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[[File:Padma Purana, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|A page from a ''Padma Purana'' manuscript (Sanskrit, Devanagari)]]<br />
{{Hindu scriptures}}<br />
The '''''Padma Purana''''' ({{lang-sa|पद्मपुराण or पाद्मपुराण}}, {{IAST|Padma-purāṇa}} or {{IAST|Pādma-purāṇa}}) is one of the eighteen [[Puranas#Mahapuranas|major Puranas]], a genre of texts in [[Hinduism]]. It is an encyclopedic text, named after the lotus in which creator god [[Brahma]] appeared, and includes large sections dedicated to [[Vishnu]], as well as significant sections on [[Shiva]] and [[Shakti]].{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|pp=239-240}}{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=206-214}}<br />
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The manuscripts of ''Padma Purana'' have survived into the modern era in numerous versions, of which two are major and significantly different, one traced to eastern and the other to western regions of India.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=18, 206-214}} It is one of the voluminous text, claiming to have 55,000 verses, with the actual surviving manuscripts showing about 50,000.{{Sfn|Wilson|1864|pp=29-35}}<ref>HH Wilson (1839), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25207518 Essays on the Puránas. II], The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 5, No. 2, pages 280-313</ref><br />
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The style of composition and textual arrangement suggest that it is likely a compilation of different parts written in different era by different authors.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=207-208}} The text includes sections on cosmology, mythology, genealogy, geography, rivers and seasons, temples and pilgrimage to numerous sites in India – notably to the [[Brahma Temple, Pushkar|Brahma temple in Pushkar]] Rajasthan,{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=208-209}} versions of story of [[Rama]] and [[Sita]] different from one found in [[Valmiki]]'s [[Ramayana]], festivals, glorification mainly of Vishnu but also in parts of Shiva and their worship, discussions on ethics and guest hospitality, [[Yoga]], theosophical discussion on [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul), [[Advaita]], [[Moksha]] and other topics.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=206-214}}{{Sfn|Wilson|1864|pp=29-35}}{{Sfn|K P Gietz|1992|pp=289, 820}}<br />
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There is Purana-style, but entirely different [[Jainism]] text that is also known as ''Padma Purana'' and includes a Jain version of the Ramayana.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=94-95, for context see 90-95 with footnotes}}{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=240}}<br />
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==History==<br />
The ''Padma Purana'', like other Puranas, exists in numerous versions.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=18, 206-214}}<ref name="Sharma2003GB141">{{cite book|author=Gregory Bailey|editor=Arvind Sharma|title=The Study of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC|year=2003|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-57003-449-7|pages=141–142}}</ref> One major recension, traced to Bengal region, has five ''khandas'' (parts, books) and an appendix, but has neither been published nor translated.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=18, 206-214}} The second major different recension, traced to western region of India, has six ''khandas'', is the adopted and oft-studied version since the colonial British India era.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=18, 206-214}} The Bengal edition is older.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=207}} The Bengal edition is notable in that the 39 chapters on Dharma-sastra are missing from the Sristikhanda book, in all versions of its manuscripts.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=207-208}}<br />
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The composition date of Padma Purana is unknown. Estimates vary between the 4th and 15th century CE.{{sfn|Vanita|2005|p=144}} Some parts of the text may be from the 750 to 1000 CE period.{{sfn|Doniger|2010|p=473}} The extant manuscripts and ones widely studied, states Wilson, is very likely to have been written or revised well after the 14th century, probably in the 15th or 16th century, because it describes later era major temple sites of south India and sites in the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].{{Sfn|Wilson|1864|pp=29-35}} No portion of the versions of the Padma Purana available in the 19th century, wrote Wilson, is "probably older than the 12th-century".{{Sfn|Wilson|1864|pp=29-35}} Asoke Chatterjee, in 1963, suggested that the text may have existed between the 3rd and 4th century CE, but the text was rewritten and greatly expanded over the centuries and through the second half of the 17th century.{{Sfn|K P Gietz|1992|pp=287 with notes 1572-1574, 290 with note 1586}}<br />
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Rocher states that the composition date of each Purana remains a contested issue.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=249}}{{Sfn|Gregory Bailey|2003|pp=139-141, 154-156}} Dimmitt and van Buitenen state that each of the Puranas manuscripts is encyclopedic in style, and it is difficult to ascertain when, where, why and by whom these were written:{{Sfn|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|p=5}}<br />
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{{Quote|<br />
As they exist today, the Puranas are a stratified literature. Each titled work consists of material that has grown by numerous accretions in successive historical eras. Thus no Purana has a single date of composition. (...) It is as if they were libraries to which new volumes have been continuously added, not necessarily at the end of the shelf, but randomly.<br />
|Cornelia Dimmitt and [[J. A. B. van Buitenen|J.A.B. van Buitenen]]|''Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas''{{Sfn|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|p=5}}}}<br />
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The Padma Purana categorizes itself as a [[Sattva]] Purana (one which represents goodness and purity).<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=H. H. |author-link=Horace Hayman Wilson |title=The Vishnu Purana: A system of Hindu mythology and tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgMxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR12 |year=1840 |publisher=Oriental Translation Fund|page=12}}</ref><br />
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==Contents==<br />
[[File:Hills around Pushkar, turn green during the Monsoon.jpg|thumb|The text describes [[Pushkar]], Rajasthan as a place for pilgrimage. The Brahma temple and lake in the text is to the left in the image.]]<br />
This text exists in two different versions (recensions), the Bengal and the west Indian. The Bengal recension consists of five ''khanda''s (sections): ''Shrishti Khanda'', ''Bhumi Khanda'', ''Svarga Khanda'', ''Patala Khanda'' and ''Uttara Khanda''.<ref name=":0" /> The latter recension consists of six ''khanda''s: ''Adi Khanda'' (also known as the ''Svarga Khanda'' in some printed editions), ''Bhumi Khanda'', ''Brahma Khanda'', ''Patala Khanda'', ''Srishti Khanda'' and ''Uttara Khanda''. The ''Bhumi Khanda'' of the Bengal recension contains additional thirteen chapters, while the ''Patala Khanda'' of this recension contains thirty-one additional chapters. The ''Srishti Khanda'' can be divided into two parts and the second part is not found in the Bengal recension.<ref name=":0">Hazra, R.C. (1962). ''The Puranas'' in S. Radhakrishnan ed. ''The Cultural Heritage of India'', Calcutta: The Ramkrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Vol.II, {{ISBN|81-85843-03-1}}, p.261</ref><br />
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The first eighteen chapters of the first part (''khanda'') of the text is notable for its description of lake [[Pushkar]], near Ajmer in Rajasthan as a Brahma pilgrimage site, followed by chapters with Vishnu-oriented presentation.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=208-209}}<br />
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The second part of the text is called Bhumikhanda, and is largely a book of legends woven into a pilgrimage guide.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=208-209}} The third part of the text, called Svargakhanda, presents [[cosmology]], geography of India, its rivers and description of places.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=208-209}}<br />
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The fourth part of the text, called Brahmakhanda, glorifies Vishnu, discusses seasons, festivals such as one dedicated to goddess [[Radha]], rituals and Tulasi plant.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=208-209}} The fifth part of the text, called Patalakhanda, presents [[Rama]] as an avatar of Vishnu, [[Sita]] as an avatar of [[Lakshmi]], and presents a version of their story that is different from one found in the Valmiki's [[Ramayana]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=209}} The fifth part also includes chapters where Shiva and [[Parvati]] discuss the character of [[Krishna]], as well as significant collection of chapters which glorify Shiva.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=209-211}}<br />
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The last part, called Uttarakhanda, contains legends and mythology associated with Indian festivals, eighteen chapters called as ''Gita Mahatmya'', followed by chapters of ''Bhagavata Mahatmya'' and ''Shiva Gita'', discussion of soul and liberation, quotes from the [[Upanishad]]s, [[Yoga]] and the [[Advaita Vedanta]] doctrines.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=211-213}} The text, in some versions of the manuscripts, ends with ''Kriya-yogasara'' which is a discussion of ethics and hospitality to guests.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=213}}<br />
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==Other texts with same title==<br />
Several purana-like texts of other Indian religions such as [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]] are also known as Padma Purana. These include the ''Padma-purana'' (also called ''Padma-caritam'') by the 7th century Ravisena of the Digambara tradition of Jainism, written in Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kodaganallur Ramaswami Srinivasa Iyengar|title=Asian Variations in Ramayana: Papers Presented at the International Seminar on 'Variations in Ramayana in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CU92nFk5fU4C|year=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1809-3|pages=58, 70}}</ref> Other texts with same name include those by (Balabhadrapurana) or Raidhu (15th century), the Padma-purana of Somadeva (1600), the Padma-purana of Dharmakirti (1612), the Padma-purana of Bhattaraka Candrakirti (c. 17th century), and two undated texts by Candrasagara and by Sricandra. These belong to the [[Apabhraṃśa]] genre of Indian literature.<ref>Devi Prasada Mishra, cited in Kodaganallur Ramaswami Srinivasa Iyengar, ''Asian variations in Ramayana'', Sahitya Akademi (2006) {{ISBN|9788126018093}}, p. 61.</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
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===Bibliography===<br />
*{{cite book|author=Gregory Bailey|editor=Arvind Sharma|title=The Study of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC| year=2003| publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-57003-449-7}}<br />
* {{cite book | last1 = Dimmitt | first1 = Cornelia | first2 = J. A. B. |last2 = van Buitenen | title = Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC| publisher = Temple University Press (1st Edition: 1977) | year = 2012 | isbn =978-1-4399-0464-0 }}<br />
* {{Citation | last =Doniger | first =Wendy | year =2010 | title =The Hindus: An Alternative History | publisher =Oxford University Press }}<br />
*{{cite book|first = Rosen|last= Dalal|year= 2014|title= Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide| publisher= Penguin|isbn= 978-8184752779| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC }}<br />
*{{cite book|author=K P Gietz|display-authors=etal|title=Epic and Puranic Bibliography (Up to 1985) Annoted and with Indexes: Part I: A - R, Part II: S - Z, Indexes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgpLBpUCufwC |year= 1992|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-03028-1}}<br />
*{{Cite book|first=Ludo |last=Rocher| year= 1986| author-link= Ludo Rocher| title= The Puranas| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn= 978-3447025225}}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Ruth| last= Vanita| title=Love's Rite |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofDIAAAAQBAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4039-8160-8}}<br />
*{{cite book |last= Wilson |first=H. H. |author-link= Horace Hayman Wilson|title=Puranas |year=1864 | url = https://archive.org/stream/puranasoraccount00wils#page/28/mode/2up |isbn=1-84664-664-2}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-padma-purana The Padma Purana] English translation by N. A. Deshpande, 1951 (includes glossary)<br />
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854846 Ethics and Sociology of Politics in some of the Puranas] VR Varma (1978), The Indian Journal of Political Science (discusses Padma Purana)<br />
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25207518 Essays on the Puránas. II] HH Wilson (1839), ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland'' (discusses pilgrimage in Padma Purana)<br />
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