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{{Islam}}
Different Muslim movements through history had linked pacifism with [[Muslim theology]].<ref name="Osborn2011">{{cite book|author=Emily Lynn Osborn|title=Our New Husbands Are Here: Households, Gender, and Politics in a West African State from the Slave Trade to Colonial Rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vFHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|date=10 October 2011|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-4397-2|pages=18–}}</ref><ref name="Müller2013">{{cite book|author=Louise Müller|title=Religion and Chieftaincy in Ghana: An Explanation of the Persistence of a Traditional Political Institution in West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T890Drkv9AoC&pg=PA207|year=2013|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-90360-0|pages=207–}}</ref><ref>An American Witness to India's Partition by Phillips Talbot Year (2007)</ref> However, [[Islam and war|warfare]] has been an integral part of Islamic history both for the defense and the spread of the faith since the time of [[Muhammad]].<ref>https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300198171/islamic-imperialism</ref><ref>Lews, Bernard, Islam and the West, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 9–10</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last=Hoyland| first=Robert G. | author-link=Robert G. Hoyland | title=In God's Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvmKBAAAQBAJ| year=2014| publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-991636-8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last = Kaegi | first = Walter E. | author-link=Walter Kaegi | title = Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests | publisher = Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IvPVEb17uzkC| year = 1995 | isbn = 9780521484558 }}</ref>

[[Peace in Islamic philosophy|Peace is an important aspect of Islam]], and Muslims are encouraged to strive for peace and peaceful solutions to all problems. However, most Muslims are generally not pacifists, as the teachings in the Qur'an and Hadith allow for wars to be fought if they can be justified.<ref>{{cite web|title=What does pacifism mean in Islam?|url=https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zfnv87h/revision/7|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=August 23, 2019}}</ref> According to James Turner Johnson, there is no normative tradition of [[pacifism]] in Islam.<ref name="Johnson2010">{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=James Turner|title=Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IoEjpRsvuzUC&pg=PA20|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=978-0-271-04214-5|pages=20–25|chapter=1}}</ref>

Prior to the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] travel Muhammad struggled non-violently against his opposition in Mecca.<ref name="cultures">Boulding, Elise. "Cultures of Peace: The Hidden Side of History", p. 57</ref> It was not until after the exile that the [[Muhammad's first revelation|Quranic revelations]] began to adopt a more [[Islam and violence|offensive perspective]].<ref>Howard, Lawrence. "Terrorism: Roots, Impact, Responses", p. 48</ref> Fighting in self-defense is not only legitimate but considered obligatory upon Muslims, according to the Qur'an. The Qur'an, however, says that should the enemy's hostile behavior cease, then the reason for engaging the enemy also lapses.<ref name =afsaruddin>Afsaruddin, Asma (2007). ''Views of Jihad Throughout History''. Religion Compass 1 (1), pp. 165–69.</ref>

==History==
[[File:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.jpg|thumb|I am going to give you such a weapon that the police and the army will not be able to stand against it. It is the weapon of the Prophet, but you are not aware of it. That weapon is patience and righteousness. No power on earth can stand against it.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070701052717/http://www.forusa.org/fellowship/sept-oct-04/abu-nimer.html Nonviolence in the Islamic Context by Mohammed Abu Nimer 2004]</ref> — [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]]]]
[[File:Badshah Khan.jpg|thumb|[[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] with [[Mahatma Gandhi]].]]
{{See|Peace in Islamic philosophy|Sufism|Ahmadiyya|Egyptian Revolution of 1919|Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan|Khudai Khidmatgar}}

Prior to the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] travel, [[Muhammad]] struggled [[Nonviolence|non-violently]] against his opposition in Mecca,<ref name="cultures">Boulding, Elise. "Cultures of Peace: The Hidden Side of History", p. 57</ref> providing a basis for Islamic pacifist schools of thought such as some [[Sufism|Sufi orders]] and the [[Ahmadiyya]] movement.<ref name="Hafez">{{cite book|last=Hafez |first=Kai|title=Radicalism and Political Reform in the Islamic and Western Worlds|date=2010|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-139-48904-1|page=208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkIxwQocXacC&pg=PA208}}</ref> [[Islam and war|Warfare]] in defense of the faith has also been part of [[Muslim]] history since the time of Muhammad,<ref name="Johnson2010">{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=James Turner|title=Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IoEjpRsvuzUC&pg=PA20|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=978-0-271-04214-5|pages=20–25|chapter=1}}</ref> with [[Islam and violence|violence]] mentioned in [[Quran]]ic revelations after his exile from Mecca.<ref>Howard, Lawrence. ''Terrorism: Roots, Impact, Responses'', p. 48</ref>

In the 13th century, [[Salim Suwari]] a philosopher in Islam, came up with a peaceful approach to Islam known as the [[Suwarian tradition]].<ref name="Osborn2011">{{cite book|author=Emily Lynn Osborn|title=Our New Husbands Are Here: Households, Gender, and Politics in a West African State from the Slave Trade to Colonial Rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vFHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|date=10 October 2011|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-4397-2|pages=18–}}</ref><ref name="Müller2013">{{cite book|author=Louise Müller|title=Religion and Chieftaincy in Ghana: An Explanation of the Persistence of a Traditional Political Institution in West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T890Drkv9AoC&pg=PA207|year=2013|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-90360-0|pages=207–}}</ref>

The Senegalese sufi sheykh [[Amadou Bamba]] (1850–1927) spearheaded a non-violent resistance movement against French colonialism in West Africa. Amadou Bamba repeatedly rejected calls for jihad against the Europeans, preaching hard work, piety and education as the best means to resist the oppression and exploitation of his people.

The earliest massive non-violent implementation of [[civil disobedience]] was brought about by [[Egyptians]] against British occupation in the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1919]].<ref name="Egypt">{{Citation|title=Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective|author=Zunes, Stephen (1999:42)|publisher=Blackwell Publishing}}</ref> [[Saad Zaghloul|Zaghloul Pasha]], considered the mastermind behind this massive civil disobedience, was a native middle-class, [[Al-Azhar University|Azhar]] graduate, political activist, judge, parliamentary and ex-Cabinet Minister whose leadership brought Muslim and Christian communities together as well as women into the massive protests. Along with his companions of [[Wafd Party]], who started campaigning in 1914, they have achieved independence of Egypt and a first constitution in 1923.

According to Margaret Chatterjee, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was influenced by [[Sufi Islam]]. She states that Gandhi was acquainted with the Sufi [[Chishti Order]], whose [[Khanqah]] gatherings he attended, and was influenced by Sufi values such as humility, selfless devotion, identification with the poor, belief in human brotherhood, the oneness of God, and the concept of [[Fana (Sufism)|Fana]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=Margaret|title=Gandhi and the Challenge of Religious Diversity: Religious Pluralism Revisited|date=2005 |publisher=Bibliophile South Asia|isbn=9788185002460|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_06rcmT0b7UC&pg=PA119}}</ref> David Hardiman notes that Gandhi's garb was similar that of Sufi [[Pir (Sufism)|pirs]] and [[fakir]]s, which was also noted by [[Winston Churchill]] when he compared Gandhi to a fakir.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardiman|first=David |title=Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas|date=2003|publisher=C. Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-711-8|page=171|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWYV5qYZ3-oC&pg=PA171}}</ref> According to Amitabh Pal, Gandhi followed a strand of Hinduism that bore similarities to Sufi Islam.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fiala|first=Andrew|title=The Routledge Handbook of Pacifism and Nonviolence|date=2018|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-27197-0|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y35KDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT94}}</ref> During the [[Indian independence movement]], several Muslim organizations played a key role in nonviolent resistance against British imperialism, including Khān Abdul Ghaffār Khān and his followers, as well as the [[All-India Muslim League]] led by [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]].

[[Khān Abdul Ghaffār Khān]] (6 February 1890 – 20 January 1988) ({{lang-ps|خان عبدالغفار خان}}), nicknamed Bāchā Khān (Pashto: {{lang|ps|باچا خان}}, lit. "king of [[Khan (title)|chiefs]]") or Pāchā Khān ({{lang|ps|پاچا خان}}), was a [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] [[Indian independence movement|independence activist]] against the rule of the [[British Raj]]. He was a political and spiritual leader known for his [[nonviolence|nonviolent]] opposition, and a lifelong [[pacifism|pacifist]] and devout [[Muslim]].<ref>An American Witness to India's Partition by Phillips Talbot Year (2007) Sage Publications {{ISBN|978-0-7619-3618-3}}</ref> A close friend of [[Mohandas Gandhi]], Bacha Khan was nicknamed the "Frontier Gandhi" in [[British India]].<ref name="RazaAhmad1990">{{cite book|last1=Raza|first1=Moonis|last2=Ahmad|first2=Aijazuddin|title=An Atlas of Tribal India: With Computed Tables of District-level Data and Its Geographical Interpretation|year=1990|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170222866|page=1}}</ref> Bacha Khan founded the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]] ("Servants of God") movement in 1929, whose success triggered a harsh crackdown by the [[British Empire]] against him and his supporters, and they suffered some of the most severe repression of the Indian independence movement.<ref name="Zartman">{{cite book |last=Zartman |first=I. William |author-link=I. William Zartman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fyUV8NnlXhEC&pg=PA284/ |title=Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods & Techniques |year=2007 |publisher=US Institute of Peace Press |isbn=978-1-929223-66-4 |page=284 |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref> Khan strongly opposed the [[All-India Muslim League]]'s demand for the [[partition of India]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica-Abdul Ghaffar Khan">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232353/Khan-Abdul-Ghaffar-Khan |title=Abdul Ghaffar Khan|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=24 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="iloveindia.com -Abdul Ghaffar Khan">{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/abdul-ghaffar-khan.html |title=Abdul Ghaffar Khan|publisher=I Love India|access-date=24 September 2008}}</ref> When the [[Indian National Congress]] declared its acceptance of the partition plan without consulting the Khudai Khidmatgar leaders, he felt very sad and told the Congress "you have thrown us to the wolves."<ref name="icdc.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/pakistan/pashtunistan.htm#pashtunistanpoliticsPakistan: |title=Partition and Military Succession Documents from the U.S. National Archives |publisher=Icdc.com |access-date=2016-09-04}}</ref> After partition, Badshah Khan pledged allegiance to [[Pakistan]] and demanded an autonomous "[[Pashtunistan]]" administrative unit within the country, but he was frequently arrested by the Pakistani government between 1948 and 1954. In 1956, he was again arrested for his opposition to the [[One Unit]] program, under which the government announced to merge the former provinces of [[West Punjab]], [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sindh]], [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Chief Commissioner's Province of Balochistan]], and [[Baluchistan States Union]] into one single polity of [[West Pakistan]]. Badshah Khan also spent much of the 1960s and 1970s either in jail or in exile. Upon his death in 1988 in [[Peshawar]] under house arrest, following his will, he was buried at his house in [[Jalalabad, Afghanistan|Jalalabad]], [[Afghanistan]]. Tens of thousands of mourners attended his funeral, marching through the [[Khyber Pass]] from Peshawar to Jalalabad, although it was marred by two bomb explosions killing 15 people. Despite the heavy fighting at the time, both sides of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|communist army]] and the [[Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen|mujahideen]], declared a ceasefire to allow his burial.<ref name="nytimes">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE4DA1E3BF930A15752C0A96E948260 January 23, 1988] edition of the ''[[New York Times]]''</ref>

The Palestinian activist [[Nafez Assaily]] has been notable for his [[bookmobile]] service in [[Hebron]] dubbed "Library on Wheels for Nonviolence and Peace",<ref name="dV">Minke De Vries, ''Verso una gratuità feconda. L'avventura ecumenica di Grandchamp'', Paoline, 2008 p.173</ref> and hailed as a "creative Muslim exponent of non-violent activism".<ref>Jerry Levin'',West Bank Diary: Middle East Violence as Reported by a Former American Hostage'', Hope Publishing House, Pasadena, California 2005 p.xx</ref>

The [[First Intifada]] began in 1987 initially as a nonviolent civil disobedience movement.<ref>Ruth Margolies Beitler, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FVd5dJGBYMsC&pg=PR11 ''The Path to Mass Rebellion: An Analysis of Two Intifadas''], Lexington Books, 2004 p.xi.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor1-last=Roberts |editor1-first=Adam |editor1-link=Adam Roberts (scholar) |editor2-last=Garton Ash |editor2-first=Timothy |editor2-link=Timothy Garton Ash |year=2009 |title=Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present |location=Oxford |publisher=University Press |isbn=978-0-19-955201-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxOQKrCe7UUC |ref=RobertsGartonAsh2009}}</ref> It consisted of [[general strikes]], [[boycott]]s of [[Israeli Civil Administration]] institutions in the [[Gaza Strip]] and the [[West Bank]], an economic [[boycott]] consisting of refusal to work in [[Israeli settlement]]s on Israeli products, refusal to pay taxes, refusal to drive Palestinian cars with Israeli licenses, [[graffiti]], and [[barricade|barricading]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/1987.stm BBC: A History of Conflict]</ref><ref>Walid Salem, 'Human Security from Below: Palestinian Citizens Protection Strategies, 1988–2005,' in Monica den Boer, Jaap de Wilde (eds.), ''The Viability of Human Security'', Amsterdam University Press, 2008 pp. 179–201 p. 190.</ref> Pearlman attributes the non-violent character of the uprising to the movement's internal organization and its capillary outreach to neighborhood committees that ensured that lethal revenge would not be the response even in the face of Israeli state repression.<ref name=pearlman>Wendy Pearlman, ''Violence, Nonviolence, and the Palestinian National Movement'', Cambridge University Press 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Rn3CgDAymEC&pg=PG114 p. 107].</ref>

==See also==
*[[Peace in Islamic philosophy]]
*[[Islam and violence]]
*[[Civil resistance]]
*[[Nonviolent resistance]]
*[[Religion of Peace]]

==Further reading==
*Ferguson, John. "War and Peace in the World's Religion", 1978

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Islam and politics]]
[[Category:Pacifism]]
[[Category:Muslim pacifists|*]]
[[Category:Islam and violence]]

Pacifism in Islam - Revision history

imported>Citation bot: Alter: isbn. Add: chapter-url. Removed or converted URL. Upgrade ISBN10 to ISBN13. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by BrownHairedGirl | Linked from User:BrownHairedGirl/Articles_with_bare_links | #UCB_webform_linked 950/1358