Panchayatana puja - Revision history

JessDudley8515 at 15:48, 9 January 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 02:11, 30 June 2021
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			{{Italic title}}
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	[[File:Ganesha pachayatana.jpg\|thumb\|A Ganesha-centric Panchayatana: Ganesha (centre) with Shiva (top left), Devi or Adi Shakthi (top right), Vishnu (bottom left), and Surya (bottom right).]]		{{short description\| Worship practice related to Smarta tradition}}
			[[File:Ganesha pachayatana.jpg\|thumb\|A Ganesha-centric ''Panchayatana'': Ganesha (centre) with Shiva (top left), Devi or Adi Shakthi (top right), Vishnu (bottom left), and Surya (bottom right).]]

	'''Panchayatana puja''' ([[IAST]] ''{{IAST\|Pañcāyatana pūjā}}'') is a system of [[Puja (Hinduism)\|''puja'']] (worship) in the [[Smarta Tradition\|Smartism]] [[sampradaya]], which is one of four major ''sampradaya'' of [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60">{{cite book \|first=Gudrun \|last=Bühnemann \|year=2003 \|title=Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions \|page=60 \|publisher=BRILL Academic \|isbn=978-9004129023 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQf2m8VaC_oC&pg=PA60 \|via=Google Books}}</ref> It consists of the worship of five deities set in a [[quincunx]] pattern,<ref name="Harle1994p141">{{cite book \|first=James C. \|last=Harle \|year=1994 \|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/140 140]–142, 191, 201-203 \|publisher=Yale University Press \|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5 \|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl \|via=archive.org \|url-access=registration}}</ref> the five deities being [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], [[Devi]], [[Surya]], and an [[Ishta Devata]] such as [[Kartikeya]], or [[Ganesha]] or any personal god of devotee's preference.<ref name="Flood1996p17">{{cite book \|first=Gavin D. \|last=Flood \|year=1996 \|title=An Introduction to Hinduism \|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/17 17] \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 \|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo \|via=archive.org \|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|first=Diana L. \|last=Eck \|year=1998 \|title=Darśan: Seeing the divine image in India \|page=49 \|publisher=Columbia University Press \|isbn=978-0-231-11265-9 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWqaD9Hz1bMC \|via=Google Books}}</ref> Sometimes the Ishta Devata is the sixth deity in the mandala.<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60"/>		'''''Panchayatana puja''''' ([[IAST]] ''{{IAST\|Pañcāyatana pūjā}}'') is a system of [[Puja (Hinduism)\|''puja'']] (worship) in the [[Smarta Tradition\|Smartism]] [[sampradaya]], which is one of four major ''sampradaya'' of [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60">{{cite book \|first=Gudrun \|last=Bühnemann \|year=2003 \|title=Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions \|page=60 \|publisher=BRILL Academic \|isbn=978-9004129023 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQf2m8VaC_oC&pg=PA60 \|via=Google Books}}</ref> It consists of the worship of five deities set in a [[quincunx]] pattern,<ref name="Harle1994p141">{{cite book \|first=James C. \|last=Harle \|year=1994 \|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/140 140]–142, 191, 201-203 \|publisher=Yale University Press \|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5 \|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl \|via=archive.org \|url-access=registration}}</ref> the five deities being [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], [[Devi]], [[Surya]], and an [[Ishta Devata]] such as [[Kartikeya]], or [[Ganesha]] or any personal god of devotee's preference.<ref name="Flood1996p17">{{cite book \|first=Gavin D. \|last=Flood \|year=1996 \|title=An Introduction to Hinduism \|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/17 17] \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 \|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo \|via=archive.org \|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|first=Diana L. \|last=Eck \|year=1998 \|title=Darśan: Seeing the divine image in India \|page=49 \|publisher=Columbia University Press \|isbn=978-0-231-11265-9 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWqaD9Hz1bMC \|via=Google Books}}</ref> Sometimes the Ishta Devata is the sixth deity in the mandala.<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60"/>

	Panchayatana puja has been attributed to [[Adi Shankara]], the 8th century [[Common Era\|CE]] [[Hindu philosophy\|Hindu philosopher]].<ref name="lexicon"/> It is a practice that became popular in medieval India.<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60"/> However, archaeological evidence suggests that this practice long predates the birth of Adi Shankara. Many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the [[Gupta Empire]] period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometers from [[Ajmer]]) has been dated to belong to the [[Kushan Empire]] era (pre-300 CE).<ref name="Williams1981p2">{{cite book \|first=Frederick \|last=Asher \|editor=Joanna Gottfried Williams \|year=1981 \|title=Kalādarśana: American studies in the art of India \|pages=1–4 \|publisher=Brill Academic \|isbn=90-04-06498-2 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ \|via=Google Books}}</ref> The Kushan period set includes Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Brahma and one deity whose identity is unclear.<ref name="Williams1981p2"/> According to James Harle, major Hindu temples from 1st millennium CE embed the ''pancayatana'' architecture very commonly, from [[Odisha]] to [[Karnataka]] to [[Kashmir]]; and the temples containing fusion deities such as [[Harihara]] (half Shiva, half Vishnu) are set in Panchayatana worship style.<ref name="Harle1994p141"/>		Panchayatana puja has been attributed to [[Adi Shankara]], the 8th century [[Common Era\|CE]] [[Hindu philosophy\|Hindu philosopher]].<ref name="lexicon"/> It is a practice that became popular in medieval India.<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60"/> However, archaeological evidence suggests that this practice long predates the birth of Adi Shankara. Many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the [[Gupta Empire]] period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometers from [[Ajmer]]) has been dated to belong to the [[Kushan Empire]] era (pre-300 CE).<ref name="Williams1981p2">{{cite book \|first=Frederick \|last=Asher \|editor=Joanna Gottfried Williams \|year=1981 \|title=Kalādarśana: American studies in the art of India \|pages=1–4 \|publisher=Brill Academic \|isbn=90-04-06498-2 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ \|via=Google Books}}</ref> The Kushan period set includes Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Brahma and one deity whose identity is unclear.<ref name="Williams1981p2"/> According to James Harle, major Hindu temples from 1st millennium CE embed the ''pancayatana'' architecture very commonly, from [[Odisha]] to [[Karnataka]] to [[Kashmir]]; and the temples containing fusion deities such as [[Harihara]] (half Shiva, half Vishnu) are set in Panchayatana worship style.<ref name="Harle1994p141"/>

>JJMC89 bot III: Moving :Category:Worship in the Smarta Tradition to :Category:Worship in the Smarta tradition per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy

2021-03-07T08:55:48Z

Moving Category:Worship in the Smarta Tradition to Category:Worship in the Smarta tradition per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Ganesha pachayatana.jpg|thumb|A Ganesha-centric Panchayatana: Ganesha (centre) with Shiva (top left), Devi or Adi Shakthi (top right), Vishnu (bottom left), and Surya (bottom right).]]

'''Panchayatana puja''' ([[IAST]] ''{{IAST|Pañcāyatana pūjā}}'') is a system of [[Puja (Hinduism)|''puja'']] (worship) in the [[Smarta Tradition|Smartism]] [[sampradaya]], which is one of four major ''sampradaya'' of [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60">{{cite book |first=Gudrun |last=Bühnemann |year=2003 |title=Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions |page=60 |publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=978-9004129023 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQf2m8VaC_oC&pg=PA60 |via=Google Books}}</ref> It consists of the worship of five deities set in a [[quincunx]] pattern,<ref name="Harle1994p141">{{cite book |first=James C. |last=Harle |year=1994 |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/140 140]–142, 191, 201-203 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06217-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl |via=archive.org |url-access=registration}}</ref> the five deities being [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], [[Devi]], [[Surya]], and an [[Ishta Devata]] such as [[Kartikeya]], or [[Ganesha]] or any personal god of devotee's preference.<ref name="Flood1996p17">{{cite book |first=Gavin D. |last=Flood |year=1996 |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/17 17] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |via=archive.org |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Diana L. |last=Eck |year=1998 |title=Darśan: Seeing the divine image in India |page=49 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-11265-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWqaD9Hz1bMC |via=Google Books}}</ref> Sometimes the Ishta Devata is the sixth deity in the mandala.<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60"/>

Panchayatana puja has been attributed to [[Adi Shankara]], the 8th century [[Common Era|CE]] [[Hindu philosophy|Hindu philosopher]].<ref name="lexicon"/> It is a practice that became popular in medieval India.<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60"/> However, archaeological evidence suggests that this practice long predates the birth of Adi Shankara. Many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the [[Gupta Empire]] period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometers from [[Ajmer]]) has been dated to belong to the [[Kushan Empire]] era (pre-300 CE).<ref name="Williams1981p2">{{cite book |first=Frederick |last=Asher |editor=Joanna Gottfried Williams |year=1981 |title=Kalādarśana: American studies in the art of India |pages=1–4 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=90-04-06498-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ |via=Google Books}}</ref> The Kushan period set includes Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Brahma and one deity whose identity is unclear.<ref name="Williams1981p2"/> According to James Harle, major Hindu temples from 1st millennium CE embed the ''pancayatana'' architecture very commonly, from [[Odisha]] to [[Karnataka]] to [[Kashmir]]; and the temples containing fusion deities such as [[Harihara]] (half Shiva, half Vishnu) are set in Panchayatana worship style.<ref name="Harle1994p141"/>

[[File:Dice-5sqb.svg|thumb|left|The typical arrangement of five icons or anicons in Pancayatana puja.]]
Philosophically, the Smarta tradition emphasizes that all ''[[murti]]'' (idols) are icons of ''saguna'' [[Brahman]], a means to realizing the abstract Ultimate Reality called ''nirguna Brahman''. The five or six icons are seen by [[Smartas]] as multiple representations of the one ''[[Saguna Brahman]]'' (i.e., a personal God, with form), rather than as distinct beings. The ultimate goal in this practice is to transition past the use of icons, then follow a philosophical and meditative path to understanding the oneness of ''Atman'' (soul, self) and Brahman – as "That art Thou".<ref name="lexicon"/>

Depending on the tradition followed by Smarta households, one of these deities is kept in the center and the other four corners of a square surrounding it. Either an iconic idol(s) or aniconic representation(s) or a combination for each deity is used.<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60"/> The five may be represented as simply as five kinds of stones called a ''Pancayatana puja set'', or just five marks drawn on the floor.<ref name="lexicon">{{cite web |title=The Four Denominations of Hinduism |series=Basics of Hinduism |publisher=Kauai Hindu Monastery |website=Himalayan Academy |url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects}}</ref> This arrangement is also represented in ''Smarta Pancayatana'' temples found in India, with one central shrine, and four smaller shrines at the corners of a square.<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60"/><ref>{{cite thesis |first=Falk |last=Reitz |year=1997 |url=http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/76/1/Pancayatana_1.pdf |title=Pancayatana-Komplexe in Nordindien: Entstehung, Entwicklung und regionale Besonderheiten einer indischen Architekturform |trans-title=Pancayatana complexes in North India: Origin, development and regional characteristics of an Indian form of architecture |degree=Ph.D. |lang=German |publisher=[[Free University of Berlin|Freie Universität Berlin]] |place=Berlin, DE}}</ref>

Panchayatana puja has predominantly been a tradition within Hinduism. However, the ''[[Udasi]]s'' – a tradition that reveres the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] of [[Sikhism]] - also worship the five panchayatana deities.<ref>{{cite book |first=James G. |last=Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism |volume=A-M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA61 |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=61 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Pashaura |last1=Singh |first2=Louis E. |last2=Fenech |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |page=376 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA376 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Adi Shankara]]
*[[Shanmata]]
*[[Smartism]]

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

{{Worship in Hinduism}}{{Hinduism-stub}}
[[Category:Worship in the Smarta tradition]]
[[Category:Adi Shankara]]