Pakistani Instrument of Surrender - Revision history

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{{Short description|Written agreement of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}{{Infobox document
|document_name = Pakistani Instrument of Surrender
|image = 1971 Instrument of Surrender.jpg
|image_size =
|image_alt =
|caption = Lt. Gen. [[A. A. K. Niazi]] of the [[Pakistan Army]] signing the Instrument of Surrender under the direction of Lt. Gen. [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] of the [[Indian Army]] and [[Mukti Bahini|Bangladesh Forces]]<ref name="ny" />
|date_created =
|date_ratified =
|date_effective =16 December 1971
|location_of_document =[[Dhaka|Dacca]], [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]])
|writer =
|signers = {{flagdeco|Pakistan|army}} {{nowrap|[[A. A. K. Niazi]]}}<br />{{flagdeco|India|army}} {{nowrap|[[Jagjit Singh Aurora]]}}
|purpose = Ending the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
|subject=Surrender of the [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan|Pakistan Armed Forces Eastern Command]]}}
The '''Pakistani Instrument of Surrender''' ({{lang-bn|পাকিস্তানের আত্মসমর্পণের দলিল|translit=Pākistānēr Atmasamarpaṇēr Dalil}}) was a written agreement between [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]] that enabled the capitulation of 93,000 [[West Pakistan]]i troops of the [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan|Armed Forces Eastern Command]] on 16 December 1971,<ref name="ny">{{cite web |title=The Surrender Document |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/17/archives/the-surrender-document.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=17 December 1971}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Banglapedia| article = Prisoners_of_War,_Trial_of}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Flashback: From behind the barbed wire |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/771713/flashback-from-behind-the-barbed-wire |website=[[DAWN.COM]] |access-date=16 December 2021 |language=en |date=16 December 2022}}</ref> thereby ending the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] with the formal establishment of the [[Bangladesh|People's Republic of Bangladesh]] in erstwhile [[East Pakistan]]. It was the largest surrender in terms of number of personnel since the end of [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Koul|first=Bill K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CW78DwAAQBAJ&dq=largest+pow+after+ww2+1971&pg=PA254|title=The Exiled Pandits of Kashmir: Will They Ever Return Home?|date=2020|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-981-15-6537-3|pages=254|language=en|quote=More than 90,000...., the largest ever since World War 2.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bureau|first=The Hindu|date=2021-12-16|title=Country marks 50 years of 1971 war|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-hails-indias-armed-forces-bangladeshi-freedom-fighters-on-vijay-diwas/article37966588.ece|access-date=2022-01-26|issn=0971-751X|quote=surrender of 93,000 Pakistani soldiers, the largest surrender of armed forces post Second World War.}}</ref>

The event, known as [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)|Victory Day]], is celebrated as a [[Public holidays in Bangladesh#National holidays|national holiday in Bangladesh]]; it is also celebrated by the [[Indian Armed Forces]].

==Surrender ceremony==
[[File:1. স্বাধীনতা স্তম্ভ.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Swadhinata Stambha]] ({{Literal translation|Independence Monument}}) in [[Suhrawardy Udyan]] (formerly known as the Ramna Race Course), which stands at the place where the Pakistani Instrument of Surrender was signed in 1971.]]

The surrender ceremony took place at the [[Suhrawardy Udyan|Ramna Race Course]] in [[Dhaka|Dacca]], [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]), on 16 December 1971: [[A. A. K. Niazi]] of the [[Pakistan Army]] formally surrendered to [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]], an [[Indian Army]] officer and joint commander of the [[Mukti Bahini|Bangladesh Forces]]. [[A. K. Khandker]], Deputy Chief of Staff of the Bangladesh Forces, represented the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]] at the ceremony.<ref name="Levie1974"/>

Also present from the Pakistani Eastern Command were [[Mohammad Shariff]] of the [[Pakistan Navy]] and [[Patrick Desmond Callaghan]] of the [[Pakistan Air Force]], both of whom signed the agreement alongside Niazi.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} [[Sagat Singh]], Commander of the [[IV Corps (India)|Indian IV Corps]]; [[Hari Chand Dewan]], Commander of the [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Indian Eastern Air Command]]; and [[J. F. R. Jacob]], Chief of Staff of the [[Eastern Command (India)|Indian Eastern Command]]; all acted as witnesses on behalf of [[India]].{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Niazi accepted the surrender while the crowd on the race course promptly erupted in celebrations.<ref name="Nayar1998"/>

==Text of the Instrument==
[[File:Pakistani Instrument of Surrender 1971.jpg|alt=The Instrument of Surrender|thumb|Scanned copy of the 1971 Pakistani Instrument of Surrender, [[Ministry of Liberation War Affairs (Bangladesh)|Bangladesh Ministry of Liberation War Affairs]]]]
The document is now public property under the governments of [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Pakistan]], and can be seen on display at the [[National Museum, New Delhi|National Museum]] in the Indian capital of [[New Delhi]]. The text of the Instrument of Surrender is as follows:<ref name="Virtual"/><ref name="SoP"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 88%;"
| colspan="2" | The PAKISTAN Eastern Command agree to surrender all PAKISTAN Armed Forces in BANGLA DESH to Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA, General Officer Commanding in Chief of the Indian and BANGLA DESH forces in the Eastern Theatre. This surrender includes all PAKISTAN land, air and naval forces as also all para-military forces and civil armed forces. These forces will lay down their arms and surrender at the places where they are currently located to the nearest regular troops under the command of Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA.

The PAKISTAN Eastern Command shall come under the orders of Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA as soon as this instrument has been signed. Disobedience of orders will be regarded as a breach of the surrender terms and will be dealt with in accordance with the accepted laws and usages of war. The decision of Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA will be final, should any doubt arise as to the meaning or interpretation of the surrender terms.

Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA gives a solemn assurance that personnel who surrender shall be treated with dignity and respect that soldiers are entitled to in accordance with the provisions of the GENEVA Convention and guarantees the safety and well-being of all PAKISTAN military and para-military forces who surrender. Protection will be provided to foreign nationals, ethnic minorities and personnel of WEST PAKISTAN origin by the forces under the command of Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA.
|-
| align="center" | <signed> || align="center" | <signed>
|-
| align="center" | <poem>(JAGJIT SINGH AURORA)
Lieutenant-General
General Officer Commanding in Chief
Indian and BANGLA DESH Forces in the
Eastern Theatre
16 December 1971</poem>
| align="center" | <poem>(AMIR ABDULLAH KHAN NIAZI)
Lieutenant-General
Martial Law Administrator Zone B and
Commander Eastern Command (PAKISTAN)
16 December 1971</poem>
|}
{{Clear}}

==Sources==
* [http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5312/Instrument+of+Surrender+of+Pakistan+forces+in+Dacca "Instrument of Surrender of Pakistani forces in Dacca", Hosted by Ministry of External Affairs, India]
* [http://storyofpakistan.com/the-separation-of-east-pakistan/ "The Separation of East Pakistan"]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Levie1974">{{cite journal |author=Howard S. Levie |date=January 1974 |title=The Indo-Pakistani Agreement of August 28, 1973 |journal=American Journal of International Law |publisher=American Society of International Law |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=95–97 |doi=10.2307/2198806 |jstor=2198806}}</ref>
<ref name="Nayar1998">{{cite news |author=Kuldip Nayar |date=1998-02-03 |title=Of betrayal and bungling |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980203/03450744.html |access-date=2014-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517162600/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980203/03450744.html |archive-date=2014-05-17}}</ref>
<ref name="SoP">{{cite web |title=The Separation of East Pakistan |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-separation-of-east-pakistan/ |publisher=Story of Pakistan |access-date=2020-07-28 |date=2003-06-01}}</ref>
<ref name="Virtual">{{cite web |url=http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/the-basics/history-of-bangladesh/independence/the-instrument-of-surrender/ |title=The Instrument of Surrender |website=Virtual Bangladesh |date=2022}}</ref>
</references>

{{Bangladesh liberation}}
{{1971 Indo-Pakistan War}}

[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi documents]]
[[Category:Indian documents]]
[[Category:Government documents of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Pakistan]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan military relations]]
[[Category:1971 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1971 in India]]
[[Category:1971 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of India]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1971]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1971]]
[[Category:Surrenders]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan treaties]]
[[Category:December 1971 events in Asia]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:28, 3 December 2022
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	{{Short description\|Written agreement of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War}}		{{Short description\|Written agreement of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=August ~~2022~~}}{{Infobox document		{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2015}}{{Infobox document
	\|document_name = Pakistani Instrument of Surrender		\|document_name = Pakistani Instrument of Surrender
	\|image = 1971 Instrument of Surrender.jpg		\|image = 1971 Instrument of Surrender.jpg
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	\|purpose = Ending the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]		\|purpose = Ending the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
	\|subject=Surrender of the [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan\|Pakistan Armed Forces Eastern Command]]}}		\|subject=Surrender of the [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan\|Pakistan Armed Forces Eastern Command]]}}
	The '''Pakistani Instrument of Surrender''' ({{lang-bn\|পাকিস্তানের আত্মসমর্পণের দলিল\|translit=Pākistānēr Atmasamarpaṇēr Dalil}}) was a written agreement between [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]] that enabled the capitulation of 93,000 [[West Pakistan]]i troops of the [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan\|Armed Forces Eastern Command]] on 16 December 1971,<ref name="ny">{{cite web \|title=The Surrender Document \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/17/archives/the-surrender-document.html \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|date=17 December 1971}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Banglapedia\| article = Prisoners_of_War,_Trial_of}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Flashback: From behind the barbed wire \|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/771713/flashback-from-behind-the-barbed-wire \|website=[[DAWN.COM]] \|access-date=16 December 2021 \|language=en \|date=16 December ~~2022~~}}</ref> thereby ending the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] with the formal establishment of the [[Bangladesh\|People's Republic of Bangladesh]] in erstwhile [[East Pakistan]]. It was the largest surrender in terms of number of personnel since the end of [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Koul\|first=Bill K.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CW78DwAAQBAJ&dq=largest+pow+after+ww2+1971&pg=PA254\|title=The Exiled Pandits of Kashmir: Will They Ever Return Home?\|date=2020\|publisher=Springer Nature\|isbn=978-981-15-6537-3\|pages=254\|language=en\|quote=More than 90,000...., the largest ever since World War 2.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|last=Bureau\|first=The Hindu\|date=2021-12-16\|title=Country marks 50 years of 1971 war\|language=en-IN\|work=The Hindu\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-hails-indias-armed-forces-bangladeshi-freedom-fighters-on-vijay-diwas/article37966588.ece\|access-date=2022-01-26\|issn=0971-751X\|quote=surrender of 93,000 Pakistani soldiers, the largest surrender of armed forces post Second World War.}}</ref>		The '''Pakistani Instrument of Surrender''' ({{lang-bn\|পাকিস্তানের আত্মসমর্পণের দলিল\|translit=Pākistānēr Atmasamarpaṇēr Dalil}}) was a written agreement between [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]] that enabled the capitulation of 93,000 [[West Pakistan]]i troops of the [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan\|Armed Forces Eastern Command]] on 16 December 1971,<ref name="ny">{{cite web \|title=The Surrender Document \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/17/archives/the-surrender-document.html \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|date=17 December 1971}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Banglapedia\| article = Prisoners_of_War,_Trial_of}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Flashback: From behind the barbed wire \|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/771713/flashback-from-behind-the-barbed-wire \|website=[[DAWN.COM]] \|access-date=16 December 2021 \|language=en \|date=16 December 2012}}</ref> thereby ending the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] with the formal establishment of the [[Bangladesh\|People's Republic of Bangladesh]] in erstwhile [[East Pakistan]]. It was the largest surrender in terms of number of personnel since the end of [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Koul\|first=Bill K.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CW78DwAAQBAJ&dq=largest+pow+after+ww2+1971&pg=PA254\|title=The Exiled Pandits of Kashmir: Will They Ever Return Home?\|date=2020\|publisher=Springer Nature\|isbn=978-981-15-6537-3\|pages=254\|language=en\|quote=More than 90,000...., the largest ever since World War 2.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|last=Bureau\|first=The Hindu\|date=2021-12-16\|title=Country marks 50 years of 1971 war\|language=en-IN\|work=The Hindu\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-hails-indias-armed-forces-bangladeshi-freedom-fighters-on-vijay-diwas/article37966588.ece\|access-date=2022-01-26\|issn=0971-751X\|quote=surrender of 93,000 Pakistani soldiers, the largest surrender of armed forces post Second World War.}}</ref>

	The event, known as [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)\|Victory Day]], is celebrated as a [[Public holidays in Bangladesh#National holidays\|national holiday in Bangladesh]]; it is also celebrated by the [[Indian Armed Forces]].		The event, known as [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)\|Victory Day]], is celebrated as a [[Public holidays in Bangladesh#National holidays\|national holiday in Bangladesh]]; it is also celebrated by the [[Indian Armed Forces]].
Line 23:		Line 23:
	The surrender ceremony took place at the [[Suhrawardy Udyan\|Ramna Race Course]] in [[Dhaka\|Dacca]], [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]), on 16 December 1971: [[A. A. K. Niazi]] of the [[Pakistan Army]] formally surrendered to [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]], an [[Indian Army]] officer and joint commander of the [[Mukti Bahini\|Bangladesh Forces]]. [[A. K. Khandker]], Deputy Chief of Staff of the Bangladesh Forces, represented the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]] at the ceremony.<ref name="Levie1974"/>		The surrender ceremony took place at the [[Suhrawardy Udyan\|Ramna Race Course]] in [[Dhaka\|Dacca]], [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]), on 16 December 1971: [[A. A. K. Niazi]] of the [[Pakistan Army]] formally surrendered to [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]], an [[Indian Army]] officer and joint commander of the [[Mukti Bahini\|Bangladesh Forces]]. [[A. K. Khandker]], Deputy Chief of Staff of the Bangladesh Forces, represented the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]] at the ceremony.<ref name="Levie1974"/>

	Also present from the Pakistani Eastern Command were [[Mohammad Shariff]] of the [[Pakistan Navy]] and [[Patrick Desmond Callaghan]] of the [[Pakistan Air Force]], both of whom signed the agreement alongside Niazi.{{citation needed\|date=June ~~2022~~}} [[Sagat Singh]], Commander of the [[IV Corps (India)\|Indian IV Corps]]; [[Hari Chand Dewan]], Commander of the [[Eastern Air Command (India)\|Indian Eastern Air Command]]; and [[J. F. R. Jacob]], Chief of Staff of the [[Eastern Command (India)\|Indian Eastern Command]]; all acted as witnesses on behalf of [[India]].{{citation needed\|date=June ~~2022~~}}		Also present from the Pakistani Eastern Command were [[Mohammad Shariff]] of the [[Pakistan Navy]] and [[Patrick Desmond Callaghan]] of the [[Pakistan Air Force]], both of whom signed the agreement alongside Niazi.{{citation needed\|date=June 2018}} [[Sagat Singh]], Commander of the [[IV Corps (India)\|Indian IV Corps]]; [[Hari Chand Dewan]], Commander of the [[Eastern Air Command (India)\|Indian Eastern Air Command]]; and [[J. F. R. Jacob]], Chief of Staff of the [[Eastern Command (India)\|Indian Eastern Command]]; all acted as witnesses on behalf of [[India]].{{citation needed\|date=June 2018}}

	Niazi accepted the surrender while the crowd on the race course promptly erupted in celebrations.<ref name="Nayar1998"/>		Niazi accepted the surrender while the crowd on the race course promptly erupted in celebrations.<ref name="Nayar1998"/>
Line 62:		Line 62:
	<ref name="Nayar1998">{{cite news \|author=Kuldip Nayar \|date=1998-02-03 \|title=Of betrayal and bungling \|newspaper=[[Indian Express]] \|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980203/03450744.html \|access-date=2014-05-17 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517162600/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980203/03450744.html \|archive-date=2014-05-17}}</ref>		<ref name="Nayar1998">{{cite news \|author=Kuldip Nayar \|date=1998-02-03 \|title=Of betrayal and bungling \|newspaper=[[Indian Express]] \|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980203/03450744.html \|access-date=2014-05-17 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517162600/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980203/03450744.html \|archive-date=2014-05-17}}</ref>
	<ref name="SoP">{{cite web \|title=The Separation of East Pakistan \|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-separation-of-east-pakistan/ \|publisher=Story of Pakistan \|access-date=2020-07-28 \|date=2003-06-01}}</ref>		<ref name="SoP">{{cite web \|title=The Separation of East Pakistan \|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-separation-of-east-pakistan/ \|publisher=Story of Pakistan \|access-date=2020-07-28 \|date=2003-06-01}}</ref>
	<ref name="Virtual">{{cite web \|url=http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/the-basics/history-of-bangladesh/independence/the-instrument-of-surrender/ \|title=The Instrument of Surrender \|website=Virtual Bangladesh \|date=~~2022~~}}</ref>		<ref name="Virtual">{{cite web \|url=http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/the-basics/history-of-bangladesh/independence/the-instrument-of-surrender/ \|title=The Instrument of Surrender \|website=Virtual Bangladesh \|date=2015}}</ref>
	</references>		</references>