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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox river<br />
| name = Pampa River പമ്പ നദി<br />
| image = Pamba.PNG<br />
| image_caption = Labelled map of Pamba<br />
| source1_location = Pulachimala <br />
| mouth_location = [[Vembanad Lake]] & [[Thottappally Spillway]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = Country<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]<br />
| length = {{convert|176|km|abbr=on}}<br />
| source1_elevation = {{convert|1,650|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br />
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|109|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<br />
| basin_size = {{convert|2,235|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br />
}}<br />
The '''Pamba River''' (also called Pampa river) is the longest river in the Indian state of [[Kerala]] after [[Periyar (river)|Periyar]] and [[Bharathappuzha]], and the longest river in the erstwhile former princely state of [[Travancore]]. [[Sabarimala]] temple dedicated to [[Ayyappa|Lord Ayyappa]] is located on the banks of the river Pamba.<br />
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The river is also known as 'Dakshina Bhageerathi'. During ancient times it was called 'River Baris'.<br />
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The River Pamba enriches the lands of [[Pathanamthitta District]] and the [[Kuttanad]] area of [[Alappuzha District]] and few areas of [[Kottayam]]<br />
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==Course==<br />
The Pamba originates at Pulachimalai hill in the [[Peerumedu]] plateau in the [[Western Ghats]] at an altitude of {{convert|1650|m}}.<br />
Starting from the [[Idukki district]] and traversing a distance of {{convert|176|km}} through Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha districts, the river joins the Arabian Sea through a number of channels. The basin extends over an area of {{convert|2235|km2}} with the entire catchment area within Kerala state. The basin is bounded on the east by Western Ghats and on the west by Arabian Sea. The river shares its northern boundary with the [[Manimala River]] basin, and the southern boundary with the [[Achankovil River]] basin.<br />
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[[File:പമ്പാനദി.JPG|thumb|right|Pamba river at Aranmula]]<br />
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The river flows through [[Chittar, Kerala|Chittar]], [[Vadasserikkara]], [[Ranni]], [[Ayroor]], [[Cherukole]], [[Keezhukara]], [[Kozhencherry]], [[Maramon]], [[Aranmula]], [[Arattupuzha]], [[Edanad]], [[Puthencavu]], [[Chengannur]], [[Kallissery]], [[Pandanad]], [[Parumala]], [[Mannar, Alappuzha|Mannar]], [[Kadapra]], Melpadom, Thevery, [[Veeyapuram]], [[Thakazhy]], Pullangady, [[Pallathuruthy]] before emptying into the [[Vembanad Lake]], while another branch flows directly via [[Karuvatta]] into [[Thottappally Spillway]]. One branch of Pamba called [[Varattar River (Pamba)|Varattar]] flows from [[Arattupuzha]]/[[Puthencavu|Puthenkavu]] and along [[Edanad]], [[Othera]], [[Thiruvanvandoor]], [[Eramalloor|Eramallikkara]] and flows into [[Manimala River]] at [[Kallumala|Kallumkal East side]]. Another branch of Pamba flows from [[Kuthiathode]] and joins with [[Manimala River]] at Kallumkal West side, and branches out again at [[Nedumpuram]] from [[Manimala River]] and flows along [[Thalavady]], [[Edathua]], [[Champakulam]], Pullangady, [[Nedumudy]] and empties into Vembanad Lake at [[Kainakary]]. This branch links with Mainstream Pamba River at Pullangady while continuing to flow to [[Vembanad lake]]. One branch of [[Achankovil River]] joins with Pamba at [[Paippad]]/[[Veeyapuram]], while another branch flows into Pamba again via [[Karicharakadavu|Karichal]], [[Cheruthana]]. [[Perunthenaruvi]] is the major waterfall in Pamba river between [[vechoochira]] and [[Athikkayam]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home page of Pampa Parirakshana Samithy Kerala State India|url=http://www.savepampa.org/pps/what_is_new.htm|access-date=2021-07-28|website=www.savepampa.org}}</ref><br />
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==Tributaries==<br />
*[[Azhuthayar]]<br />
*[[Kakkiyar]]<br />
*[[Kakkattar]]<br />
*[[Kallar River (Pamba)|Kallar]]<br />
*[[Madatharuvi]]<br />
*[[Thanungattilthodu]]<br />
*[[Kozhithodu]]<br />
*[[Varattar River (Pamba)|Varattar]]<br />
*[[Kuttemperoor]]<br />
*[[Utharappalli River]]<br />
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==Topography of the basin, reservoirs and command area==<br />
Like all the river basins in Kerala, the Pamba basin also can be divided into three natural zones based on elevation, consisting of low land or seaboard, midland and high land. The coast for a short distance along the borders of lakes is flat, retreating from it the surface roughens up into slopes which gradually combine and swell into mountains on the east. The low land area along sea coast is generally swampy and liable to be flooded during monsoon inundation. The plains/midlands succeed low land in gentle ascents and valleys interspersed with isolated low hills. The high land on the eastern portion is broken by long spurs, dense forests, extensive ravines and tangled jungles. Towering above all their slopes are Western Ghats that form eastern boundary of the basins.<br />
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==Endangered state==<br />
[[File:Clean Pamba Campaign.JPG|thumb|Information board near Nadappanthal, Sabarimala to keep Pamba clean]]<br />
Due to drought and a lack of conservation and protection by the government, the Pampa River has shrunk to a stream and is totally dry in many places. Nearby wells have also dried up. Water for farming, such as paddy fields, is scarce. Experts are calling for governmental awareness of the dire situation and the need to rein in development that is destroying the environment.<ref name=Kuttoor>{{cite news|last=Kuttoor|first=Radhakrishnan|title=As Pampa shrinks, life ebbs away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/as-pampa-shrinks-life-ebbs-away/article5752085.ece|access-date=15 March 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 March 2014}}</ref><br />
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The Kerala High Court has initiated steps to control the pollution of the river from the practice of some visitors to Sabarimala who throw their clothes into it.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/temple-plans-to-challenge-ban-on-throwing-clothes-in-pamba-river-english-news-1.685693 | title=Temple plans to challenge ban on throwing clothes in Pamba river | date=21 November 2015 | publisher=Mathrubhumi | access-date=18 January 2020 }}</ref> As part of the Punyam Poonkavanam project, pilgrims have been exhorted to avoid the usage of soap and oil while bathing in River Pamba. They are also requested not to throw any material, including clothes, to this holy river. At a broader level, this project aims to spread the message of cleanliness and greenness beyond Pamba and Sabarimala.<ref>http://www.technoparktoday.com/vsc-supports-sabarimala-clean-drive-punyam-poonkavanam/</ref><br />
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==Significance in Hinduism==<br />
[[File:Pamba near sabarimala.jpg|thumb|Pamba River near Sabarimala]]<br />
[[Ayyappan|Lord Ayyappan]] (Sri Dharmasastha) appeared to the [[Pandalam]] Raja as a child on the banks of the Pamba River. The Pamba River has been venerated as ''Ganga of kerala,'' and devotees of Lord Ayyappan believe that immersing oneself in the Pamba is equivalent to bathing in the [[Ganges River|Holy Ganges River]]. Bathing in the river, believed to absolve one's sins, is a requirement before commencing the trek through the forest to the Ayyappan Temple atop [[Sabarimala]]. The river pamba flowing in kerala state has many famous temple in its banks other than the Sabarimala.Tiruvalla Sreevallabhapuram temple, Adoor Mannar Temple, Aranmula temple, Chenganoor Mahadeva temple, Thakazhy Sree Dharma Sastha Temple are most famous few among them. The lake or Saras mentioned in Ramayana is Pamba saras and that is the basin of Present Tungabhadra river and the sabariyasram also situated very near. Then the old Kishkindha(Monkey city) or present day Hampi( UNESCO heritage site) also situated near that pamba saras near Hampi .<br />
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==See also==<br />
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Ayyappan.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Lord Ayyappa - River Pamba is considered the Holy River as the World renowned Ayyappa pilgrim centre Sabarimala Temple is situated near to it {{puic|1=Ayyappan.jpg|log=2009 January 1}}]] --><br />
*Melukara<br />
*[[Ayroor]]<br />
*[[Pathanamthitta District]]<br />
*[[Sabarimala]]<br />
*[[Ayyappa]]<br />
*[[List of rivers in Kerala]]<br />
*[[Aranmula Kottaram]]<br />
*[[Ganges River]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
;Sources<br />
*{{cite web | title=Infobox facts | work=All Kerala River Protection Council| url= http://puzhakal0.tripod.com/river.html | access-date=26 January 2006}}<br />
* nwda.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/0413760650.pdf<br />
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[[Category:Rivers of Kerala]]<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071110154354/http://nwda.gov.in/writereaddata/sublink2images/255.pdf Report made by National Water Development Agency on Interlinking of Pamba with Vaippar - PDF]<br />
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{{Waters of Kerala}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{Coord|9|30|N|76|25|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}<br />
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[[Category:Pamba River| ]]<br />
[[Category:Rivers of Pathanamthitta district]]<br />
[[Category:Rivers of Idukki district]]<br />
[[Category:Rivers of Alappuzha district]]</div>106.216.129.30