Paṭṭiṉappālai - Revision history

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	{{Sangam literature}}		{{Short description\|Ancient Tamil poem in Sangam literature}}
	~~{{italic~~}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2020}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=August 2020}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=August 2020}}
			{{italic title}}
			[[File:Ancient tamilakam ports.png\|thumb\|right\|upright=1.1\|The ''Pattinappalai'' describes the Kaveripumpattinam and Chola kingdom in the above map.]]
			{{Sangam literature}}
	__NOTOC__		__NOTOC__
	'''''Paṭṭiṉappālai''''' ({{~~lang-~~ta\|பட்டினப் பாலை}}) is a [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] poem in the ancient [[Sangam literature]].{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=29, 57}} It contains 301 lines, of which 296 lines are about the port city of ~~Kaveripattinam~~, the [[Early Cholas\|early Chola]] kingdom and the Chola king [[Karikalan]].{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=57–58}} The remaining 5 lines are on the proposed separation by a man who wants to move there and the separation pain of his wife who would miss her husband's love.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=57–58}} Of the 301 lines, 153 are in the ''vanci'' meter and the rest are in ''akaval''.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1974\|p=22}} It is sometimes referred to as '''''Vancinetumpattu''''', or the "long song in the vanci meter".{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1974\|p=22}} The poem was composed by [[Kadiyalur Uruttirangannanar\|Katiyalur Uruttirankannanar]],{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1974\|p=22}} sometime around 1st century and 2nd century CE,<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ayyar\|first=C. P. Venkatarama\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ASr9CVOlOYC~~&pg=PA1~~&dq=info:0B46z76QEqsJ:scholar.google.com/\|title=Town Planning in Ancient Dekkan\|date=1994\|publisher=Asian Educational Services\|isbn=978-81-206-0972-3\|language=en}}</ref> states Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature scholar.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1974\|p=22}}{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|p=42 Chart 4}}		'''''Paṭṭiṉappālai''''' ({{langx\|ta\|பட்டினப் பாலை}}) is a [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] poem in the ancient [[Sangam literature]].{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=29, 57}} It contains 301 lines, of which 296 lines are about the port city of [[Puhar, Mayiladuthurai\|Kaveripoompattinam]], the [[Early Cholas\|early Chola]] kingdom and the Chola king [[Karikalan]].{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=57–58}} The remaining 5 lines are on the proposed separation by a man who wants to move there and the separation pain of his wife who would miss her husband's love.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=57–58}} Of the 301 lines, 153 are in the ''vanci'' meter and the rest are in ''akaval''.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1974\|p=22}} It is sometimes referred to as '''''Vancinetumpattu''''', or the "long song in the vanci meter".{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1974\|p=22}} The poem was composed by [[Kadiyalur Uruttirangannanar\|Katiyalur Uruttirankannanar]],{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1974\|p=22}} sometime around 1st century and 2nd century CE,<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ayyar\|first=C. P. Venkatarama\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ASr9CVOlOYC&dq=info:0B46z76QEqsJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PA1\|title=Town Planning in Ancient Dekkan\|date=1994\|publisher=Asian Educational Services\|isbn=978-81-206-0972-3\|language=en}}</ref> states Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature scholar.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1974\|p=22}}{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|p=42 Chart 4}} There are mentions of [[Mahalakshmi]] painted on walls and considered her as the goddess of fortune and wealth. The poem explains that the high and strong walls of the city secure the king where [[Mahalakshmi]] sits enthroned.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://archive.org/details/pattupattutentamilidyllschelliahj.v._108_Q/page/46/mode/2up \| title=Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V. }}</ref><ref>Paṭṭiṉappālai lines 360 to 370</ref> There are mentions in ''Paṭṭiṉappālai'' that many Tamilians worshiped tall pillars or posts as [[Vishnu\|Mayon (Vishnu)]].<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://archive.org/details/pattupattutentamilidyllschelliahj.v._108_Q/page/n81/mode/2up \| title=Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V. }}</ref> There are Many mentions of Maha Vishnu throughout the poem.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://archive.org/details/pattupattutentamilidyllschelliahj.v._108_Q/page/26/mode/2up \| title=Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V. }}</ref> There are temples present even now, where [[Vishnu\|Maha Vishnu]] is worshiped in a pillar form. A well known example is the [[Kaliyuga Varadaraja Perumal Temple]].<ref name=dinamalar>[https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1132, Dinamalar Temples, Kaliyuga Varadaraja Perumal Temple]</ref> It mentions the worship of [[Vishnu\|Maha Vishnu]], [[Lakshmi\|Mahalakshmi]] and [[Murugan]].{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=57–58}}{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|pp=17–20}}{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|p=33}} [[Muruga]] was worshiped as the red god and the god of war.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://archive.org/details/pattupattutentamilidyllschelliahj.v._108_Q/page/38/mode/2up \| title=Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V. }}</ref>

	~~[[File:Ancient tamilakam ports.png\|thumb\|left\|upright=1.5\|The ''Pattinappalai'' describes the Kaveripumpattinam and Chola kingdom in the above map.]]~~
	The title ''Pattinappalai'' is combination of two words, ''pattinam'' (city) and ''palai'' (desert, metonymically "separation, love division").{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|p=17}}{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|p=57}} The poem has a lengthy initial section on the harbor capital city of the ancient Cholas, Kaveripattinam, also referred to as Kavirippattinam, Kaveripumpattinam, Pugar, [[Puhar, Nagapattinam\|Puhar]], or Kakanthi.{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|pp=17–19}} This section contains a vivid description of a busy maritime coastal city, the big ships, the fishermen, the markets, its festivals and feasts, and the people. The lines about the lover's separation appear in lines 261–264 and lines 379–382.{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|p=17}} Between these, is the description of the generous Chola king and the kingdom. The husband is so moved by his wife's inconsolable pain that he postpones his move.{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|p=17}}		The title ''Pattinappalai'' is combination of two words, ''pattinam'' (city) and ''palai'' (desert, metonymically "separation, love division").{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|p=17}}{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|p=57}} The poem has a lengthy initial section on the harbor capital city of the ancient Cholas, Kaveripattinam, also referred to as Kavirippattinam, Kaveripumpattinam, Pugar, [[Puhar, Nagapattinam\|Puhar]], or Kakanthi.{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|pp=17–19}} This section contains a vivid description of a busy maritime coastal city, the big ships, the fishermen, the markets, its festivals and feasts, and the people. The lines about the lover's separation appear in lines 261–264 and lines 379–382.{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|p=17}} Between these, is the description of the generous Chola king and the kingdom. The husband is so moved by his wife's inconsolable pain that he postpones his move.{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|p=17}}

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	The ''Pattinappalai'' gives a window into the ethical premises that were idealised by the ancient Tamil society in the Chola kingdom. The peaceful lives of the people is thus described, according to JV Chellaih:{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|p=41}}		The ''Pattinappalai'' gives a window into the ethical premises that were idealised by the ancient Tamil society in the Chola kingdom. The peaceful lives of the people is thus described, according to JV Chellaih:{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|p=41}}

	{{~~Quote~~\|		{{Blockquote\|
	<poem>		<poem>
	Quite free and happy are their lives		Quite free and happy are their lives
Line 36:		Line 37:
	For the merchants plying their trade, some of the lines in this poem state:		For the merchants plying their trade, some of the lines in this poem state:

	{{~~Quote~~\|		{{Blockquote\|
	<poem>		<poem>
	They speak the truth and deem it shame		They speak the truth and deem it shame
Line 48:		Line 49:
	\|''Pattinappalai 245–251''{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|p=41}}}}		\|''Pattinappalai 245–251''{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|p=41}}}}

	{{~~Quote~~\|		{{Blockquote\|
	<poem>		<poem>
	The borders of the city with great fame		The borders of the city with great fame
Line 60:		Line 61:

	The yields of river Kāviri, food items from		The yields of river Kāviri, food items from
	Eelam, products made in Burma, and many		Eelam, products made in [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D#Proper_Noun Burma (Kedah)], and many
	rare and big things are piled up together on		rare and big things are piled up together on
	the wide streets, bending the land under.		the wide streets, bending the land under.
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	\|''Pattinappalai 183-193''{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|p=40}}}}		\|''Pattinappalai 183-193''{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|p=40}}}}

	This ancient poem regained popularity during 9th to 12th century CE, the later Chola empire, when the court poets used it glorify the ancient heritage and success of the dynasty centuries ago.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=57–58}} It is quoted in Tamil literature and temple inscriptions composed during the 11th and 12th century.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=57–58}} The ''Pattinappalai'' is notable for its mention of the early Chola kingdom as a cosmopolitan region, where ~~Buddhist,~~ Hindu and Jain monasteries and communities co-existed. It mentions the worship of [[Murugan]].{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=57–58}}{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|pp=17–20}}{{refn\|group=note\|Others gods and goddesses are also mentioned. For example, Lakshmi is mentioned in lines 44–46.{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|p=33}}}}		This ancient poem regained popularity during 9th to 12th century CE, the later Chola empire, when the court poets used it glorify the ancient heritage and success of the dynasty centuries ago.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=57–58}} It is quoted in Tamil literature and temple inscriptions composed during the 11th and 12th century.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=57–58}} The ''Pattinappalai'' is notable for its mention of the early Chola kingdom as a cosmopolitan region, where Hindu and Jain monasteries and communities co-existed.

	According to scholars such as Miksic, Yian, Meenakshisundararajan and others, the ''Pattinappalai'' is an early textual evidence of the significance of overseas trade that economically and culturally linked Tamil regions with southeast Asian communities in Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia.<ref>{{cite book\|author1=John Norman Miksic\|author2=Goh Geok Yian\|title=Ancient Southeast Asia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8tCDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT512\|year=2016\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-1-317-27903-7\|pages=512–513}}</ref><ref name="KulkeKesavapany2009">{{cite book\|author=A Meenakshisundararajan\|editor=Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja\|title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2swhCXJVRzwC \|year=2009 \|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies\|isbn=978-981-230-937-2\|pages=169–174}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=K. Rajan\|editor=Pierre-Yves Manguin, A. Mani and Geoff Wade\|title=Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ni9AlOLTFZYC \|year=2011\|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies\|isbn=978-981-4345-10-1\|pages=187–189}}</ref> One of the trade destinations "Kadaram" in this poem has long been proposed to be the same as modern [[Kedah]] in Malaysia, starting with the proposal of K A Nilakanta Sastri in his ''History of Sri Vijaya''.<ref>{{cite journal\| title= Excavations in Kedah and Province Wellesley, 1957\| author =Michael Sullivan\| journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society\| volume=31\| number=1\| year=1958\| pages= 188–219\|jstor= 41503132}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|title= Notes on Ancient Times in Malaya (Continued)\| author= Roland Braddell\| journal = Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society\| volume=22 \| number=1\| year=1949\| pages= 1–24\|jstor=41560491}}</ref> The poem is also an early record attesting to the cultural practice of dedicating memorial [[Hero stone]]s in South India (lines 88–89).<ref>{{cite book\|author1=Gwen Robbins Schug\|author2=Subhash R. Walimbe\|title=A Companion to South Asia in the Past\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xv-CwAAQBAJ \|year=2016\|publisher=John Wiley & Sons\|isbn=978-1-119-05547-1\|pages=312–315}}</ref>{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|pp=21, 35}}		According to scholars such as Miksic, Yian, Meenakshisundararajan and others, the ''Pattinappalai'' is an early textual evidence of the significance of overseas trade that economically and culturally linked Tamil regions with southeast Asian communities in Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia.<ref>{{cite book\|author1-link=John N. Miksic\|author1=John Norman Miksic\|author2=Goh Geok Yian\|title=Ancient Southeast Asia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8tCDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT512\|year=2016\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-1-317-27903-7\|pages=512–513}}</ref><ref name="KulkeKesavapany2009">{{cite book\|author=A Meenakshisundararajan\|editor=Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja\|title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2swhCXJVRzwC \|year=2009 \|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies\|isbn=978-981-230-937-2\|pages=169–174}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=K. Rajan\|editor=Pierre-Yves Manguin, A. Mani and Geoff Wade\|title=Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ni9AlOLTFZYC \|year=2011\|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies\|isbn=978-981-4345-10-1\|pages=187–189}}</ref> One of the trade destinations "Kadaram" in this poem has long been proposed to be the same as modern [[Kedah]] in Malaysia, starting with the proposal of K A Nilakanta Sastri in his ''History of Sri Vijaya''.<ref>{{cite journal\| title= Excavations in Kedah and Province Wellesley, 1957\| author =Michael Sullivan\| journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society\| volume=31\| number=1\| year=1958\| pages= 188–219\|jstor= 41503132}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|title= Notes on Ancient Times in Malaya (Continued)\| author= Roland Braddell\| journal = Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society\| volume=22 \| number=1\| year=1949\| pages= 1–24\|jstor=41560491}}</ref> The poem is also an early record attesting to the cultural practice of dedicating memorial [[Hero stone]]s in South India (lines 88–89).<ref>{{cite book\|author1=Gwen Robbins Schug\|author2=Subhash R. Walimbe\|title=A Companion to South Asia in the Past\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xv-CwAAQBAJ \|year=2016\|publisher=John Wiley & Sons\|isbn=978-1-119-05547-1\|pages=312–315}}</ref>{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|pp=21, 35}}

	==See also==		==See also==
Line 81:		Line 82:

	===Bibliography===		===Bibliography===
	{{~~ref begin~~\|30em}}		{{refbegin\|30em}}
	*{{cite book\|author= JV Chelliah\|title= Pattupattu - Ten Tamil Idylls (Tamil Verses with Englilsh Translation)\| year= 1946\|url = https://archive.org/details/PattupattuTenTamilIdylls_20180715/page/n1\| publisher= Tamil University (1985 print)}}		*{{cite book\|author= JV Chelliah\|title= Pattupattu - Ten Tamil Idylls (Tamil Verses with Englilsh Translation)\| year= 1946\|url = https://archive.org/details/PattupattuTenTamilIdylls_20180715/page/n1\| publisher= Tamil University (1985 print)}}
	* {{cite book \|author=Edward Jewitt Robinson \|title=Tamil Wisdom: Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages and Selections from Their Writings \|year=2001 \|publisher=Asian Educational Services \|location = New Delhi}}
	* Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)		* Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
	* {{cite book\|title=Tamil Literature\|last=Pillai\|first=M. S. Purnalingam\|year=1994\|pages=115\|publisher=Asian Educational Services\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&pg=PA115\|isbn=81-206-0955-7}}
	* {{cite book\|title=The archaeology of seafaring in ancient South Asia\|last=Ray\|first=Himanshu Prabha \|year=2003\|publisher=Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge\|location=Cambridge\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iHHzP4uVpn4C \|isbn=9780521011099}}
	* Selby, Martha Ann (2011) Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press, {{ISBN\|9780231150651}}		* Selby, Martha Ann (2011) Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press, {{ISBN\|9780231150651}}
	*{{cite book\|author=Takanobu Takahashi\|title=Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgCHuVGyZoEC\|year=1995\|publisher=BRILL Academic\|isbn=90-04-10042-3}}
	* {{cite book\|author=Kamil Zvelebil\|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ\|year=1973\|publisher=BRILL\|isbn=90-04-03591-5}}		* {{cite book\|author=Kamil Zvelebil\|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ\|year=1973\|publisher=BRILL\|isbn=90-04-03591-5}}
	* {{cite book\|author=Kamil Zvelebil\|title=Tamil Literature\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC\|year=1974\| publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag\|isbn= 978-3-447-01582-0}}		* {{cite book\|author=Kamil Zvelebil\|title=Tamil Literature\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC\|year=1974\| publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag\|isbn= 978-3-447-01582-0}}
	* {{cite book\|title=Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature\|last=Zvelebil\|first=Kamil\|author-link=Kamil Zvelebil\|year=1992\|pages=73\|publisher=BRILL\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC&pg=PA73\|isbn=90-04-09365-6}}
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}
			{{Tamil language}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Pattinappaalai}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Pattinappaalai}}
	~~{{Tamil language}}~~

	[[Category:Sangam literature]]		[[Category:Sangam literature]]

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{{Sangam literature}}
{{italic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
__NOTOC__
'''''Paṭṭiṉappālai''''' ({{lang-ta|பட்டினப் பாலை}}) is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poem in the ancient [[Sangam literature]].{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=29, 57}} It contains 301 lines, of which 296 lines are about the port city of Kaveripattinam, the [[Early Cholas|early Chola]] kingdom and the Chola king [[Karikalan]].{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=57–58}} The remaining 5 lines are on the proposed separation by a man who wants to move there and the separation pain of his wife who would miss her husband's love.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=57–58}} Of the 301 lines, 153 are in the ''vanci'' meter and the rest are in ''akaval''.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=22}} It is sometimes referred to as '''''Vancinetumpattu''''', or the "long song in the vanci meter".{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=22}} The poem was composed by [[Kadiyalur Uruttirangannanar|Katiyalur Uruttirankannanar]],{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=22}} sometime around 1st century and 2nd century CE,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ayyar|first=C. P. Venkatarama|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ASr9CVOlOYC&pg=PA1&dq=info:0B46z76QEqsJ:scholar.google.com/|title=Town Planning in Ancient Dekkan|date=1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0972-3|language=en}}</ref> states Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature scholar.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=22}}{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=42 Chart 4}}

[[File:Ancient tamilakam ports.png|thumb|left|upright=1.5|The ''Pattinappalai'' describes the Kaveripumpattinam and Chola kingdom in the above map.]]
The title ''Pattinappalai'' is combination of two words, ''pattinam'' (city) and ''palai'' (desert, metonymically "separation, love division").{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=17}}{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=57}} The poem has a lengthy initial section on the harbor capital city of the ancient Cholas, Kaveripattinam, also referred to as Kavirippattinam, Kaveripumpattinam, Pugar, [[Puhar, Nagapattinam|Puhar]], or Kakanthi.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=17–19}} This section contains a vivid description of a busy maritime coastal city, the big ships, the fishermen, the markets, its festivals and feasts, and the people. The lines about the lover's separation appear in lines 261–264 and lines 379–382.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=17}} Between these, is the description of the generous Chola king and the kingdom. The husband is so moved by his wife's inconsolable pain that he postpones his move.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=17}}

The poem is an important and rich source of historical information about the ancient Chola kingdom and its capital city. The ''Pattinappalai'' mentions the city's music and dance traditions, cock and ram fights, the thriving alcohol and fisheries business, the overseas and domestic trade among the Indian peninsular port cities.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=22}}{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=57–58}} There is a mention of goods coming from Burma, Ceylon, northern India, and the River Ganges valley.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=17–20}}<ref name="Mukund1999p15">{{cite book|author=Kanakalatha Mukund|title=The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXdDYChdGsC&pg=PA15 |date=1999 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1661-8|pages=15–22 with footnotes}}</ref> The section on the Chola king describe the king's initial struggles to gain his throne because neighboring kingdoms had invaded the Chola territory when he was a child. The poem then describes the wars he won, the slaves he took, his return to the throne, his generosity to his people, the artists and the bards.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=57–58}}

The ''Pattinappalai'' gives a window into the ethical premises that were idealised by the ancient Tamil society in the Chola kingdom. The peaceful lives of the people is thus described, according to JV Chellaih:{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=41}}

{{Quote|
<poem>
Quite free and happy are their lives
Amidst their multiplying kin
They know no foes; the fishes play
Near the fishers' quarters unafraid,
And cattle multiply untouched
In butchers haunts.
The merchants thus
Condemn the taking of these lives,
They tolerate not thieving vile,
They do their duties by the gods,
Oblations offer, tend with care
Fine bulls and cows, exalt the priests
That teach the [[Veda]]s four, they give
Their guests food cooked and uncooked too
Unstintingly they dispense alms
And live a life of gracious love
</poem>
|''Pattinappalai 227–241''{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=41}}}}

For the merchants plying their trade, some of the lines in this poem state:

{{Quote|
<poem>
They speak the truth and deem it shame
To lie. For others' good they have
The same regard as for their own
In trade. Nor do they try to get
Too much in selling their own goods
Nor give too little when they buy
They set a fair price on all things.
</poem>
|''Pattinappalai 245–251''{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=41}}}}

{{Quote|
<poem>
The borders of the city with great fame
are protected by the celestials. Swift
horses with lifted heads arrive on ships
from abroad, sacks of black pepper arrive
from inland by wagons, gold comes from
northern mountains, sandalwood and akil
wood come from the western mountains,
and materials come from the Ganges.

The yields of river Kāviri, food items from
Eelam, products made in Burma, and many
rare and big things are piled up together on
the wide streets, bending the land under.
</poem>
|''Pattinappalai 183-193''{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=40}}}}

This ancient poem regained popularity during 9th to 12th century CE, the later Chola empire, when the court poets used it glorify the ancient heritage and success of the dynasty centuries ago.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=57–58}} It is quoted in Tamil literature and temple inscriptions composed during the 11th and 12th century.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=57–58}} The ''Pattinappalai'' is notable for its mention of the early Chola kingdom as a cosmopolitan region, where Buddhist, Hindu and Jain monasteries and communities co-existed. It mentions the worship of [[Murugan]].{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=57–58}}{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=17–20}}{{refn|group=note|Others gods and goddesses are also mentioned. For example, Lakshmi is mentioned in lines 44–46.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=33}}}}

According to scholars such as Miksic, Yian, Meenakshisundararajan and others, the ''Pattinappalai'' is an early textual evidence of the significance of overseas trade that economically and culturally linked Tamil regions with southeast Asian communities in Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia.<ref>{{cite book|author1=John Norman Miksic|author2=Goh Geok Yian|title=Ancient Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8tCDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT512|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-27903-7|pages=512–513}}</ref><ref name="KulkeKesavapany2009">{{cite book|author=A Meenakshisundararajan|editor=Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja|title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2swhCXJVRzwC |year=2009 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-937-2|pages=169–174}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=K. Rajan|editor=Pierre-Yves Manguin, A. Mani and Geoff Wade|title=Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ni9AlOLTFZYC |year=2011|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-4345-10-1|pages=187–189}}</ref> One of the trade destinations "Kadaram" in this poem has long been proposed to be the same as modern [[Kedah]] in Malaysia, starting with the proposal of K A Nilakanta Sastri in his ''History of Sri Vijaya''.<ref>{{cite journal| title= Excavations in Kedah and Province Wellesley, 1957| author =Michael Sullivan| journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society| volume=31| number=1| year=1958| pages= 188–219|jstor= 41503132}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= Notes on Ancient Times in Malaya (Continued)| author= Roland Braddell| journal = Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society| volume=22 | number=1| year=1949| pages= 1–24|jstor=41560491}}</ref> The poem is also an early record attesting to the cultural practice of dedicating memorial [[Hero stone]]s in South India (lines 88–89).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gwen Robbins Schug|author2=Subhash R. Walimbe|title=A Companion to South Asia in the Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xv-CwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-05547-1|pages=312–315}}</ref>{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=21, 35}}

==See also==
* [[Eighteen Greater Texts]]
* [[Sangam literature]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{ref begin|30em}}
*{{cite book|author= JV Chelliah|title= Pattupattu - Ten Tamil Idylls (Tamil Verses with Englilsh Translation)| year= 1946|url = https://archive.org/details/PattupattuTenTamilIdylls_20180715/page/n1| publisher= Tamil University (1985 print)}}
* {{cite book |author=Edward Jewitt Robinson |title=Tamil Wisdom: Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages and Selections from Their Writings |year=2001 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location = New Delhi}}
* Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
* {{cite book|title=Tamil Literature|last=Pillai|first=M. S. Purnalingam|year=1994|pages=115|publisher=Asian Educational Services|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&pg=PA115|isbn=81-206-0955-7}}
* {{cite book|title=The archaeology of seafaring in ancient South Asia|last=Ray|first=Himanshu Prabha |year=2003|publisher=Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge|location=Cambridge|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iHHzP4uVpn4C |isbn=9780521011099}}
* Selby, Martha Ann (2011) Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|9780231150651}}
*{{cite book|author=Takanobu Takahashi|title=Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgCHuVGyZoEC|year=1995|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-10042-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-03591-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Tamil Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC|year=1974| publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn= 978-3-447-01582-0}}
* {{cite book|title=Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature|last=Zvelebil|first=Kamil|author-link=Kamil Zvelebil|year=1992|pages=73|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC&pg=PA73|isbn=90-04-09365-6}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pattinappaalai}}
{{Tamil language}}

[[Category:Sangam literature]]