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{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = PSLV-C3
| names_list = 


| image = PSLV.svg
| image_caption = Model of the [[PSLV]] rocket
| image_alt = 
| image_size = 70px


| mission_type = Deployment of three [[satellite]]s.
| operator =[[ISRO]]
| Harvard_designation = 
| COSPAR_ID = 
| SATCAT = 
| website = [http://www.isro.gov.in/ ISRO website]
| mission_duration = 1,658 seconds
| distance_travelled = 
| orbits_completed = 
| suborbital_range = 
| suborbital_apogee = {{convert|586.7|km|mi|0}}


| spacecraft = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
| spacecraft_type = [[Expendable launch vehicle]]
| spacecraft_bus = 
| manufacturer =[[ISRO]]
| launch_mass = {{convert|294000|kg|lbs}}
| BOL_mass = 
| landing_mass = 
| dry_mass = 
| payload_mass = {{convert|1294|kg|lbs}}
| dimensions = {{convert|44.4|m|ft|0}} (overall height)
| power = 


|space_station = 
|start_date = 
|end_date = 
|arrival_craft = 
|departure_craft = 


| launch_date = {{start date|2001|10|22|10|23|00|7=IST}} ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
| launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Sriharikota Launching Range]]
| launch_contractor =[[ISRO]]
| deployment_from = 
| deployment_date = 
| entered_service = 



| disposal_type = Placed in [[graveyard orbit]]
| deactivated = {{end date|2001|10|22}}
| destroyed = 
| last_contact = 
| recovery_by = 
| recovery_date = 
| decay_date = 
| landing_date = 
| landing_site = 




| orbit_reference = [[Sun-synchronous orbit|Sun-synchronous]]
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit]]
| orbit_longitude = 
| orbit_slot = 
| orbit_semimajor = 
| orbit_eccentricity = 
| orbit_periapsis = 
| orbit_apoapsis = 
| orbit_inclination = 
| orbit_period = 
| orbit_RAAN = 
| orbit_arg_periapsis = 
| orbit_mean_anomaly = 
| orbit_mean_motion = 
| orbit_repeat = 
| orbit_velocity = 
| orbit_epoch = 
| orbit_rev_number = 
| apsis = 
|interplanetary = 


| payload_items = [[File:India flag-XL-anim.gif|25px]] [[Technology Experiment Satellite|TES]] [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] [[BIRD (satellite)|BIRD]] [[File:Nuvola Belgian flag.svg|25px]] [[PROBA]]
| cargo_mass = {{convert|1294|kg|lbs}}
| cargo_mass_press = 
| cargo_mass_unpress = 
| cargo_mass_fuel = 
| cargo_mass_gas = 
| cargo_mass_water = 


| instrument_type = 
| telescope_name = 
| telescope_type = 
| telescope_diameter = 
| telescope_focal_length= 
| telescope_area = 
| telescope_wavelength = 
| telescope_resolution = 
| instruments = 


| trans_band = 
| trans_frequency = 
| trans_bandwidth = 
| trans_capacity = 
| trans_coverage = 
| trans_TWTA = 
| trans_EIRP = 
| trans_HPBW = 


| programme = '''[[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#Launch history|Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle missions]]'''
| previous_mission = '''[[PSLV-C2]]'''
| next_mission = '''[[PSLV-C4]]'''


| insignia = 
| insignia_caption = 
| insignia_alt = 
| insignia_size = 
}}
'''PSLV-C3''' was the third operational launch and overall sixth mission of the [[PSLV]] program. This launch was also the forty-sixth launch by [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] since its first mission on 1 January 1962. The vehicle carried three satellites which were deployed in the [[Sun-synchronous orbit|Sun-synchronous]] [[Low Earth orbit]].<ref name="PSLV-C3">{{cite news|title=PSLV-C3|publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c3}}</ref><ref name="PSLV-C3 brochure">{{cite news|title=PSLV-C3 brochure|publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/pdf/pslv-brochures/PSLVC3.pdf}}</ref> The vehicle carried [[Technology Experiment Satellite]] (Indian experimental [[earth observation satellite]]), [[BIRD (satellite)|BIRD]] (German [[earth observation satellite]]) and [[PROBA]] (experimental satellite from [[Belgium]]). This was India's and ISRO's second commercial [[spaceflight]]. PSLV-C3 was launched at 10:23 a.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 22 October 2001 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (then called "Sriharikota Range").<ref name="PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts Three Satellites In Orbit">{{cite news|title=PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts Three Satellites In Orbit|publisher=defense-aerospace.com|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/7051/india's-isro-launches-three-satellites-(oct.-23).html}}</ref><ref name="ISRO's timeline. 1960s to today. #46">{{cite news|title=ISRO's timeline. 1960s to today. #46|publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isros-timeline-1960s-to-today#46}}</ref><ref name="SPACEWARN Activities">{{cite news|title=SPACEWARN Activities|publisher=[[NASA]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacewarn/spx576.html}}</ref><ref name="Space Launch Report: PSLV">{{cite news|title=Space Launch Report: PSLV|publisher=spacelaunchreport.com|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/pslv.html}}</ref><ref name="PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts 3 Satellites In Orbit">{{cite news|title=PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts 3 Satellites In Orbit|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2001/roct2001/22102001/r2210200111.html}}</ref><ref name="PSLV-C3 launches three satellites">{{cite news|title=PSLV-C3 launches three satellites|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/10/23/stories/142367ps.htm}}</ref>

==Mission highlights==
The mission involved placing Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) and Bispectral and Infrared Remote Detection (BIRD) in a 568 km circular orbit. It would then place the PRoject for On Board Autonomy (PROBA) satellite in an 568 km x 638 km elliptical orbit. This demonstrated ISRO capability to launch multiple satellites in multiple orbits. It also earned ISRO $1 million for each satellite.<ref name="PSLV-C3"/><ref name="PSLV-C3 brochure"/><ref name=":0" />

==Mission parameters==
* '''Mass''':
** ''Total liftoff weight:'' {{convert|294000|kg|lbs}}
** ''Payload weight:'' {{convert|1294|kg|lbs}}
* '''Overall height''': {{convert|44.4|m|ft|1}}
* '''Propellant''':
** ''First stage:'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Solid]] [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB based]] (138.0 + 54 tonnes)
** ''Second stage:'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Liquid]] [[Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]] + {{N2O4}} (40 tonnes)
** ''Third stage:'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Solid]] [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB based]] (7 tonnes)
** ''Fourth stage:'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Liquid]] [[Monomethylhydrazine|MMH]] + [[Mixed oxides of nitrogen|MON]] (2.0 tonnes)
* '''Engine''':
** ''First stage:'' S139
** ''Second stage:'' [[Vikas (rocket engine)|Vikas]]
** ''Third stage:''
** ''Fourth stage:'' 2 x PS-4
* '''[[Thrust]]''':
** ''First stage:'' 4,430 + 677 x 6 [[Newton (unit)|kN]]
** ''Second stage:'' 724 [[Newton (unit)|kN]]
** ''Third stage:'' 324 [[Newton (unit)|kN]]
** ''Fourth stage:'' 7.4 x 2 [[Newton (unit)|kN]]
* '''Altitude''': {{convert|586.7|km|mi|0}}
* '''Maximum velocity''':{{convert|7593|m/s|ft/s|0}} (recorded at time of fourth stage ignition)
* '''Duration''': 1,658 seconds
<ref name="PSLV-C3"/><ref name="PSLV-C3 brochure"/><ref name="PSLV details">{{cite news|title=PSLV details|publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|accessdate=10 Jul 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv}}</ref>

==Payload==
PSLV-C3 carried and deployed total three satellites. [[Technology Experiment Satellite]] (TES) was the main payload and BIRD and PROBA were two auxiliary payloads that were mounted on PSLV-C3. In the flight sequence, TES was injected first, followed by BIRD and then PROBA.<ref name="PSLV-C3"/><ref name="PSLV-C3 brochure"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country !! Name !! Nos !! Mass !! Type !! Objective
|-
| {{Flagicon|India}} India || [[Technology Experiment Satellite|TES]] || 1 || 1,108 kg || [[Satellite]] || Experimental [[Earth observation satellite]]
|-
| {{Flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]] || [[BIRD (satellite)|BIRD]] || 1 || 94 kg || [[Miniaturized satellite#Microsatellites|Microsatellite]] || [[Remote sensing]] [[technology demonstration]]
|-
| {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]] || [[PROBA]] || 1 || 92 kg || [[Miniaturized satellite#Microsatellites|Microsatellite]] || [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]] [[technology demonstration]]
|-
|}

==Launch & planned flight profile==
[[File:Full size heat shield of PSLV 7850.JPG|right|thumb|270px|[[Heat shield]] of PSLV displayed at [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] heritage center.]]
PSLV-C3 was launched at 10:23 a.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 22 October 2001 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (then called "Sriharikota Launching Range"). The mission was planned with pre-flight prediction of covering overall distance of {{convert|586.668|km|mi|0}}. The total flight time was 1658 seconds as PROBA was to be launched into an elliptical orbit after TES and BIRD were launched into a circular orbit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=SUBRAMANIAN |first=T. S. |title=An ISRO landmark |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article30252612.ece |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> The orbit raise was done using the yaw RCS thrusters in off-modulated mode.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSLV-C4 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C4/HTML/files/assets/basic-html/page-3.html |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

Following was the planned flight profile.<ref name="PSLV-C3" /><ref name="PSLV-C3 brochure" /><ref name="PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts Three Satellites In Orbit" /><ref name="SPACEWARN Activities" /><ref name="Space Launch Report: PSLV" /><ref name="PSLV-C3 Successfully Launched : Puts 3 Satellites In Orbit" /><ref name="PSLV-C3 launches three satellites" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Multistage rocket|Stage]] !! Time (seconds)!! Altitude (kilometer) !! Velocity (meter/sec) !! Event !! Remarks
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Multistage rocket|First stage]] || T+0 || rowspan="2" | 0.02 || rowspan="2" | 452 || First stage ignition || Lift-off
|-
| T+1.24 || Ignition of 4 ground-lit strap-on motors ||
|-
| T+25.04 || 2.515 || 551 || Ignition of 2 air-lit strap-on motors ||
|-
| T+68.04 || 23.472 || 1,155 || Separation of 4 ground-lit strap-on motors ||
|-
| T+90.04 || 40.061 || 1,644 || Separation of 2 air-lit strap-on motors ||
|-
| T+112.73 || 67.601 || 2,028 || First stage separation ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Multistage rocket|Second stage]] || T+112.93 || 67.828 || 2,027 || Second stage ignition ||
|-
| T+156.73 || 115.604 || 2,284 || [[Heat shield]] separation ||
|-
| T+278.81 || 236.272 || 4,099 || Second stage separation ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Multistage rocket|Third stage]] || T+280.01 || 237.433 || 4,097 || Third stage ignition ||
|-
| T+498.33 || 455.487 || 6,086 || Third stage separation ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Multistage rocket|Fourth stage]] || T+520.60 || 460.818 || 6,065 || Fourth stage ignition ||
|-
| T+914.92 || 571.247 || rowspan="4" | 7,575 || Fourth stage thrust cut-off ||
|-
| T+971.92 || 572.080 || [[Technology Experiment Satellite|TES]] separation ||
|-
| T+1,011.92 || 572.709 || [[BIRD (satellite)|BIRD]] separation ||
|-
| T+1,091.92 || 574.064 || [[PROBA]] orbit raise start ||
|-
| T+1,552.50 || 585.018 || 7,593 || PROBA orbit raise stop ||
|-
| T+1,602.50 || 586.688 || 7,592 || PROBA orbit separation || Mission over
|-
|}

==Fourth Stage Break-up event==
The fourth stage of the PSLV had undergone a break-up event on 19 December 2001, likely caused by an explosion.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Parthasarathi |last2=Sharma |first2=Radhey |last3=Adimurthy |first3=V. |title=Analysis of the possible cause of break up of PSLV-C3/PS4 stage |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002cosp...34E1374B/abstract |conference=34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly |publisher=The Second World Space Congress |place=Houston, Texas |date=October 2002 |page=1374 |bibcode=2002cosp...34E1374B }}</ref> After the explosion of PSLV-C3, ISRO carried out passivation of the upper stages of the PSLV, from the PSLV-C4 mission onwards.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kosambe |first=Santosh |date=2019 |title=Overview of the Space Debris Mitigation Activities in ISRO |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336366346 |journal=Journal of Aircraft and Space Technology |volume=3 |pages=199–200 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> As per ISRO, this event generated 386 debris objects, of which 76 are still in orbit, as on 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Chethan Kumar|date=Mar 25, 2022 |title=In 2021, 135 launches put 1.8k objects in space, 102 launches put 522 objects in 2020; Isro flags off debris concern {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-2021-135-launches-put-1-8k-objects-in-space-102-launches-put-522-objects-in-2020-isro-flags-off-debris-concern/articleshow/90448200.cms |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Situational Assessment 2021 - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-mar-2022/space-situational-assessment-2021 |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Portal bar|India|Science|Space|Spaceflight}}

==See also==
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
* [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{PSLV}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{Expendable launch systems}}

[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2001]]
[[Category:Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]

PSLV-C3 - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article