Panchayati raj in India - Revision history

ShondaLemos: updated references as per guidelines per standard format

2026-05-08T13:23:58Z

updated references as per guidelines per standard format

Show changes

Samrick21: edit

2025-11-19T15:50:39Z

edit

Show changes

WikiDwarfBOT: Cleanup: Information added.

2023-07-22T07:58:18Z

Cleanup: Information added.

Show changes

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

2022-06-30T21:43:21Z

robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

Show changes

->Hypathia2.0: Added a citation for a Constitutional Amendment

2022-01-03T14:52:29Z

Added a citation for a Constitutional Amendment

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:22, 3 January 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{See also\|Local self-government in India}}
	{{Self reference\|For other uses, see [[Panchayat (disambiguation)]]}}		{{Self reference\|For other uses, see [[Panchayat (disambiguation)]]}}
	~~{{See also\|Local self-government in India}}~~
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2015}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2015}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}
Line 10:		Line 10:
	It consists of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) through which the self-government of villages is realized.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019">{{cite web \|url=https://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf/4988ca1b-4971-1f3b-54e7-980228eb47f9?t=1564729098415 \|url-status=live \|title=Basic Statistics of Panchayati Raj Institutions \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=2019 \|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424232317/https://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf/4988ca1b-4971-1f3b-54e7-980228eb47f9?t=1564729098415 \|archive-date=2020-04-24}}</ref> They are tasked with "economic development, strengthening social justice and implementation of Central and State Government Schemes including those 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule."<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />		It consists of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) through which the self-government of villages is realized.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019">{{cite web \|url=https://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf/4988ca1b-4971-1f3b-54e7-980228eb47f9?t=1564729098415 \|url-status=live \|title=Basic Statistics of Panchayati Raj Institutions \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=2019 \|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424232317/https://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf/4988ca1b-4971-1f3b-54e7-980228eb47f9?t=1564729098415 \|archive-date=2020-04-24}}</ref> They are tasked with "economic development, strengthening social justice and implementation of Central and State Government Schemes including those 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule."<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />

	Part IX of the Indian Constitution is the section of the Constitution relating to the Panchayats.<ref>{{cite thesis \|author=Renukadevi Nagshetty \|date=2015 \|title=Problems and Challenges in the Working of Panchayat Raj Institutions in India. A Case Study of Gulbarga Zilla Panchayat \|type=PhD \|chapter=IV. Structure and Organisational Aspects of Panchayati Raj Institutions in Karnataka and ~~Gulbarga District \|publisher=Gulbarga University~~ \|chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/36516 \|url-status=live \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013185717/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36516/9/09_chapter%204.pdf \|archive-date=2017-10-13 \|page=93 \|hdl=10603/36516 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Haryana%20Panchayati%20Raj%20%28Amendment%29%20Act%202015.pdf \|url-status=live \|title=Record of Proceedings. Writ Petition (Civil) No. 671/2015 \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=2015 \|website=Website "India Environment Portal" by the Centre for Science and Environment \|publisher=Supreme Court of India \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028214205/https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Haryana%20Panchayati%20Raj%20%28Amendment%29%20Act%202015.pdf \|archive-date=2020-10-28 \|page=3}}</ref> It stipulates that in states or Union Territories with more than two million inhabitants there are three levels of PRIs:		Part IX of the Indian Constitution is the section of the Constitution relating to the Panchayats.<ref>{{cite thesis \|author=Renukadevi Nagshetty \|date=2015 \|title=Problems and Challenges in the Working of Panchayat Raj Institutions in India. A Case Study of Gulbarga Zilla Panchayat \|type=PhD \|chapter=IV. Structure and Organisational Aspects of Panchayati Raj Institutions in Karnataka and just \|chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/36516 \|url-status=live \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013185717/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36516/9/09_chapter%204.pdf \|archive-date=2017-10-13 \|page=93 \|hdl=10603/36516 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Haryana%20Panchayati%20Raj%20%28Amendment%29%20Act%202015.pdf \|url-status=live \|title=Record of Proceedings. Writ Petition (Civil) No. 671/2015 \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=2015 \|website=Website "India Environment Portal" by the Centre for Science and Environment \|publisher=Supreme Court of India \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028214205/https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Haryana%20Panchayati%20Raj%20%28Amendment%29%20Act%202015.pdf \|archive-date=2020-10-28 \|page=3}}</ref> It stipulates that in states or Union Territories with more than two million inhabitants there are three levels of PRIs:
	*the [[Gram Panchayat]]s at village level		*the [[Gram Panchayat]]s at village level
	*the Panchayat Samiti at block level and		*the Panchayat Samiti at block level and
Line 16:		Line 16:
	In states or Union Territories with less than two million inhabitants there are only two levels of PRIs. The [[Gram Sabha]] consists of all registered voters living in the area of a Gram Panchayat and is the organization through which village inhabitants participate directly in local government. Elections for the members of the Panchayats at all levels take place every five years. The Panchayats must include members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] in the same proportion as in the general population. One third of all seats and chairperson posts must be reserved for women, in some states half of all seats and chairperson posts.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />		In states or Union Territories with less than two million inhabitants there are only two levels of PRIs. The [[Gram Sabha]] consists of all registered voters living in the area of a Gram Panchayat and is the organization through which village inhabitants participate directly in local government. Elections for the members of the Panchayats at all levels take place every five years. The Panchayats must include members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] in the same proportion as in the general population. One third of all seats and chairperson posts must be reserved for women, in some states half of all seats and chairperson posts.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />

	The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the ~~73<sup>rd</sup>~~ constitutional amendment in 1993, although it is based upon the historical [[Panchayati raj]] system of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is also present in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.{{cn\|date=January ~~2021~~}} Following a proposal submitted in 1986 by the LM Singhvi Committee<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|url-status=live \|title=Diploma in Rural Development. Rural Development Institutions & Entrepreneurship. Block 1: Institutions of Rural Development \|date=2017 \|publisher=Odisha State Open University \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028035347/https://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|archive-date=2020-10-28}}</ref> to make certain changes to the Panchayati raj institutions, which had already existed in early Indian history and which had been reintroduced, not very successfully, in the ~~20<sup>th</sup>~~ century,{{cn\|date=January 2021}} the modern Panchayati raj system was formalized and introduced in India in April ~~1993~~ as the ~~73<sup>rd</sup>~~ Amendment to the Constitution,{{cn\|date=January 2021}} following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing a more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its ''[[Gram Panchayat]]s'' are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional ''[[Khap]] Panchayats'' found in parts of western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.		The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the 73rd constitutional amendment in 1993, although it is based upon the historical [[Panchayati raj]] system of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is also present in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://static.pmg.org.za/docs/2005/051109structure.htm \|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> Following a proposal submitted in 1986 by the LM Singhvi Committee<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|url-status=live \|title=Diploma in Rural Development. Rural Development Institutions & Entrepreneurship. Block 1: Institutions of Rural Development \|date=2017 \|publisher=Odisha State Open University \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028035347/https://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|archive-date=2020-10-28}}</ref> to make certain changes to the Panchayati raj institutions, which had already existed in early Indian history and which had been reintroduced, not very successfully, in the 20th century,{{citation needed\|date=January 2021}} the modern Panchayati raj system was formalized and introduced in India in April 1999 as the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution,{{citation needed\|date=January 2021}} following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing a more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its ''[[Gram Panchayat]]s'' are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional ''[[Khap]] Panchayats'' found in parts of western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.

	In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which gram panchayats are the basic units of [[Local government\|local administration]]. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block ''Samiti'' or ''Panchayat Samiti'' (block level), and ''Zila Parishad'' (district level). Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizoram]], and in all Union Territories except Delhi.		In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which gram panchayats are the basic units of [[Local government\|local administration]]. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block ''Samiti'' or ''Panchayat Samiti'' (block level), and ''Zila Parishad'' (district level). Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizoram]], and in all Union Territories except Delhi.
Line 38:		Line 38:

	On 24 April 1993, the Constitutional ([[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India\|73rd amendment]]) Act of 1992 came into force in India to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. This amendment was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight states, namely: [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], and [[Rajasthan]] beginning on 24 December 1996. This amendment contains provisions for the devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats, both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice, as well as for implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution, and the ability to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.<ref name="India 2007">India 2007, p. 696, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India</ref> The Act aims to provide a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all states having a population of over two million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide seats reserved for [[scheduled castes]], [[scheduled tribes]] and women, to appoint a State Finance Commission to make recommendations regarding the financial powers of the Panchayats, and to constitute a District Planning Committee.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.pbrdp.gov.in/documents/6205745/98348119/Panchayati%20Raj%20System%20in%20Independent%20India.pdf\|title=Panchayati Raj System in Independent India\|website=www.pbrdp.gov.in\|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref>		On 24 April 1993, the Constitutional ([[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India\|73rd amendment]]) Act of 1992 came into force in India to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. This amendment was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight states, namely: [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], and [[Rajasthan]] beginning on 24 December 1996. This amendment contains provisions for the devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats, both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice, as well as for implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution, and the ability to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.<ref name="India 2007">India 2007, p. 696, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India</ref> The Act aims to provide a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all states having a population of over two million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide seats reserved for [[scheduled castes]], [[scheduled tribes]] and women, to appoint a State Finance Commission to make recommendations regarding the financial powers of the Panchayats, and to constitute a District Planning Committee.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.pbrdp.gov.in/documents/6205745/98348119/Panchayati%20Raj%20System%20in%20Independent%20India.pdf\|title=Panchayati Raj System in Independent India\|website=www.pbrdp.gov.in\|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref>

	~~List of committees constituted for recommendations regarding Panchayati Raj in India:~~
	~~{\|-~~
	~~\| Balwant Rai Mehta \|\| 1957~~
	\|-
	~~\| V.T. Krishnammachari \|\| 1960~~
	\|-
	~~\| Takhatmal Jain Study Group \|\| 1966~~
	\|-
	~~\| Ashok Mehta Committee \|\| 1978~~
	\|-
	~~\| G.V.K. Rao Committee \|\| 1985~~
	\|-
	~~\| Dr. L.M. Singhvi Committee \|\| 1986~~
	\|-
	~~\|P.K. Thungon Committee~~
	~~\|1989~~
	\|-
	~~\|S. Mohinder Singh~~
	~~\|2013~~
	\|}

	== Gram panchayat sabha ==		== Gram panchayat sabha ==
Line 73:		Line 52:
	{{Main\|Panchayat Samiti (Block)}}		{{Main\|Panchayat Samiti (Block)}}

	[[File:26tvktpoll.jpg\|thumb\|Elected panchayat president in kottayam<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mani-nominee-is-kottayam-district-panchayat-president/article28713748.ece</ref>.]]		[[File:26tvktpoll.jpg\|thumb\|Elected panchayat president in kottayam.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mani-nominee-is-kottayam-district-panchayat-president/article28713748.ece\|title = Mani nominee is Kottayam district panchayat president\|newspaper = The Hindu\|date = 25 July 2019}}</ref>]]

	Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably ''mandal'' and ''taluka'', there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as ''Mandal Praja Parishad'' in [[Andhra Pradesh]], ''Taluka Panchayat'' in [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]], and ''Panchayat Samiti'' in [[Maharashtra]]. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level.		Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably ''mandal'' and ''taluka'', there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as ''Mandal Praja Parishad'' in [[Andhra Pradesh]], ''Taluka Panchayat'' in [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]], and ''Panchayat Samiti'' in [[Maharashtra]]. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level.
Line 170:		Line 149:
	* {{cite encyclopedia\|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat \|title=Panchayat (article 440944)\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129034756/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat \|archive-date=29 January 2012 \|url-status=dead}} about the [[caste panchayat]]s		* {{cite encyclopedia\|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat \|title=Panchayat (article 440944)\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129034756/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat \|archive-date=29 January 2012 \|url-status=dead}} about the [[caste panchayat]]s
	* {{Cite web\|author=The Hunger Project \|title=Two Million Women Leaders and Counting: Indian Women Participate in Their Local Government \|publisher=[[International Museum of Women]] \|url=http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Zg6S3w4z?url=http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women \|archive-date=30 June 2015 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy }}		* {{Cite web\|author=The Hunger Project \|title=Two Million Women Leaders and Counting: Indian Women Participate in Their Local Government \|publisher=[[International Museum of Women]] \|url=http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Zg6S3w4z?url=http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women \|archive-date=30 June 2015 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy }}
	* [http://nationalagriedu.blogspot.in/ National Agriculture Education Institution Image Panchayat Raj Symbol]

	{{Local government in India}}		{{Local government in India}}

	[[Category:Constitution of India]]		[[Category:Constitution of India]]

106.195.100.10: /* Functions */

2021-08-26T00:32:13Z

Functions

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:02, 26 August 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Self reference\|For other uses, see [[Panchayat (disambiguation)]]}}		{{Self reference\|For other uses, see [[Panchayat (disambiguation)]]}}
	{{See also\|Local self-government in India}}		{{See also\|Local self-government in India}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=~~April 2021~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2015}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=~~April 2021~~}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}
	{{Politics of India}}		{{Politics of India}}
	[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|[[Muhamma]] Panchayat office, [[Kerala]]]]		[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|[[Muhamma]] Panchayat office, [[Kerala]]]]
Line 16:		Line 16:
	In states or Union Territories with less than two million inhabitants there are only two levels of PRIs. The [[Gram Sabha]] consists of all registered voters living in the area of a Gram Panchayat and is the organization through which village inhabitants participate directly in local government. Elections for the members of the Panchayats at all levels take place every five years. The Panchayats must include members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] in the same proportion as in the general population. One third of all seats and chairperson posts must be reserved for women, in some states half of all seats and chairperson posts.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />		In states or Union Territories with less than two million inhabitants there are only two levels of PRIs. The [[Gram Sabha]] consists of all registered voters living in the area of a Gram Panchayat and is the organization through which village inhabitants participate directly in local government. Elections for the members of the Panchayats at all levels take place every five years. The Panchayats must include members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] in the same proportion as in the general population. One third of all seats and chairperson posts must be reserved for women, in some states half of all seats and chairperson posts.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />

	The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the ~~73rd~~ constitutional amendment in 1993, although it is based upon the historical [[Panchayati raj]] system of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is also present in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.{{cn\|date=January 2021}} Following a proposal submitted in 1986 by the LM Singhvi Committee<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|url-status=live \|title=Diploma in Rural Development. Rural Development Institutions & Entrepreneurship. Block 1: Institutions of Rural Development \|date=2017 \|publisher=Odisha State Open University \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028035347/https://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|archive-date=2020-10-28}}</ref> to make certain changes to the Panchayati raj institutions, which had already existed in early Indian history and which had been reintroduced, not very successfully, in the ~~20th~~ century,{{cn\|date=January 2021}} the modern Panchayati raj system was formalized and introduced in India in April 1993 as the ~~73rd~~ Amendment to the Constitution,{{cn\|date=January 2021}} following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing a more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its ''[[Gram Panchayat]]s'' are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional ''[[Khap]] Panchayats'' found in parts of western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.		The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the 73<sup>rd</sup> constitutional amendment in 1993, although it is based upon the historical [[Panchayati raj]] system of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is also present in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.{{cn\|date=January 2021}} Following a proposal submitted in 1986 by the LM Singhvi Committee<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|url-status=live \|title=Diploma in Rural Development. Rural Development Institutions & Entrepreneurship. Block 1: Institutions of Rural Development \|date=2017 \|publisher=Odisha State Open University \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028035347/https://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|archive-date=2020-10-28}}</ref> to make certain changes to the Panchayati raj institutions, which had already existed in early Indian history and which had been reintroduced, not very successfully, in the 20<sup>th</sup> century,{{cn\|date=January 2021}} the modern Panchayati raj system was formalized and introduced in India in April 1993 as the 73<sup>rd</sup> Amendment to the Constitution,{{cn\|date=January 2021}} following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing a more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its ''[[Gram Panchayat]]s'' are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional ''[[Khap]] Panchayats'' found in parts of western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.

	In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which gram panchayats are the basic units of [[Local government\|local administration]]. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block ''Samiti'' or ''Panchayat Samiti'' (block level), and ''Zila Parishad'' (district level). Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizoram]], and in all Union Territories except Delhi.		In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which gram panchayats are the basic units of [[Local government\|local administration]]. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block ''Samiti'' or ''Panchayat Samiti'' (block level), and ''Zila Parishad'' (district level). Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizoram]], and in all Union Territories except Delhi.
Line 73:		Line 73:
	{{Main\|Panchayat Samiti (Block)}}		{{Main\|Panchayat Samiti (Block)}}

	[[File:26tvktpoll.jpg\|thumb\|Elected panchayat president in kottayam.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mani-nominee-is-kottayam-district-panchayat-president/article28713748.ece</ref>]]		[[File:26tvktpoll.jpg\|thumb\|Elected panchayat president in kottayam<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mani-nominee-is-kottayam-district-panchayat-president/article28713748.ece</ref>.]]

	Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably ''mandal'' and ''taluka'', there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as ''Mandal Praja Parishad'' in [[Andhra Pradesh]], ''Taluka Panchayat'' in [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]], and ''Panchayat Samiti'' in [[Maharashtra]]. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level.		Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably ''mandal'' and ''taluka'', there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as ''Mandal Praja Parishad'' in [[Andhra Pradesh]], ''Taluka Panchayat'' in [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]], and ''Panchayat Samiti'' in [[Maharashtra]]. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level.
Line 79:		Line 79:
	=== Composition ===		=== Composition ===

	Membership in the block panchayat is mostly [[Wiktionary:ex-official\|ex-official]]; it is composed of: all of the ''Sarpanchas'' (gram panchayat chairmen) in the Panchayat Samiti area, the MPs and MLAs of the area, the sub-district officer (SDO) of the subdivision, co-opt members (representatives of the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\|SC/ST]] and women), associate members (a farmer from the area, a representative of the cooperative societies and one from marketing services), and some elected members. However, in Kerala, block panchayat members are ~~direclty~~ elected, just like grama panchayat and district panchayat members.		Membership in the block panchayat is mostly [[Wiktionary:ex-official\|ex-official]]; it is composed of: all of the ''Sarpanchas'' (gram panchayat chairmen) in the Panchayat Samiti area, the MPs and MLAs of the area, the sub-district officer (SDO) of the subdivision, co-opt members (representatives of the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\|SC/ST]] and women), associate members (a farmer from the area, a representative of the cooperative societies and one from marketing services), and some elected members. However, in Kerala, block panchayat members are directly elected, just like grama panchayat and district panchayat members.

	The Panchayat Samiti is elected for a term of five years and is headed by a chairman and a deputy chairman.[https://bodhivriksh.org/2019/06/14/panchayati-raj-system-article-243/]		The Panchayat Samiti is elected for a term of five years and is headed by a chairman and a deputy chairman.[https://bodhivriksh.org/2019/06/14/panchayati-raj-system-article-243/]
Line 130:		Line 130:
	* Set up and run schools and libraries in rural areas		* Set up and run schools and libraries in rural areas
	* Start primary health centers and hospitals in villages; start vaccination drives against epidemics		* Start primary health centers and hospitals in villages; start vaccination drives against epidemics
	* Execute plans for the development of the scheduled castes and tribes; run ashram ~~shalas~~ for Adivasi children; set up free hostels for them.		* Execute plans for the development of the scheduled castes and tribes; run ashram for Adivasi children; set up free hostels for them.
	* Encourage entrepreneurs to start small-scale industries and implement rural employment schemes.		* Encourage entrepreneurs to start small-scale industries and implement rural employment schemes.
	* Construct bridges, roads and other public facilities and their maintenance		* Construct bridges, roads and other public facilities and their maintenance
Line 165:		Line 165:

	== External links ==		== External links ==

	{{Commons category\|Panchayati Raj}}		{{Commons category\|Panchayati Raj}}
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070329082726/http://panchayat.nic.in/ Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India]		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070329082726/http://panchayat.nic.in/ Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India]
Line 176:		Line 175:

	[[Category:Constitution of India]]		[[Category:Constitution of India]]

	~~{{en-Wikipedia}}~~

WikiDwarfBOT: /* External links */Replace {{Source}} tag

2021-04-30T11:26:24Z

External links: Replace {{Source}} tag

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:56, 30 April 2021
Line 165:		Line 165:

	== External links ==		== External links ==
	~~{{Source\|Wiki\|E}}~~
	{{Commons category\|Panchayati Raj}}		{{Commons category\|Panchayati Raj}}
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070329082726/http://panchayat.nic.in/ Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India]		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070329082726/http://panchayat.nic.in/ Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India]
Line 176:		Line 176:

	[[Category:Constitution of India]]		[[Category:Constitution of India]]

			{{en-Wikipedia}}

CleanupBot: /* External links */Add {{source}} tag

2021-04-14T14:40:31Z

External links: Add {{source}} tag

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:10, 14 April 2021
Line 165:		Line 165:

	== External links ==		== External links ==
			{{Source\|Wiki\|E}}
	{{Commons category\|Panchayati Raj}}		{{Commons category\|Panchayati Raj}}
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070329082726/http://panchayat.nic.in/ Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India]		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070329082726/http://panchayat.nic.in/ Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India]

CleanupBot: clean up

2021-04-14T08:32:50Z

clean up

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:02, 14 April 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Self reference\|For other uses, see [[Panchayat (disambiguation)]]}}		{{Self reference\|For other uses, see [[Panchayat (disambiguation)]]}}
	{{See also\|Local self-government in India}}		{{See also\|Local self-government in India}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=~~June 2015~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2021}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=~~December 2015~~}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2021}}
	{{Politics of India}}		{{Politics of India}}
	[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|[[Muhamma]] Panchayat office, [[Kerala]]]]		[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|[[Muhamma]] Panchayat office, [[Kerala]]]]

CleanupBot: clean up

2021-04-12T10:08:24Z

clean up

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:38, 12 April 2021
Line 16:		Line 16:
	In states or Union Territories with less than two million inhabitants there are only two levels of PRIs. The [[Gram Sabha]] consists of all registered voters living in the area of a Gram Panchayat and is the organization through which village inhabitants participate directly in local government. Elections for the members of the Panchayats at all levels take place every five years. The Panchayats must include members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] in the same proportion as in the general population. One third of all seats and chairperson posts must be reserved for women, in some states half of all seats and chairperson posts.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />		In states or Union Territories with less than two million inhabitants there are only two levels of PRIs. The [[Gram Sabha]] consists of all registered voters living in the area of a Gram Panchayat and is the organization through which village inhabitants participate directly in local government. Elections for the members of the Panchayats at all levels take place every five years. The Panchayats must include members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] in the same proportion as in the general population. One third of all seats and chairperson posts must be reserved for women, in some states half of all seats and chairperson posts.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />

	The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the ~~73<sup>rd</sup>~~ constitutional amendment in 1993, although it is based upon the historical [[Panchayati raj]] system of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is also present in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.{{cn\|date=January 2021}} Following a proposal submitted in 1986 by the LM Singhvi Committee<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|url-status=live \|title=Diploma in Rural Development. Rural Development Institutions & Entrepreneurship. Block 1: Institutions of Rural Development \|date=2017 \|publisher=Odisha State Open University \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028035347/https://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|archive-date=2020-10-28}}</ref> to make certain changes to the Panchayati raj institutions, which had already existed in early Indian history and which had been reintroduced, not very successfully, in the ~~20<sup>th</sup>~~ century,{{cn\|date=January 2021}} the modern Panchayati raj system was formalized and introduced in India in April 1993 as the ~~73<sup>rd</sup>~~ Amendment to the Constitution,{{cn\|date=January 2021}} following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing a more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its ''[[Gram Panchayat]]s'' are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional ''[[Khap]] Panchayats'' found in parts of western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.		The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the 73rd constitutional amendment in 1993, although it is based upon the historical [[Panchayati raj]] system of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is also present in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.{{cn\|date=January 2021}} Following a proposal submitted in 1986 by the LM Singhvi Committee<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|url-status=live \|title=Diploma in Rural Development. Rural Development Institutions & Entrepreneurship. Block 1: Institutions of Rural Development \|date=2017 \|publisher=Odisha State Open University \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028035347/https://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|archive-date=2020-10-28}}</ref> to make certain changes to the Panchayati raj institutions, which had already existed in early Indian history and which had been reintroduced, not very successfully, in the 20th century,{{cn\|date=January 2021}} the modern Panchayati raj system was formalized and introduced in India in April 1993 as the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution,{{cn\|date=January 2021}} following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing a more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its ''[[Gram Panchayat]]s'' are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional ''[[Khap]] Panchayats'' found in parts of western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.

	In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which gram panchayats are the basic units of [[Local government\|local administration]]. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block ''Samiti'' or ''Panchayat Samiti'' (block level), and ''Zila Parishad'' (district level). Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizoram]], and in all Union Territories except Delhi.		In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which gram panchayats are the basic units of [[Local government\|local administration]]. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block ''Samiti'' or ''Panchayat Samiti'' (block level), and ''Zila Parishad'' (district level). Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizoram]], and in all Union Territories except Delhi.
Line 73:		Line 73:
	{{Main\|Panchayat Samiti (Block)}}		{{Main\|Panchayat Samiti (Block)}}

	[[File:26tvktpoll.jpg\|thumb\|Elected panchayat president in kottayam<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mani-nominee-is-kottayam-district-panchayat-president/article28713748.ece</ref>.]]		[[File:26tvktpoll.jpg\|thumb\|Elected panchayat president in kottayam.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mani-nominee-is-kottayam-district-panchayat-president/article28713748.ece</ref>]]

	Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably ''mandal'' and ''taluka'', there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as ''Mandal Praja Parishad'' in [[Andhra Pradesh]], ''Taluka Panchayat'' in [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]], and ''Panchayat Samiti'' in [[Maharashtra]]. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level.		Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably ''mandal'' and ''taluka'', there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as ''Mandal Praja Parishad'' in [[Andhra Pradesh]], ''Taluka Panchayat'' in [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]], and ''Panchayat Samiti'' in [[Maharashtra]]. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:22, 3 January 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{See also\|Local self-government in India}}
	{{Self reference\|For other uses, see [[Panchayat (disambiguation)]]}}		{{Self reference\|For other uses, see [[Panchayat (disambiguation)]]}}
	~~{{See also\|Local self-government in India}}~~
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2015}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2015}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}
Line 10:		Line 10:
	It consists of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) through which the self-government of villages is realized.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019">{{cite web \|url=https://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf/4988ca1b-4971-1f3b-54e7-980228eb47f9?t=1564729098415 \|url-status=live \|title=Basic Statistics of Panchayati Raj Institutions \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=2019 \|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424232317/https://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf/4988ca1b-4971-1f3b-54e7-980228eb47f9?t=1564729098415 \|archive-date=2020-04-24}}</ref> They are tasked with "economic development, strengthening social justice and implementation of Central and State Government Schemes including those 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule."<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />		It consists of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) through which the self-government of villages is realized.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019">{{cite web \|url=https://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf/4988ca1b-4971-1f3b-54e7-980228eb47f9?t=1564729098415 \|url-status=live \|title=Basic Statistics of Panchayati Raj Institutions \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=2019 \|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424232317/https://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf/4988ca1b-4971-1f3b-54e7-980228eb47f9?t=1564729098415 \|archive-date=2020-04-24}}</ref> They are tasked with "economic development, strengthening social justice and implementation of Central and State Government Schemes including those 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule."<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />

	Part IX of the Indian Constitution is the section of the Constitution relating to the Panchayats.<ref>{{cite thesis \|author=Renukadevi Nagshetty \|date=2015 \|title=Problems and Challenges in the Working of Panchayat Raj Institutions in India. A Case Study of Gulbarga Zilla Panchayat \|type=PhD \|chapter=IV. Structure and Organisational Aspects of Panchayati Raj Institutions in Karnataka and ~~Gulbarga District \|publisher=Gulbarga University~~ \|chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/36516 \|url-status=live \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013185717/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36516/9/09_chapter%204.pdf \|archive-date=2017-10-13 \|page=93 \|hdl=10603/36516 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Haryana%20Panchayati%20Raj%20%28Amendment%29%20Act%202015.pdf \|url-status=live \|title=Record of Proceedings. Writ Petition (Civil) No. 671/2015 \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=2015 \|website=Website "India Environment Portal" by the Centre for Science and Environment \|publisher=Supreme Court of India \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028214205/https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Haryana%20Panchayati%20Raj%20%28Amendment%29%20Act%202015.pdf \|archive-date=2020-10-28 \|page=3}}</ref> It stipulates that in states or Union Territories with more than two million inhabitants there are three levels of PRIs:		Part IX of the Indian Constitution is the section of the Constitution relating to the Panchayats.<ref>{{cite thesis \|author=Renukadevi Nagshetty \|date=2015 \|title=Problems and Challenges in the Working of Panchayat Raj Institutions in India. A Case Study of Gulbarga Zilla Panchayat \|type=PhD \|chapter=IV. Structure and Organisational Aspects of Panchayati Raj Institutions in Karnataka and just \|chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/36516 \|url-status=live \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013185717/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36516/9/09_chapter%204.pdf \|archive-date=2017-10-13 \|page=93 \|hdl=10603/36516 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Haryana%20Panchayati%20Raj%20%28Amendment%29%20Act%202015.pdf \|url-status=live \|title=Record of Proceedings. Writ Petition (Civil) No. 671/2015 \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=2015 \|website=Website "India Environment Portal" by the Centre for Science and Environment \|publisher=Supreme Court of India \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028214205/https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Haryana%20Panchayati%20Raj%20%28Amendment%29%20Act%202015.pdf \|archive-date=2020-10-28 \|page=3}}</ref> It stipulates that in states or Union Territories with more than two million inhabitants there are three levels of PRIs:
	*the [[Gram Panchayat]]s at village level		*the [[Gram Panchayat]]s at village level
	*the Panchayat Samiti at block level and		*the Panchayat Samiti at block level and
Line 16:		Line 16:
	In states or Union Territories with less than two million inhabitants there are only two levels of PRIs. The [[Gram Sabha]] consists of all registered voters living in the area of a Gram Panchayat and is the organization through which village inhabitants participate directly in local government. Elections for the members of the Panchayats at all levels take place every five years. The Panchayats must include members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] in the same proportion as in the general population. One third of all seats and chairperson posts must be reserved for women, in some states half of all seats and chairperson posts.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />		In states or Union Territories with less than two million inhabitants there are only two levels of PRIs. The [[Gram Sabha]] consists of all registered voters living in the area of a Gram Panchayat and is the organization through which village inhabitants participate directly in local government. Elections for the members of the Panchayats at all levels take place every five years. The Panchayats must include members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] in the same proportion as in the general population. One third of all seats and chairperson posts must be reserved for women, in some states half of all seats and chairperson posts.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />

	The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the ~~73<sup>rd</sup>~~ constitutional amendment in 1993, although it is based upon the historical [[Panchayati raj]] system of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is also present in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.{{cn\|date=January ~~2021~~}} Following a proposal submitted in 1986 by the LM Singhvi Committee<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|url-status=live \|title=Diploma in Rural Development. Rural Development Institutions & Entrepreneurship. Block 1: Institutions of Rural Development \|date=2017 \|publisher=Odisha State Open University \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028035347/https://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|archive-date=2020-10-28}}</ref> to make certain changes to the Panchayati raj institutions, which had already existed in early Indian history and which had been reintroduced, not very successfully, in the ~~20<sup>th</sup>~~ century,{{cn\|date=January 2021}} the modern Panchayati raj system was formalized and introduced in India in April ~~1993~~ as the ~~73<sup>rd</sup>~~ Amendment to the Constitution,{{cn\|date=January 2021}} following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing a more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its ''[[Gram Panchayat]]s'' are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional ''[[Khap]] Panchayats'' found in parts of western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.		The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the 73rd constitutional amendment in 1993, although it is based upon the historical [[Panchayati raj]] system of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is also present in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://static.pmg.org.za/docs/2005/051109structure.htm \|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> Following a proposal submitted in 1986 by the LM Singhvi Committee<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|url-status=live \|title=Diploma in Rural Development. Rural Development Institutions & Entrepreneurship. Block 1: Institutions of Rural Development \|date=2017 \|publisher=Odisha State Open University \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028035347/https://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|archive-date=2020-10-28}}</ref> to make certain changes to the Panchayati raj institutions, which had already existed in early Indian history and which had been reintroduced, not very successfully, in the 20th century,{{citation needed\|date=January 2021}} the modern Panchayati raj system was formalized and introduced in India in April 1999 as the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution,{{citation needed\|date=January 2021}} following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing a more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its ''[[Gram Panchayat]]s'' are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional ''[[Khap]] Panchayats'' found in parts of western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.

	In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which gram panchayats are the basic units of [[Local government\|local administration]]. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block ''Samiti'' or ''Panchayat Samiti'' (block level), and ''Zila Parishad'' (district level). Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizoram]], and in all Union Territories except Delhi.		In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which gram panchayats are the basic units of [[Local government\|local administration]]. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block ''Samiti'' or ''Panchayat Samiti'' (block level), and ''Zila Parishad'' (district level). Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizoram]], and in all Union Territories except Delhi.
Line 38:		Line 38:

	On 24 April 1993, the Constitutional ([[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India\|73rd amendment]]) Act of 1992 came into force in India to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. This amendment was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight states, namely: [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], and [[Rajasthan]] beginning on 24 December 1996. This amendment contains provisions for the devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats, both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice, as well as for implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution, and the ability to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.<ref name="India 2007">India 2007, p. 696, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India</ref> The Act aims to provide a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all states having a population of over two million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide seats reserved for [[scheduled castes]], [[scheduled tribes]] and women, to appoint a State Finance Commission to make recommendations regarding the financial powers of the Panchayats, and to constitute a District Planning Committee.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.pbrdp.gov.in/documents/6205745/98348119/Panchayati%20Raj%20System%20in%20Independent%20India.pdf\|title=Panchayati Raj System in Independent India\|website=www.pbrdp.gov.in\|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref>		On 24 April 1993, the Constitutional ([[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India\|73rd amendment]]) Act of 1992 came into force in India to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. This amendment was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight states, namely: [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], and [[Rajasthan]] beginning on 24 December 1996. This amendment contains provisions for the devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats, both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice, as well as for implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution, and the ability to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.<ref name="India 2007">India 2007, p. 696, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India</ref> The Act aims to provide a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all states having a population of over two million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide seats reserved for [[scheduled castes]], [[scheduled tribes]] and women, to appoint a State Finance Commission to make recommendations regarding the financial powers of the Panchayats, and to constitute a District Planning Committee.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.pbrdp.gov.in/documents/6205745/98348119/Panchayati%20Raj%20System%20in%20Independent%20India.pdf\|title=Panchayati Raj System in Independent India\|website=www.pbrdp.gov.in\|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref>

	~~List of committees constituted for recommendations regarding Panchayati Raj in India:~~
	~~{\|-~~
	~~\| Balwant Rai Mehta \|\| 1957~~
	\|-
	~~\| V.T. Krishnammachari \|\| 1960~~
	\|-
	~~\| Takhatmal Jain Study Group \|\| 1966~~
	\|-
	~~\| Ashok Mehta Committee \|\| 1978~~
	\|-
	~~\| G.V.K. Rao Committee \|\| 1985~~
	\|-
	~~\| Dr. L.M. Singhvi Committee \|\| 1986~~
	\|-
	~~\|P.K. Thungon Committee~~
	~~\|1989~~
	\|-
	~~\|S. Mohinder Singh~~
	~~\|2013~~
	\|}

	== Gram panchayat sabha ==		== Gram panchayat sabha ==
Line 73:		Line 52:
	{{Main\|Panchayat Samiti (Block)}}		{{Main\|Panchayat Samiti (Block)}}

	[[File:26tvktpoll.jpg\|thumb\|Elected panchayat president in kottayam<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mani-nominee-is-kottayam-district-panchayat-president/article28713748.ece</ref>.]]		[[File:26tvktpoll.jpg\|thumb\|Elected panchayat president in kottayam.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mani-nominee-is-kottayam-district-panchayat-president/article28713748.ece\|title = Mani nominee is Kottayam district panchayat president\|newspaper = The Hindu\|date = 25 July 2019}}</ref>]]

	Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably ''mandal'' and ''taluka'', there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as ''Mandal Praja Parishad'' in [[Andhra Pradesh]], ''Taluka Panchayat'' in [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]], and ''Panchayat Samiti'' in [[Maharashtra]]. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level.		Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably ''mandal'' and ''taluka'', there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as ''Mandal Praja Parishad'' in [[Andhra Pradesh]], ''Taluka Panchayat'' in [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]], and ''Panchayat Samiti'' in [[Maharashtra]]. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level.
Line 170:		Line 149:
	* {{cite encyclopedia\|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat \|title=Panchayat (article 440944)\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129034756/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat \|archive-date=29 January 2012 \|url-status=dead}} about the [[caste panchayat]]s		* {{cite encyclopedia\|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat \|title=Panchayat (article 440944)\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129034756/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat \|archive-date=29 January 2012 \|url-status=dead}} about the [[caste panchayat]]s
	* {{Cite web\|author=The Hunger Project \|title=Two Million Women Leaders and Counting: Indian Women Participate in Their Local Government \|publisher=[[International Museum of Women]] \|url=http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Zg6S3w4z?url=http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women \|archive-date=30 June 2015 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy }}		* {{Cite web\|author=The Hunger Project \|title=Two Million Women Leaders and Counting: Indian Women Participate in Their Local Government \|publisher=[[International Museum of Women]] \|url=http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Zg6S3w4z?url=http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women \|archive-date=30 June 2015 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy }}
	* [http://nationalagriedu.blogspot.in/ National Agriculture Education Institution Image Panchayat Raj Symbol]

	{{Local government in India}}		{{Local government in India}}

	[[Category:Constitution of India]]		[[Category:Constitution of India]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:02, 14 April 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Self reference\|For other uses, see [[Panchayat (disambiguation)]]}}		{{Self reference\|For other uses, see [[Panchayat (disambiguation)]]}}
	{{See also\|Local self-government in India}}		{{See also\|Local self-government in India}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=~~June 2015~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2021}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=~~December 2015~~}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2021}}
	{{Politics of India}}		{{Politics of India}}
	[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|[[Muhamma]] Panchayat office, [[Kerala]]]]		[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|[[Muhamma]] Panchayat office, [[Kerala]]]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:38, 12 April 2021
Line 16:		Line 16:
	In states or Union Territories with less than two million inhabitants there are only two levels of PRIs. The [[Gram Sabha]] consists of all registered voters living in the area of a Gram Panchayat and is the organization through which village inhabitants participate directly in local government. Elections for the members of the Panchayats at all levels take place every five years. The Panchayats must include members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] in the same proportion as in the general population. One third of all seats and chairperson posts must be reserved for women, in some states half of all seats and chairperson posts.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />		In states or Union Territories with less than two million inhabitants there are only two levels of PRIs. The [[Gram Sabha]] consists of all registered voters living in the area of a Gram Panchayat and is the organization through which village inhabitants participate directly in local government. Elections for the members of the Panchayats at all levels take place every five years. The Panchayats must include members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] in the same proportion as in the general population. One third of all seats and chairperson posts must be reserved for women, in some states half of all seats and chairperson posts.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />

	The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the ~~73<sup>rd</sup>~~ constitutional amendment in 1993, although it is based upon the historical [[Panchayati raj]] system of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is also present in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.{{cn\|date=January 2021}} Following a proposal submitted in 1986 by the LM Singhvi Committee<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|url-status=live \|title=Diploma in Rural Development. Rural Development Institutions & Entrepreneurship. Block 1: Institutions of Rural Development \|date=2017 \|publisher=Odisha State Open University \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028035347/https://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|archive-date=2020-10-28}}</ref> to make certain changes to the Panchayati raj institutions, which had already existed in early Indian history and which had been reintroduced, not very successfully, in the ~~20<sup>th</sup>~~ century,{{cn\|date=January 2021}} the modern Panchayati raj system was formalized and introduced in India in April 1993 as the ~~73<sup>rd</sup>~~ Amendment to the Constitution,{{cn\|date=January 2021}} following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing a more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its ''[[Gram Panchayat]]s'' are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional ''[[Khap]] Panchayats'' found in parts of western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.		The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the 73rd constitutional amendment in 1993, although it is based upon the historical [[Panchayati raj]] system of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is also present in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.{{cn\|date=January 2021}} Following a proposal submitted in 1986 by the LM Singhvi Committee<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|url-status=live \|title=Diploma in Rural Development. Rural Development Institutions & Entrepreneurship. Block 1: Institutions of Rural Development \|date=2017 \|publisher=Odisha State Open University \|access-date=2020-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028035347/https://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf \|archive-date=2020-10-28}}</ref> to make certain changes to the Panchayati raj institutions, which had already existed in early Indian history and which had been reintroduced, not very successfully, in the 20th century,{{cn\|date=January 2021}} the modern Panchayati raj system was formalized and introduced in India in April 1993 as the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution,{{cn\|date=January 2021}} following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing a more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its ''[[Gram Panchayat]]s'' are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional ''[[Khap]] Panchayats'' found in parts of western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.

	In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which gram panchayats are the basic units of [[Local government\|local administration]]. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block ''Samiti'' or ''Panchayat Samiti'' (block level), and ''Zila Parishad'' (district level). Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizoram]], and in all Union Territories except Delhi.		In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which gram panchayats are the basic units of [[Local government\|local administration]]. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block ''Samiti'' or ''Panchayat Samiti'' (block level), and ''Zila Parishad'' (district level). Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizoram]], and in all Union Territories except Delhi.
Line 73:		Line 73:
	{{Main\|Panchayat Samiti (Block)}}		{{Main\|Panchayat Samiti (Block)}}

	[[File:26tvktpoll.jpg\|thumb\|Elected panchayat president in kottayam<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mani-nominee-is-kottayam-district-panchayat-president/article28713748.ece</ref>.]]		[[File:26tvktpoll.jpg\|thumb\|Elected panchayat president in kottayam.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mani-nominee-is-kottayam-district-panchayat-president/article28713748.ece</ref>]]

	Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably ''mandal'' and ''taluka'', there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as ''Mandal Praja Parishad'' in [[Andhra Pradesh]], ''Taluka Panchayat'' in [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]], and ''Panchayat Samiti'' in [[Maharashtra]]. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level.		Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably ''mandal'' and ''taluka'', there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as ''Mandal Praja Parishad'' in [[Andhra Pradesh]], ''Taluka Panchayat'' in [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]], and ''Panchayat Samiti'' in [[Maharashtra]]. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level.