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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:38, 20 May 2022
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	\| authority = ([[William Thomas Blanford\|Blanford]], 1869)<ref name=desc/><!-- originally in Trochalopteron-->		\| authority = ([[William Thomas Blanford\|Blanford]], 1869)<ref name=desc/><!-- originally in Trochalopteron-->
	\| range_map = TrochalopteronCachinnansMap.svg		\| range_map = TrochalopteronCachinnansMap.svg
	\| status = VU		\| status = NT
	\| status_system = IUCN3.1		\| status_system = IUCN3.1
	\| status_ref =<ref name=~~IUCN~~>{{cite iucn~~\|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/103874145/0~~\|author=BirdLife International\|~~author-link~~=~~BirdLife International~~\|~~year~~=~~2010~~\|~~title~~=~~Strophocincla fairbanki~~\|access-date=~~8 October 2017~~}}</ref>		\| status_ref =<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn \|author=BirdLife International \|date=2016 \|title=''Montecincla fairbanki'' \|volume=2016 \|page=e.T103874452A95109792 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103874452A95109792.en \|access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
	\| synonyms = ''Garrulax jerdoni fairbanki''<br/>''Strophocincla fairbanki''<br/> ''Trochalopteron fairbanki''		\| synonyms = ''Garrulax jerdoni fairbanki''<br/>''Strophocincla fairbanki''<br/> ''Trochalopteron fairbanki''
	}}		}}
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	{{Taxonbar\|from=Q499845}}		{{Taxonbar\|from=Q499845}}

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:laughingthrush, Kerala}}~~
	[[Category:Trochalopteron\|Kerala laughingthrush]]		[[Category:Trochalopteron\|Kerala laughingthrush]]
	[[Category:Birds of South India]]		[[Category:Birds of South India]]

imported>Normal Name: /* Behaviour and ecology */ Added not a typo template to bird call sounds

2021-06-24T20:43:05Z

Behaviour and ecology: Added not a typo template to bird call sounds

New page

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Grey-breasted Laughing thrush1.jpg
| image_caption = in the [[Meghamalai]]
| genus = Montecincla
| species = fairbanki
| authority = ([[William Thomas Blanford|Blanford]], 1869)<ref name=desc/>
| range_map = TrochalopteronCachinnansMap.svg
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =<ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/103874145/0|author=BirdLife International|author-link=BirdLife International|year=2010|title=Strophocincla fairbanki|access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref>
| synonyms = ''Garrulax jerdoni fairbanki''<br/>''Strophocincla fairbanki''<br/> ''Trochalopteron fairbanki''
}}

The '''Palani laughingthrush''' (''Montecincla fairbanki'') is a species of [[laughingthrush]] [[endemism|endemic]] to the hills of the [[Western Ghats]] south of the [[Palghat Gap]] in Southern [[India]]. Found in the high montane forests, this grey bibbed, rufous bellied bird with a prominent dark eyestripe and broad white brow was grouped along with the grey-breasted subspecies of the [[black-chinned laughingthrush]] and known as the [[grey-breasted laughingthrush]]. This species is found in the [[Palni Hills]] while another closely related form, the [[Ashambu laughingthrush]] (''Montecincla meridionalis'') with a shorter white brow is found in the high hills south of the [[Achankovil]] Gap and was treated as a subspecies. The two forms were together treated under the name of '''Kerala laughingthrush'''.

==Description==
[[File:Grey breasted laughing thrush- Asambu Hill Race.jpg|thumb|left|''Montecincla meridionalis'' from the [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]])]]
This species has a dark grey-brown crown and narrow dark grey eyestripe with a broad white supercilium above it. This supercilium extends behind the eye in this species but stops above the eye in the closely related ''meridionalis''. The throat is distinctly grey unlike in the [[black-chinned laughingthrush]] found north of the Palghat Gap and continues into the upper breast. The grey of the upper breast is faintly streaked in brown. The lower breast and belly is rusty brown and the upper parts are olive brown. The bill is browner and not as dark grey as in the black-chinned. The Ashambu laughingthrush (''M. meridionalis'') which was earlier treated as a subspecies has greyer upper plumage, paler crown and the centre of the belly is white with chestnut brown on the flanks and vent. The iris is dark red or red-brown. The sexes are indistinguishable in the field.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen, PC |author2=JC Anderton|year=2005| title=Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions|place= Washington DC & Barcelona|page=414}}</ref><ref name=fbi2/><ref name=fbi1>{{cite book|last=Oates|first=Eugene William |editor= William Thomas Blanford|title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 1.|publisher=Taylor and Francis|place=London| year=1889|pages=99–100|url=https://archive.org/stream/birdsindia01oaterich#page/99/mode/1up}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
This species was described from the [[Kodaikanal]] region on the basis of a specimen obtained by Rev. [[Samuel B. Fairbank|Samuel Bacon Fairbank]] and came to be called the Pulney laughing-thrush.<ref name=desc>{{cite journal|author=Blanford, WT|year=1869| journal=J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal|volume=38| pages=164–191|title=Ornithological Notes, chiefly on some bird of Central, Western and Southern India|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiati381869asia#page/175/mode/1up/}}</ref> The lack of the black chin of ''jerdoni'' was noted even when this species was first described but it was made into a subspecies under ''jerdoni'' in the second edition of ''[[The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma]]'' in 1922 by Stuart Baker.<ref name=desc/><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/ibis23brit#page/306/mode/2up|author=Jerdon, TC|year= 1872| title=Supplementary Notes to 'The Birds of India.'| journal=Ibis|volume=14|pages=297–310| doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1872.tb08412.x|issue=3}}</ref> In 1880 Blanford described ''meridionale'' based on a specimen obtained by F. W. Bourdillon.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Anonymous|year=1881| title= Notices of recent Ornithological Publications|journal=Ibis|volume=23|issue=3|pages=472–495|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1881.tb06600.x}}</ref> The close relationship of ''meridionale'' and ''fairbanki'' was noticed by [[William Ruxton Davison]] in 1883.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Davison, William |year=1883| title=Notes on some birds collected on the Nilghiris and in parts of Wynaad and southern Mysore.|journal=Stray Feathers|volume=10| issue=5| pages=329–419 | url=https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou101887hume#page/378/mode/2up/}}</ref> The current regrouping of the forms, considering the [[Palghat Gap]] as a biogeographic barrier and giving importance to the chin colour, was introduced in 2005 by [[Pamela C. Rasmussen]] and Anderton.<ref name=pcr /><ref name=fbi2>{{cite book|title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 1|author=Baker, ECS| year=1922| publisher=Taylor and Francis| place=London|edition=2nd|pages=178–179|url=https://archive.org/stream/birds01bakeiala#page/178/mode/2up}}</ref> A study published in 2017 found that the species was best placed in a new genus ''Montecincla'' and that based on the divergence, ''meridionale'' is best treated as a full species.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0882-6|title=Two new genera of songbirds represent endemic radiations from the Shola Sky Islands of the Western Ghats, India|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=17|year=2017|last1=Robin|first1=V.V.|last2=Vishnudas|first2=C. K.|last3=Gupta|first3=Pooja|last4=Rheindt|first4=Frank E.|last5=Hooper|first5=Daniel M.|last6=Ramakrishnan|first6=Uma|last7=Reddy|first7=Sushma|issue=1|page=31|pmid=28114902|pmc=5259981|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Behaviour and ecology ==
[[File:Kerala Laughingthrush by N.A. Nazeer.jpg|thumb|left|Feeding on a berry]]
{{birdbox| collapsible = yes
| state = collapsed
|pop1=Nominate<ref name=pcr/><ref name=hbk/>
|data1={{birdbox/population
|unit=mm
|length=175-185
|culmen=21-23
|wingm=83-91
|wingf=81-86
|tailm=86-97
|tailf=86-92
|tarsus=33-35
}}
|pop2=''meridionale''
|data2={{birdbox/population
|unit=mm
|length=173-190
|culmen=21-22
|wingm=85-88
|wingf=84-85
|tail=95-96
|tarsus=35-36
}}
}}
They are found in pairs and small groups and they sometimes join [[mixed-species feeding flock]]s. They feed on the nectar of flowers of ''[[Lobelia excelsa]]'', ''[[Rhododendron]]'' and ''[[Strobilanthes]]'' species. They also feed on the petals of some flowers such as ''[[Strobilanthes]]'' and the fruits of a range of plants including ''[[Viburnum]]'', ''[[Eurya]]'', ''[[Rubus]]'' and ''[[Rhodomyrtus tomentosa]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Islam, MA |year=1987| title= Food and feeding habits of the South Indian Laughing Thrushes ''Garrulax cachinnans'' and ''Garrulax jerdoni'' (Aves: Muscicapidae)| journal=Bangladesh J. Zool. | volume=15|pages=197–204}}</ref>

The breeding season is December to June but peaking in April and May. The nest is a cup of grass with moss and lined with fine fibre placed in a low fork hidden in dense vegetation.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bates, R.S.P. |year=1931| title=A note on the nidification and habits of the Travancore Laughing-Thrush (''Trochalopterum jerdoni fairbanki'')|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=35|issue=1|pages=204–207|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47540172}}</ref> The usual clutch is two blue eggs with reddish markings and indistinguishable from those of the black-chinned laughingthrush.<ref name=pcr/><ref name=hbk/> When the nest is predated or after the young fledge, the nest is destroyed. The nests of other birds in the vicinity may also be torn up by the parent birds. Unhatched eggs may also be eaten by the parent birds.<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|pages=42–44|title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 7|edition=2nd|year=1996|author1=Ali, S |author2=SD Ripley|publisher=Oxford University Press| place=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author= Islam, MA |year=1989|title= Nest destruction and cannibalistic behaviour of Laughing Thrushes, ''Garrulax'' spp. (Aves: Muscicapidae)|journal= Bangladesh J. Zool.|volume=17| issue=1| pages=15–17}}</ref>

The contact calls are very loud series of steeply ascending notes ''{{not a typo|pee-koko... pee-koko}}'' followed by more abrupt notes.<ref name=fbi1 /> Numerous other vocalizations such as a low ''{{not a typo|kweer}}'' calls are produced in other behavioural contexts. Some calls appear to be antiphonal duets.<ref name=pcr />

==Distribution==
This species is restricted south of the Palghat Gap with the main distribution range in the higher regions (above {{convert|1100|m|ft}}) of the [[Palani Hills]] extending into the [[Annamalai Hills]] in western [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Munnar]] in Kerala. The nominate subspecies is found north of the Achankovil gap while ''meridionale'' is found in the hills to the south of it.<ref name=pcr/> In the Palni Hills, their densities varied across locations ranging from 1.4 birds per hectare at Kukkal, 0.5/ha at Poombarai, 0.33/ha at Kodaikanal Botanical gardens, 0.16/ha on the golf course and 0.22/ha at Paricombai.<ref name=Soma>{{cite journal|last=Somasundaram|first=S.|author2=Lalitha Vijayan|year=2007|title=An assessment of the population and habitat use of the Grey-breasted Laughing-thrush|journal=Annual Report 2006–2007|publisher=Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History|location=Anaikatty, Coimbatore|pages=19–20|url=http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/annual_report_E_2007.pdf|access-date=16 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185529/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/annual_report_E_2007.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ferguson,HS |author2=Bourdillon,TF |year=1903|title= The birds of Travancore, with notes on their nidification.|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=15|issue=2|pages=249–264| url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofbombayn15bomb#page/256/mode/1up/}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Montecincla fairbanki}}
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/kerala-laughingthrush-strophocincla-fairbanki Photographs and videos on the Internet Bird Collection]
* [http://www.freesound.org/samplesViewSingle.php?id=27434 Bird calls]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q499845}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:laughingthrush, Kerala}}
[[Category:Trochalopteron|Kerala laughingthrush]]
[[Category:Birds of South India]]
[[Category:Fauna of Kerala]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1869|Kerala laughingthrush]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]

Palani laughingthrush - Revision history

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

imported>Normal Name: /* Behaviour and ecology */ Added not a typo template to bird call sounds