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{{Short description|Indo-European ethnolinguistic group native to South Asia}}
The '''Pahari people''' or '''Pahari-speaking people''' (abbreviated to '''PSP'''; {{lang-phr|{{nq|پہاڑی لوکی}}}}) are an [[ethnolinguistic group]] who form a heterogeneous society consisting of a number of communities inhabiting [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235682940|title= Ethnic Plurality in Jammu and Kashmir- A Sociological Analysis -Book- Man in India|publisher= Research Gate }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/78359/5/05_chapter.pdf|title= Chapter 05-IDENTITY FORMATION AND ASSERTION A STUDY OF PAHARI SPEAKING COMMUNITY OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR |publisher= Department of Sociology University of Jammu -shodhganga }}</ref> They are mainly referred to two groups.

The main group of Pahari people speaks five main languages which are classified as [[Western Pahari]] by [[G.A. Grierson]] in the first [[Linguistic Survey of India]]. They constitute the [[Bhadarwahi]], [[Sarazi]], [[Bhalesi dialect]], [[Padri dialect]], [[Gaddi language]] and Kangri-Dogri language speakers group found in [[Doda district]], [[Ramban district]] and [[Kishtwar district]] and [[Kathua district]] of [[Jammu region]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=9-4&pages=998#page/897/mode/1up|title= Vol. Linguistic Survey of India published in 1928. Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī |publisher= Digital South Asia Library}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=9-4&pages=998#page/919/mode/1up|title= Vol. Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī |publisher= Digital South Asia Library}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=9-4&pages=998#page/808/mode/1up|title= GADDI -Vol. Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī |publisher= Digital South Asia Library}}</ref>

The other group predominantly speak [[Lahnda]] (Western Punjabi) dialects including [[Pahari–Pothwari]] in Poonch and Rajouri Districts and [[Hindko]] in Baramulla and Kaupwara Districts of Jammu and Kashmir but refer to themselves 'Pahari Speaking People".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-1&pages=600#page/493/mode/1up|title=Pothwari- Vol. Linguistic Survey of India Vol. 8, Pt. 1 Indo-Aryan Family. North-Western Group. Specimens of Sindhī and Lahndā |publisher= Digital South Asia Library}}</ref><ref>For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see {{harvtxt|Rensch|1992|p=53}}; {{harvtxt|Masica|1991|pp=18–19}}; {{harvtxt|Shackle|1980|p=482|ps=: the term ''Hindko'' is a "collective label" which "embraces dialects of very different groups, not all of which are even geographically contiguous."}}. For the ethnic diversity, see {{harvtxt|Rensch|1992|pp=10–11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/51/43/60/51436058131979368214107509780343634713/silesr2010_012.pdf|title= Pahari and Pothwari:A sociolinguistic survey -Language classification |publisher= SIL International -2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.jkpahariboard.org/about.php |title= State Advisory Board for the development of Pahari Speaking People|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Government - Pahari Speaking People Board}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://ifpch.co.in/pdf/Research%20paper%20Paharis.pdf |title= Pahari Speaking People of Jammu and Kashmir|publisher= IPEC /}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jksocialwelfare.nic.in/pdf/acts/SO127.pdf |title= 4% Reservation for Pahari Speaking People of Jammu and Kashmir|publisher= IPEC /}}</ref>

== Language ==
Pahari is among the regional languages listed in the sixth schedule of the [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jklegislativeassembly.nic.in/Costitution_of_J%26K.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903234618/http://jklegislativeassembly.nic.in/Costitution_of_J%26K.pdf |archive-date=2014-09-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and it is one of the languages being promoted since 1978 by the [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://art.uok.edu.in/Main/Default.aspx|title=Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art Culture and Languages|publisher= Government Of Jammu and Kashmir }}</ref>
The Pahari varieties spoken in the mountainous parts of the Jammu region include [[Bhadarwahi language|Bhadarwahi]], [[Sarazi]], [[Bhalesi dialect|Bhalesi]], [[Padri dialect|Padri]] and [[Gaddi language|Gaddi]] practice distinct Pahari Culture and are more closely related to the Pahari languages spoken in [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite book| last = Kaul| first = Pritam Krishen| year = 2006| title = Pahāṛi and Other Tribal Dialects of Jammu| volume = 1| place = Delhi| publisher = Eastern Book Linkers| isbn = 8178541017}}</ref> A [[Western Pahari]] Corridor from majorly [[Shimla]] to [[ Jammu]] has also been proposed under the [[Aman ki Asha]] initiative to link the similar Western Pahari language-based areas of [[Himachal Pradesh]] to [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dreaming of peace dividends: Revival of Shimla-Murree linkages - Aman Ki Asha|url=http://amankiasha.com/dreaming-of-peace-dividends-revival-of-shimla-murree-linkages/|access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dreaming of peace dividends: Revival of Shimla-Murree linkages - The Wire|url=http://thewire.in/culture/india-pakistan-peace-shimla-murree-corridor/|access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref>

The other claiments of Pahari are [[Pahari-Pothwari]] speakers, which is a transitional dialect between Standard [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Lahnda]] varieties like [[Hindko]].<ref>{{Cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Problems of Classification in Pakistan Panjab| journal = Transactions of the Philological Society| date = 1979| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x| issn = 0079-1636| volume = 77| issue = 1| page = 201}}</ref> It is the most widely spoken language of the Pakistani territory of [[Azad Kashmir]], where it is predominant in all districts except the northernmost [[Neelam Valley]].<ref>{{Cite report| last1 = Lothers| first1 = Michael| last2 = Lothers| first2 = Laura| date = 2010| title = Pahari and Pothwari: A Sociolinguistic Survey| series = SIL Electronic Survey Reports| volume = 2010-012| url = https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/9130}}</ref> In Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, Pahari, also known under various local names such as ''Poonchi'' or ''Chibhali'', is spoken by approximately 1 million people<ref>{{e20|phr|Pahari–Pothwari}} This is an estimate from the year 2000.</ref> concentrated in the region between the [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] and [[Chenab]] rivers: most significantly in the districts of [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]] and [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]], to a lesser extent in neighbouring [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]] and [[Kupwara District|Kupwara]], as a result of the influx of refugees during the [[Partition of India|Partition]] of 1947 – scattered throughout the rest of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite thesis| last = Singh| first = Kuljit| date = 2014| title = Identity Formation and Assertion: A Study of Pahari Speaking Community of Jammu and Kashmir| type = PhD| institution = University of Jammu|hdl=10603/78359| url =https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/78359| page = 18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis| last = Bhat| first = Javeed Ahmad| date = 2014| title = Politics of Reservations: A Comparative Study of Gujjars and Paharis of Jammu and Kashmir| hdl = 10603/167183| type = PhD| institution = Aligarh Muslim University| at = ch. 1, pp. 38–44}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last = Kour| first = Updesh| chapter = Punchi| date = 2014| editor-last1 = Devy| editor-first1 = G. N.| editor-last2 = Koul| editor-first2 = Omkar N.| title = The Languages of Jammu & Kashmir| series = People's linguistic survey of India| volume = 12| publisher = Orient Blackswan| location = New Delhi| isbn = 978-81-250-5516-7| pages = 261–78}}</ref>

Close to 747,000 people in the United Kingdom also associate themselves with the Pahari-Pothwari and Mirpuri are spoken mother tongue in the UK behind English. The community popularly calls themselves Pahari-Pothwari and Mirpuri and is a diaspora community which migrated from Mirpur, Azad Kashmir in the 1960s after the creation of the Mangla Dam which caused the displacement of close to 110,000 people during that time.<ref>{{cite paper| last = Hussain| first = Serena| year = 2013| title =Missing from the 'minority mainstream': Pahari-speaking diaspora in Britain| journal = Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development| volume = 36| issue = 5| pages = 483–497| doi = 10.1080/01434632.2014.953539| s2cid = 55100616}}</ref>

==Scheduled Tribe status==
Since the 1970s there has been a movement promoting the recognition of a Pahari identity and advocating for the adoption of [[affirmative action]] policies towards this group.<ref>{{cite paper| last = Sharma| first = Malvika| year = 2020| title = Remaking of ethnic-boundaries: identity and religion among Sikhs in the borderland of Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir| journal = Asian Ethnicity| pages = 1–19| doi = 10.1080/14631369.2020.1811951}}</ref>

The Paharis have received some institutional support – for example, the Government of Jammu and Kashmir's State Advisory Board for the development of Pahari Speaking People has supported Pahari people's education since 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jksocialwelfare.nic.in/pdf/citizensw.pdf |title= Schemes State Advisory Board for the development of Pahari Speaking People|publisher= Social Welfare Department, Jammu and Kashmir Government -Pahari Speaking People Board}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.jkpahariboard.org/about.php |title= State Advisory Board for the development of Pahari Speaking People|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Government - Pahari Speaking People Board}}</ref> Nevertheless, core demands – like that for a [[Scheduled Tribe]] status and the associated affirmative action benefits – were not met. In 1989,  the Government of Jammu and Kashmir recommended to the Union Government of India that the Paharis of Kashmir should be granted such status,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pahari-speaking-people-meet-pm-with-st-status-demand/|title= Pahari Speaking People meet PM with ST status demand |publisher= Excelsior News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2014/kashmir20140121d.html|title= Pahari Community Reiterates Demand For ST Status|publisher= Jammu Kashmir Archives }}</ref> and this recommendation was reiterated in 1994 by the governor of Jammu and Kashmir and the chief ministers of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/110673-Govt-to-push-grant-of-ST-status-to-Pahari-community-Mufti-Mohammad-Sayeed|title= Govt push to grant ST status to Pahari community -Mufti |publisher= 5 Darya News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://earlytimesnews.com/newsdet.aspx?q=26388|title= CM promises ST status to Paharis|publisher= Early Times News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2014/kashmir20140121d.html|title= Pahari Community Reiterates Demand For ST Status| publisher= Jammu Kashmir Archives}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=2111|title= Scheduled Tribe Status for Paharis in J&K|publisher= IPCS News }}</ref>

[[Gujjars]] who are already enjoying  Scheduled Tribes status in Jammu and Kashmir since 1991 have opposed the grant of similar benefits to the Paharis with the argument that such a step will dilute the entire Scheduled Tribe status.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/gujjars-paharis-spar-over-tribe-status/story-uSxhetWAfvOSroqkr1rU0H.html |title= Gujjars, Paharis spar over tribe status |publisher= The Hindustan Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=63261 |title= J&K Gujjars meet Union Tribal Minister oppose ST status to Paharis |publisher= The Scoop News}}</ref>

In April 2020, the government of Jammu and Kashmir granted to "Pahari-speaking people" four percent reservation for direct recruitment and admission and distribution of seats in professional institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jksocialwelfare.nic.in/pdf/acts/SO127.pdf |title= Govt of Jammu and Kashmir ordered granting 4% Reservation for Pahari Speaking People of Jammu and Kashmir|publisher= IPEC}}</ref> This has sparked disagreements between representavies of the two unrelated "Pahari" communities – those of eastern Kashmir and those of mountains of western Jammu – as to which group of the two constitutes the "genuine Paharis" with a more disadvantaged status, and therefore stronger claim to receiving the benefits of the reservation policy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/nc-demands-pahari-status-to-erstwhile-doda-distt/|title= NC demands Pahari status to erstwhile Doda distt|publisher= Daily Excelsior Jammu | access-date = 1 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/row-over-decision-on-quota-issue-36965|title= Row over decision on quota issue Pakistan occupied Jammu and Kashmir refugees claim to be the 'real Paharis'|publisher= Daily Excelsior Jammu | access-date = 1 November 2020}}</ref>

==External links==
*[http://llmap.org/assets/maps/LinguisticSurveyIndia/wpah.png Map of Western Pahari languages] from [[G.A. Grierson|Grierson's]] early 20th-century [[Linguistic Survey of India]]

==See also==
* [[Western Pahari]]
* [[Lahnda]] (Western Punjabi)
* [[Mirpur District|Mirpuris]]
* [[Hindkowans]]
* [[Punjabis]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]

Pahari people (Kashmir) - Revision history

imported>Jamal047 at 22:49, 2 September 2021