dam. The officials selected two project workers, fifteen-year-old [[Santals|Santhal]] girls Budhni Mejhan and Robon Majhi, to welcome the Prime Minister. Budhni Mejhan formally garlanded Nehru. When Budhni returned home to her village of Karbona, the village elders told her that since she had garlanded Nehru, she had effectively "married" him; and since Nehru wasn't a Santhal, she had married outside the community. As result of this "crime", she was chased out of the village and shunned by her family and neighbours. Later she found refuge in the house of Panchet resident Sudhir Dutta and had a daughter by him; the daughter is also rejected by the Santhal community. In 1962, the DVC fired Budhni from her staff position. In 1985, then Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] reinstated her at the DVC, but she and her daughter remain outcasts from their village.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article3480638.ece |title = Recovering Budhni Mejhan from the silted landscape of Modern India |publisher= The Hindu, June 2, 2012 |access-date = 29 December 2013}}</ref>

==Impact of dam construction==
The Damodar was once an endemic flood-prone river. The Maithon and Panchet dams, constructed in 1957 and 1959 respectively, have significantly reduced daily and annual discharge and also largely eliminated the extremes of flow so that ten-year recurrence interval floods have been reduced to half. Sediment trapping in reservoirs and the lack of flushing due to reduced peak discharge have inevitably transformed the lower Damodar basin into an ecologically imbalanced area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.kumkumbhattacharyya.com/After_Six_Decades_of_Dam_Operation_A_Case_Study_of_the_Damodar_River_India.pdf |title = After six decades of dam operation: A case study of the Damodar River, India |first = Kumkum |last = Bhattacharyya |access-date = 2010-06-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713173525/http://www.kumkumbhattacharyya.com/After_Six_Decades_of_Dam_Operation_A_Case_Study_of_the_Damodar_River_India.pdf |archive-date = 2011-07-13 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

and about the dangers of large-scale intervention in nature.<ref>{{cite journal| title = Dams and dissent: India's first modern environmental activist and his critique of the DVC project | date = 2001 | doi=10.1016/S0016-3287(01)00015-5 | volume=33 | issue = 8–9 | journal=Futures | pages=709–731| last1 = Nandy | first1 = A }}</ref>

==Fish culture==
The Panchet reservoir is rather poor in terms of total dissolved salts as reflected by the specific conductivity values of 12.33 to 19 μmhos. Dissolved oxygen is low (0.66 to 2.8 mg 1-1) and the pH values range between 7.23 and 7.67. The reservoir was stocked only in 1958. The occurrence of [[catla]], [[rohu]], [[mrigal]] and [[Orangefin Labeo|L. calbasu]] in the fishery, without stocking indicates that the carps now reproduce in the reservoir.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/v5930e/V5930E15.htm | title =FAO Corporate Document Repository | work= Fisheries of Bihar |publisher = FAO | access-date = 2010-06-06 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article3480638.ece Recovering Budhni Mejhan from the silted landscape of modern India] – editorial in ''The Hindu''
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Garh Panchakot}}

{{Hydrography of Jharkhand}}
{{Damodar Valley}}
{{Power Plants of Jharkhand}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Dams in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Dhanbad district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1959]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Panchet Dam - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article