PSLV-C2 - Revision history

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2025-07-19T03:18:05Z

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			{{Short description\|1999 Indian space launch mission}}
	{{Use British English\|date=October 2021}}		{{Use British English\|date=October 2021}}
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	'''PSLV-C2''' was the second operational launch and overall fifth mission of the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV) program. This launch was also the forty-third launch by [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) since its first mission on 1 January 1962. The vehicle carried three satellites which were deployed in the [[Sun-synchronous orbit\|Sun-synchronous]] [[low Earth orbit]].<ref name="PSLV-C2">{{cite news\|title=PSLV-C2\|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation\|access-date=9 July 2016\|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c2}}</ref><ref name="Space Launch Report: PSLV">{{cite news\|title=Space Launch Report: PSLV \|publisher=Space Launch Report\|access-date=9 July 2016\|url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/pslv.html}}</ref><ref name="ISRO timeline since 1960s">{{cite news\|title=ISRO timeline since 1960s\|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation\|access-date=9 July 2016\|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isros-timeline-1960s-to-today#43}}</ref><ref name="PSLV-C2 mission">{{cite news \|title=PSLV-C2 mission\|website=iisc.ernet.in\|access-date=9 July 2016\|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/oct25/articles18.htm}}</ref><ref name="The science and commerce of PSLV">{{cite news\|title=The science and commerce of PSLV\|publisher=Frontline (magazine)\|access-date=9 July 2016\|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1612/16120370.htm}}</ref> The vehicle carried [[Indian Remote Sensing\|India's first remote sensing]] satellite [[Oceansat-1]] (IRS-P4) as the main payload. It also carried [[South Korea]]n satellite [[KITSAT-3 (satellite)\|KITSAT-3]] and German satellite [[DLR-Tubsat]] as auxiliary payloads.<ref name="PSLV-C2"/> PSLV-C2 was the first Indian [[Expendable launch vehicle]] to carry and deploy more than one satellite in a mission. This was also India's and ISRO's first commercial spaceflight where South Korea and Germany each paid US$1.0 million (equivalent to ${{Inflation\|US\|1\|1999\|r=2}} million in {{Inflation-year\|US}}) to ISRO for launching their satellites.<ref name="The science and commerce of PSLV"/><ref name="PSLV Successfully Launches Three Satellites">{{cite news\|url=http://pib.nic.in/focus/fomay99/fo2605992.html\|title=PSLV Successfully Launches Three Satellites\|publisher=Press Information Bureau \|access-date=9 Jul 2016}}</ref>		'''PSLV-C2''' was the second operational launch and overall fifth mission of the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV) program. This launch was also the forty-third launch by [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) since its first mission on 1 January 1962. The vehicle carried three satellites which were deployed in the [[Sun-synchronous orbit\|Sun-synchronous]] [[low Earth orbit]].<ref name="PSLV-C2">{{cite news\|title=PSLV-C2\|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation\|access-date=9 July 2016\|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c2\|archive-date=2 April 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402181827/http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c2\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Space Launch Report: PSLV">{{cite news\|title=Space Launch Report: PSLV \|publisher=Space Launch Report\|access-date=9 July 2016\|url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/pslv.html\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104225437/http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/pslv.html\|url-status=usurped\|archive-date=4 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="ISRO timeline since 1960s">{{cite news\|title=ISRO timeline since 1960s\|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation\|access-date=9 July 2016\|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isros-timeline-1960s-to-today#43\|archive-date=20 November 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120150630/http://isro.gov.in/about-isro/isros-timeline-1960s-to-today#43\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="PSLV-C2 mission">{{cite news \|title=PSLV-C2 mission\|website=iisc.ernet.in\|access-date=9 July 2016\|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/oct25/articles18.htm}}</ref><ref name="The science and commerce of PSLV">{{cite news\|title=The science and commerce of PSLV\|publisher=Frontline (magazine)\|access-date=9 July 2016\|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1612/16120370.htm}}</ref> The vehicle carried [[Indian Remote Sensing\|India's first remote sensing]] satellite [[Oceansat-1]] (IRS-P4) as the main payload. It also carried [[South Korea]]n satellite [[KITSAT-3 (satellite)\|KITSAT-3]] and German satellite [[DLR-Tubsat]] as auxiliary payloads.<ref name="PSLV-C2"/> PSLV-C2 was the first Indian [[Expendable launch vehicle]] to carry and deploy more than one satellite in a mission. This was also India's and ISRO's first commercial spaceflight where South Korea and Germany each paid US$1.0 million (equivalent to ${{Inflation\|US\|1\|1999\|r=2}} million in {{Inflation-year\|US}}) to ISRO for launching their satellites.<ref name="The science and commerce of PSLV"/><ref name="PSLV Successfully Launches Three Satellites">{{cite news\|url=http://pib.nic.in/focus/fomay99/fo2605992.html\|title=PSLV Successfully Launches Three Satellites\|publisher=Press Information Bureau \|access-date=9 Jul 2016}}</ref>

	== Mission parameters ==		== Mission parameters ==
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	* '''Altitude''': {{cvt\|735.1\|km}}		* '''Altitude''': {{cvt\|735.1\|km}}
	* '''Maximum velocity''': {{cvt\|7490\|m/s}} (recorded at time of fourth stage ignition)		* '''Maximum velocity''': {{cvt\|7490\|m/s}} (recorded at time of fourth stage ignition)
	* '''Duration''': 1117.5 seconds <ref name="PSLV-C2"/><ref name="PSLV-C2 brochure">{{cite news\|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/pdf/pslv-brochures/PSLVC2.pdf\|title=PSLV-C2 brochure \|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation\|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref>		* '''Duration''': 1117.5 seconds <ref name="PSLV-C2"/><ref name="PSLV-C2 brochure">{{cite news\|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/pdf/pslv-brochures/PSLVC2.pdf\|title=PSLV-C2 brochure\|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation\|access-date=9 July 2016\|archive-date=5 March 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305195353/http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/pdf/pslv-brochures/PSLVC2.pdf\|url-status=dead}}</ref>

	== Payload ==		== Payload ==

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article

2023-09-02T09:44:24Z

Created a new article

New page

{{Use British English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = PSLV-C2
| names_list = Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
| image = PSLV.svg
| image_caption = Model of the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]] [[launch vehicle]]
| image_size = 90px

| mission_type = Deployment of three [[satellite]]s
| operator = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID =
| SATCAT =
| website = [http://www.isro.gov.in/ ISRO website]
| mission_duration = 1117.5 seconds

| spacecraft = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
| spacecraft_type = [[Expendable launch vehicle]]
| spacecraft_bus =
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
| launch_mass = {{cvt|294000|kg}}
| payload_mass = {{cvt|1202|kg}}
| dimensions =
| power =

| launch_date = 26 May 1999, 06:22 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]
| launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Sriharikota Launching Range]]
| launch_contractor = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]

| orbit_reference = [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit]]
| orbit_periapsis =
| orbit_apoapsis =
| orbit_inclination =
| orbit_period =
| apsis = gee

| payload_items = [[File:India flag-XL-anim.gif|25px]] [[Oceansat-1]] [[File:122 p.png|25px]] [[KITSAT-3 (satellite)|KITSAT-3]] [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] [[DLR-Tubsat]]

| insignia =
| insignia_caption =
| insignia_size = 200px

| programme = '''[[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#Launch history|Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle missions]]'''
| previous_mission = '''[[PSLV-C1]]'''
| next_mission = '''[[PSLV-C3]]'''
}}

'''PSLV-C2''' was the second operational launch and overall fifth mission of the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV) program. This launch was also the forty-third launch by [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) since its first mission on 1 January 1962. The vehicle carried three satellites which were deployed in the [[Sun-synchronous orbit|Sun-synchronous]] [[low Earth orbit]].<ref name="PSLV-C2">{{cite news|title=PSLV-C2|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=9 July 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c2}}</ref><ref name="Space Launch Report: PSLV">{{cite news|title=Space Launch Report: PSLV |publisher=Space Launch Report|access-date=9 July 2016|url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/pslv.html}}</ref><ref name="ISRO timeline since 1960s">{{cite news|title=ISRO timeline since 1960s|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=9 July 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isros-timeline-1960s-to-today#43}}</ref><ref name="PSLV-C2 mission">{{cite news |title=PSLV-C2 mission|website=iisc.ernet.in|access-date=9 July 2016|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/oct25/articles18.htm}}</ref><ref name="The science and commerce of PSLV">{{cite news|title=The science and commerce of PSLV|publisher=Frontline (magazine)|access-date=9 July 2016|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1612/16120370.htm}}</ref> The vehicle carried [[Indian Remote Sensing|India's first remote sensing]] satellite [[Oceansat-1]] (IRS-P4) as the main payload. It also carried [[South Korea]]n satellite [[KITSAT-3 (satellite)|KITSAT-3]] and German satellite [[DLR-Tubsat]] as auxiliary payloads.<ref name="PSLV-C2"/> PSLV-C2 was the first Indian [[Expendable launch vehicle]] to carry and deploy more than one satellite in a mission. This was also India's and ISRO's first commercial spaceflight where South Korea and Germany each paid US$1.0 million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|1|1999|r=2}} million in {{Inflation-year|US}}) to ISRO for launching their satellites.<ref name="The science and commerce of PSLV"/><ref name="PSLV Successfully Launches Three Satellites">{{cite news|url=http://pib.nic.in/focus/fomay99/fo2605992.html|title=PSLV Successfully Launches Three Satellites|publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=9 Jul 2016}}</ref>

== Mission parameters ==
* '''Mass''':
** ''Total liftoff weight:'' {{cvt|294000|kg}}
** ''Payload weight:'' {{cvt|1202|kg}}
* '''Overall height''': {{cvt|44.4|m}}
* '''Propellant''':
** ''First stage:'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Solid]] [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB based]] (138.0 + 54 tonnes)
** ''Second stage:'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Liquid]] [[Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]] + {{N2O4}} (4.06 tonnes)
** ''Third stage:'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Solid]] [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB based]] (7.2 tonnes)
** ''Fourth stage:'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Liquid]] [[Monomethylhydrazine|MMH]] + {{N2O4}} (2.0 tonnes)
* '''Engine''':
** ''First stage:'' S139
** ''Second stage:'' [[Vikas (rocket engine)|Vikas]]
** ''Third stage:''
** ''Fourth stage:'' 2 x PS-4
* '''[[Thrust]]''':
** ''First stage:'' 4628 + 662 x 6 [[Newton (unit)|kN]]
** ''Second stage:'' 725 [[Newton (unit)|kN]]
** ''Third stage:'' 340 [[Newton (unit)|kN]]
** ''Fourth stage:'' 7.2 x 2 [[Newton (unit)|kN]]
* '''Altitude''': {{cvt|735.1|km}}
* '''Maximum velocity''': {{cvt|7490|m/s}} (recorded at time of fourth stage ignition)
* '''Duration''': 1117.5 seconds <ref name="PSLV-C2"/><ref name="PSLV-C2 brochure">{{cite news|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/pdf/pslv-brochures/PSLVC2.pdf|title=PSLV-C2 brochure |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref>

== Payload ==
PSLV-C2 carried and deployed total three satellites. Oceansat-1 (IRS-P4) was the main payload and KITSAT-3 and DLR-Tubsat were two auxiliary payloads that were mounted on PSLV-C2 equipment bay diametrically opposite to each other. Oceansat-1, was mounted on top of the equipment bay. In the flight sequence, IRS-P4 was injected first, followed by KITSAT-3 and then DLR-Tubsat.<ref name="PSLV-C2"/><ref name="Korea Institute of Technology Satellite-3">{{cite news|url=https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/k/kitsat-3|title=Korea Institute of Technology Satellite-3 |publisher=eoportal.org|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="TUBSAT (Technical University of Berlin Satellite) Program">{{cite news|title=TUBSAT (Technical University of Berlin Satellite) Program |publisher=eoportal.org|access-date=9 July 2016|url=https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/t/tubsat}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country !! Name !! No. !! Mass !! Type !! Objective
|-
| {{Flagicon|India}} India || Oceansat-1 || 1 || 1050 kg || [[Indian Remote Sensing Satellite]] || [[Remote sensing]]
|-
| {{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[South Korea]] || KITSAT-3 || 1 || 107 kg || [[Small satellite|Microsatellite]] || Test and demonstrate new satellite bus & its payloads
|-
| {{Flagicon|Germany}} Germany || DLR-Tubsat || 1 || 45 kg || Microsatellite || Test newly developed attitude control system
|-
|}

== Launch and planned flight profile ==
[[File:Full size heat shield of PSLV 7850.JPG|thumb|upright=1.0|right|[[Heat shield]] of PSLV displayed at [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] heritage center.]]

PSLV-C2 was launched at 06:22 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on 26 May 1999 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (then called "Sriharikota Launching Range"). The mission was planned with pre-flight prediction of [[Apsis|perigee]] and [[Apsis|apogee]] of {{cvt|727|km}}. The actual perigee was 723.1 km, apogee was 735.1 km. Following was the planned flight profile.<ref name="PSLV-C2"/><ref name="Space Launch Report: PSLV"/><ref name="ISRO timeline since 1960s"/><ref name="PSLV-C2 mission"/><ref name="The science and commerce of PSLV"/><ref name="PSLV-C2 brochure"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Multistage rocket|Stage]] !! Time (seconds)!! Altitude (kilometer) !! Velocity (meter/sec) !! Event !! Remarks
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Multistage rocket|First stage]] || T+0 || 0.02 || 450 || First stage ignition || Lift-off
|-
| T+1.2 || 0.02 || 450 || Ignition of 4 ground-lit strap-on motors ||
|-
| T+25.1 || 2.43 || 540 || Ignition of 2 air-lit strap-on motors ||
|-
| T+68.1 || 23.10 || 1,100 || Separation of 4 ground-lit strap-on motors ||
|-
| T+90.1 || 40.21 || 1,520 || Separation of 2 air-lit strap-on motors ||
|-
| T+117.7 || 72.08 || 1,970 || First stage separation ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Multistage rocket|Second stage]] || T+117.9 || 72.38 || 1,970 || Second stage ignition ||
|-
| T+162.7 || 120.71 || 2,210 || [[Heat shield]] separation ||
|-
| T+167.7 || 126.60 || 2,260 || Closed-loop [[Guidance system|guidance]] initiation ||
|-
| T+284.5 || 254.03 || 4,070 || Second stage separation ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Multistage rocket|Third stage]] || T+285.7 || 255.46 || 4,060 || Third stage ignition ||
|-
| T+506.4 || 533.57 || 5,970 || Third stage separation ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Multistage rocket|Fourth stage]] || T+584.4 || 605.44 || 5,870 || Fourth stage ignition ||
|-
| T+991.7 || 728.25 || 7,490 || Fourth stage thrust cut-off ||
|-
| T+1017.5 || 728.66 || 7,490 || Oceansat-1 (IRS-P4) separation ||
|-
| T+1067.5 || 729.51 || 7,490 || KITSAT-3 separation ||
|-
| T+1117.5 || 730.41 || 7,490 || DLR-Tubsat separation ||
|-
|}

The launch was witnessed by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] (then [[Prime Minister of India]]), [[Murli Manohar Joshi]], [[Vasundhara Raje]] and [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]].<ref name="PSLV Successfully Launches Three Satellites"/>

== See also ==
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
* [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Portal bar|India|Science|Space|Spaceflight}}
{{PSLV}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{Expendable launch systems}}

[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1999]]
[[Category:Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]