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{{short description|Pakistani submarine}}
{{hatnote|Not to be confused for the [[Hangor-class submarine]] {{--}} a class of eight diesel-electric attack submarines currently being built for the [[Pakistan Navy]].}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image =Hangorsail.jpg
| Ship image size =300px
| Ship caption = ''Hangor'' on 4 December 1971
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header =
| Ship country = Pakistan
| Ship flag = {{shipboxflag|Pakistan|naval}}
| Ship name = ''Hangor''
| Ship namesake = [[Great white shark|Shark]]
| Ship ordered = 1966
| Ship builder = [[Naval Group|DCNS]] in [[France]]
| Ship yard number =
| Ship laid down =
| Ship launched = 28 June 1968
| Ship acquired =
| Ship commissioned = 20 December 1970
| Ship decommissioned = 2 January 2006
|Ship honors=*[[File:PAK Sitara-i-Juraat ribbon.svg|link=|alt=|30px]]4× [[Sitara-e-Jurat]]
*[[File:Tamgha Jurat Ribbon.gif|link=|alt=|30px]]6× [[Tamgha-i-Jurat]]
*[[File:Sword of Honour @ Royal Military College of Canada.jpg|25px]]14×[[Sword of Honour (Pakistan)|Sword of Honour]]
| Ship in service =1970–2006
| Ship out of service =
| Ship struck =
| Ship reinstated =
| Ship fate =
| Ship identification = S-131
| Ship status =Preserved at the [[Pakistan Maritime Museum|Pakistan Naval Museum]] in Karachi
|Ship notes=First submarine to sink an enemy warship after [[World War II]]
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class={{sclass|Daphné|submarine}}
|Ship displacement=
|Ship length= {{Convert|57.75|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam=
|Ship height=
|Ship draught=
|Ship draft=
|Ship power=
|Ship propulsion=Diesel-electric, two shafts, {{convert|1,600|shp|lk=in|0}}
|Ship speed=* Snorkelling: {{convert|8|kn|km/h|0}}
* Surfaced: {{convert|12|kn|km/h|1}}
|Ship range=Surfaced: {{convert|10000|nmi|km|-4}} at {{convert|7|kn|km/h|0}}
|Ship endurance=30 days
|Ship test depth={{convert|300|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship complement=53, 7 officers, 46 enlisted
|Ship sensors=* DRUA 31 radar
* DUUA 2B sonar
* DSUV 2 passive sonar
* DUUX acoustic telemeter
|Ship EW=ARUR 10B radar detector
|Ship armament=* 12 × {{Convert|550|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tube]]s (8 bow, 4 stern)
* 12 torpedoes or missiles
|Ship armour=
|Ship armor=
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''PNS/M ''Hangor'' (S-131)''' (nicknamed: [[Great white shark|"Shark"]]) was a {{sclass|Daphné|submarine|0}} [[diesel-electric submarine]] that served in the [[Pakistan Navy]] from 1969 until its [[Decommissioning of weapons|decommissioning]] in 2006. It is the first submarine to sink an enemy ship after [[World War II]]<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=PAKISTAN NAVY CELEBRATES 49TH HANGOR DAY |url=https://ispr.gov.pk/press-release-detail.php?id=5963 |location=Karachi |publisher=Inter Services Public Relations (ISPR) |agency= |date=9 December 2020 |access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref><ref name="News International, Capt. Zaheer, 2020">{{cite news |last1=Zaheer |first1=Capt. Ahmed |title=Historical saga of heroics: PNS/M Hangor in 1971 war |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/754232-historical-saga-of-heroics-pns-m-hangor-in-1971-war |access-date=9 June 2021 |work=www.thenews.com.pk |agency=News International |publisher=News International, Capt. Zaheer |date=6 December 2020 |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |language=en-us |format=html}}</ref>

''Hangor'' (S131) was the [[lead ship]] of [[Hangor-class submarine (1968)|her class]], [[Engineering Design and Construction|designed and constructed]] by France after a long and complicated negotiation which started in 1966.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Spantech & Lancer 1997">{{cite book |last1=Goldrick |first1=James |author-link1=James Goldrick |title=No Easy Answers: The Development of the Navies of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, 1945-1996 |date=1997 |publisher=Spantech & Lancer |location=Hartford, Wi |isbn=1897829027 |edition=2nd |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/PIAMA02.pdf |language=en-aus |chapter=The Pakistan Navy: 1947-1971}}</ref> In 1969, ''Hangor'' was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] in the [[Pakistan Navy#Branches|Submarine Command]] (SUBCOM) when she reported back to her [[Karachi Naval Dockyard|home base]] in Karachi from Paris. ''Hangor'', under the command of [[Commander (rank)|Commander]] [[Ahmed Tasnim]], sank the [[Indian Navy]]'s {{INS|Khukri|1958|6}}, an [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine]] [[frigate]], with one [[homing torpedo]] on 9 December 1971 during the [[Third Indo-Pakistani War|western front]] of the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|third war]] with India in 1971.<ref name="Routledge, 2013">{{cite book |last1=Till |first1=Geoffrey |author-link1=Geoffrey Till |title=Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=9781136255557 |edition=3rd |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_RZHwXnsCEC&pg=PA171 |language=en-us |chapter=Securing the Command of the Sea}}</ref>

This was the only recorded submarine kill after [[World War II]] until the [[Falklands War]], when the [[Royal Navy]]'s nuclear submarine {{HMS|Conqueror|S48|6}} sank the [[Argentine Navy]] cruiser, {{ship|ARA|General Belgrano||2}}. The strategic impact was even more significant as the Indian navy cancelled "Operation Triumph", the third missile attack, which was to be launched on 10 December.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nation.com.pk/09-Dec-2019/heroics-and-act-of-valour-by-pns-m-hangor-in-1971-war |title=Remembering act of valour by PNS/M Hangor in 1971 war |last=Iqbal |first=Aamir |publisher=THE NATION |date=December 9, 2019 |website=www.nation.com.pk |access-date=January 27, 2021}}</ref>

==Acquisition and initial deployment==

After the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|second war]] with Pakistan in 1965, the [[Indian Navy]] underwent a rapid modernization and expansion, causing the [[Pakistan Navy]]'s focus to shift towards strengthening their existing Submarine Command (COMSUBS) due to being unable to acquire fighter jets from the [[Pakistan Air Force|Air Force]].{{rp|63–64}}<ref name="Spantech & Lancer 1997" /> In 1966, the [[President Ayub Khan|Ayub administration]] began the development and acquisition of the {{sclass|Daphné|submarine}} from France. France renamed these submarines according to the Pakistan Navy's standards.<ref name=" Pakistan Navy Public Press Officer ">{{Cite web

| title =PNS/M Hangor
| work =Pakistan Navy Public Press Officer
| publisher =Government of Pakistan; Pakistan Defense Forces (Navy)
| url =http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/daphne.htm#hangor
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110604173453/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/daphne.htm#hangor
| archive-date =2011-06-04
| url-status =dead
}}</ref><ref name="Defence Journal, Amin"/> ''Hangor'' was the [[lead ship]] [[Hangor-class submarine (1968)|of her class]], which included {{ship|PNS|Shushuk|S132|2}} and {{ship|PNS|Mangro|S133|2}}, all commissioned in 1970.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin"/>

Training of the crew took place in 1968.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin">{{cite web|last1=Amin|first1=A.H|title=Remembering Our Warriors - Vice Admiral Tasneem|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/may/tasneem.htm|website=www.defencejournal.com|publisher=Defence Journal, Amin|access-date=23 August 2017|location=Karachi, Pk|language=en-pk|date=May 2001|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510114649/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/may/tasneem.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Notably, ''Hangor''{{'}}s [[Naval officers|officers]] that served in 1971 included:
*[[Commander (rank)|Commander]] [[Ahmed Tasnim]], the [[commanding officer]].
*[[Lieutenant-Commander]] [[Abaidullah Khan|A. U. Khan]], second-in-command and the [[navigation officer]]
*Lieutenant-Commander R. A. Kadri, the [[Engine_officer#Electrical_officers|electrical officer]].
*[[Lieutenant (naval)|Lieutenant]] [[Fasih Bokhari]], the navigation officer.

The ship's first war-time deployment was in August 1971, gathering intelligence on the Indian Navy and clearing the [[Manora, Karachi|Manora Island]] and [[Ormara|Ormara Bay]] in the coastal areas of Pakistan.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> ''Hangor'' reported back to base in September 1971 but was again deployed in November 1971.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

As Indian covert involvement in the [[East Pakistan]] grew, the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] in [[Karachi]] deployed its only (albeit aging) long-range submarine, {{ship|PNS|Ghazi}}, under the command of [[Zafar Muhammad Khan|Z.M. Khan]], to pick up intelligence and track the aircraft carrier {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}} off the [[Bay of Bengal]] in November 1971.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

According to Rear-Admiral R. A. Kadri in 1999, the assigned mission was considered quite difficult and dangerous, with the submarine squadron sailing under the assumption that the dangerous nature of this mission meant a great mortal risk to the submarine and her crew.<ref name=" Pakistan Navy Public Press Officer"/>

==Service with Pakistan Navy==
===Western Front of Indo-Pakistani war of 1971===
{{Main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971}}

On the midnight of 26 November 1971, ''Hangor'' sailed from its base with a load of [[torpedo]]es to patrol the [[Bombay Harbour]].<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> Soon after deployment, defects were noted in the ship's computers but were soon repaired as the patrol continued. Initially, there were two contacts that were picked up by the computers and were identified as warships, ranging {{convert|6|to|8|mi}}. The ship could not pursue its targets due to the warships' speed and the distance between them.<ref name="Pakistan Navy Public Press Officer" /> ''Hangor''{{'}}s crew did, however, manage to predict the warships' movements.<ref name=" Pakistan Navy Public Press Officer" />

At midnight of 2/3 December 1971, ''Hangor'', remaining submerged in a northerly direction, investigated radio transmissions intercepted from the warships belonging to the [[Western Naval Command]] of the Indian Navy that would launch a [[Operation Trident (1971)|first missile attack]] on Karachi.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> ''Hangor'' was passed over by the large [[Squadron (naval)|Squadron]] of the [[Western Command (India)|Western fleet]] of the Indian Navy. The cruiser {{INS|Mysore|C60|6}} passed directly over the submarine.<ref name="Pakistan Navy Public Press Officer" />

All transmissions and computers were shut down to avoid the detection by the Indian fleet, and once passed over Cmdr. Tasnim broke the radio silence and [[Communication with submarines|communicated]] with the Navy NHQ to warn of the attack, but this message was intercepted.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> On 3 December 1971, the Indian Navy dispatched two [[anti-submarine warfare|ASW frigates]], {{INS|Khukri|F149|6}} and {{INS|Kirpan|1959|6}}, under the command of [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] [[Mahendra Nath Mulla|M. N. Mulla]].<ref name="Global Security"/>

On 4 December 1971, Navy NHQ communicated with ''Hangor'', giving her war codes to attack the Indian Navy's armada.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

On 9/10 December 1971, at 19:00, ''Hangor'' detected the possible signature of the two Indian frigates dispatched in response to the intercepted communications.<ref name="Global Security"/> Later, around midnight, Cdr. Tasnim ordered ''Hangor'' to dive deep to carry out a blind (sonar only) approach as the torpedo team concentrated on tracking the two targets as they gradually came within firing range.<ref name="Global Security"/> At 19:57, the submarine fired a down-the-throat shot with a [[homing torpedo]] at ''Kirpan'' from a depth of {{convert|40|m|0}}.<ref name="Global Security"/> The torpedo was tracked, but no explosion was heard.<ref name="Global Security">{{Cite web
| last =Pike
| first =John
| author-link =Global Security
| title =Hangor Class (Fr Daphné)
| url =http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/hangor.htm
}}</ref> It was then speculated that the torpedo had missed its target, and the moment ''Kirpan'' sensed the torpedo, the captain of ''Kirpan'' realized that the ship was under attack turned away at maximum speed from the scene.<ref name="Global Security"/> ''Hangor'' had struck first, but had failed to hit hard.<ref name="Global Security"/>

As ''Kirpan'' fled the battle, ''Khukri'', to its south, knowing the direction from which the torpedo had come, increased speed and came straight for an attack on ''Hangor''.<ref name="Global Security"/> As ''Khukri'' came in for an attack, ''Hangor''{{'}}s attack team shifted targeting to ''Khukri'', quickly firing a second torpedo.<ref name="Global Security"/> The second torpedo was fired at the approaching ''Khukri'' and was followed by a heavy and loud explosion as the torpedo struck the magazine of ''Khukri''.<ref name="Global Security"/> Shortly before the impact, ''Hangor'' detected the direct orders of Captain Mulla ordering evasive manoeuvres.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

INS ''Kirpan'' moved into the scene, hoping to engage ''Hangor'' with a hasty dropping of the [[depth charge]], but a third torpedo locked onto ''Kirpan''{{'}}s tail, followed by a loud explosion.<ref name="Lotus Collection">{{Cite web
|last = Cardozo
|first = Ian
|author2 = A. K. Sam Sharma
|title = The Sinking of INS Khukri: Survivors' Stories
|work = Indian Military History Institute
|publisher = Lotus Collection
|year = 2006
|url = http://frontierindia.net/the-sinking-of-ins-khukri-survivors-stories
|access-date = 12 May 2010
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100708160628/http://frontierindia.net/the-sinking-of-ins-khukri-survivors-stories
|archive-date = 8 July 2010
}}</ref> ''Kirpan'' was not sunk but there was a substantial amount of physical damage that led ''Kirpan'' to flee the battle scene by turning west towards deep waters.<ref name="Lotus Collection"/><ref name="Defence Journal Lodhi">{{cite web|last1=Lodhi|first1=FS|title=An Agosta Submarine for Pakistan|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/jan/agosta.htm|website=www.defencejournal.com|publisher=Defence Journal Lodhi|access-date=24 August 2017|language=en-pk|date=January 2000|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193455/http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/jan/agosta.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Hangor'' moved into searching for survivors in a hope to rescue but ''Khukri'' sank in matter of two minutes before ''Hangor'' could reach it.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> The casualty roster listed 18 officers and 176 sailors aboard ''Khukri'' and it remains as the Indian Navy's most costly wartime casualty in terms of lives lost.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> ''Kirpan'' returned to the scene next day to execute the rescue operation along with [[Arnala-class corvette|INS ''Katchal'']] but left without success.<ref name="Lotus Collection"/>

After this incident, there was a massive [[search and destroy]] mission led by the Western Fleet, indiscriminately dropping depth charges hoping to sink ''Hangor''.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> Cdr. Tasnim had ''Hangor'' submerged for almost a week, returning to its base with depleted [[Lead–acid battery|lead batteries]] during the night of 13 December 1971.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

According to his personal admission in 2001, Tasnim maintained: "''An extensive air search combined with surface ships made our life miserable but with the intelligent evasive action we managed to survive these attacks and arrived in Karachi safely after the ceasefire''."<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

==Legacy==
===Decommissioning and preservation===

Over the successive years, it served in the Navy with distinction until decommissioning in 2006.<ref name="The News International"/> In a ceremony on 2 January 2006, ''Hangor'' was [[Ship commissioning#Ship decommissioning|decommissioned]] from the Pakistan Navy; it was soon converted to serve as a [[museum ship]] at [[Pakistan Maritime Museum]].<ref name="Hangor decommissioned">{{cite news |title=KARACHI: Submarine Hangor on display in museum |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/279766/karachi-submarine-hangor-on-display-in-museum |access-date=9 June 2021 |work=DAWN.COM |date=2007-12-11 |language=en}}</ref>

In its memory, Pakistan remembers and celebrates 9 December as Hangor Day.<ref name="The News International"/><ref name="Daily Times, et.al.reporter, 2018">{{cite news |title=Pakistan Navy celebrates 'Hangor Day' |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/331801/pakistan-navy-celebrates-hangor-day/ |access-date=12 December 2018 |work=Daily Times |date=9 December 2022}}</ref>

===Honors and awards===

In recognition of her service, ''Hangor'' was decorated with multiple gallantry and wartime awards and honors. She is regarded in the Navy as having the highest number of operational gallantry awards given to a single warship of Pakistan Navy.<ref name="The News International">{{cite news |title=Pakistan Navy celebrates HANGOR Day |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/403843-pakistan-navy-celebrates-hangor-day |access-date=12 December 2018 |work=www.thenews.com.pk |agency=The News International |publisher=The News International |date=9 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

{| style="margin: 0 auto; text-align: center"
| {{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=PAK Sitara-i-Juraat ribbon.svg|width=103}}
| {{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Tamgha Jurat Ribbon.gif|width=103}}
| [[File:Sword of Honour @ Royal Military College of Canada.jpg|103px]]
|-
| 4×[[Sitara-e-Jurat]]
| 6×[[Tamgha-i-Jurat]]
| 14×[[Sword of Honour (Pakistan)|Sword of Honour]]
|}

== In popular culture ==
''Hangor'' has been featured in a number of Pakistani dramas and films. An example of this is the film ''[[Hangor S-131]]''.

== See also ==
{{portal|Pakistan|Asia|military|military history}}
{{Div col}}
* [[Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Mitro Bahini order of battle]]
* [[Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971]]
* [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan]]
* [[Operation Searchlight]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]
* [[Operation Dwarka]]
{{col div end}}

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite news |last1=Saeed, PN |first1=Chief Petty Officer Saquib |title=Under the Sea: The Four Daphné Girls |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/748132/the-four-daphne-girls/ |access-date=26 September 2018 |work=The Express Tribune |date=17 August 2022}}
* {{cite news |last1=Qasim |first1=Captain Kashif |title=Pakistan navy submarine HANGOR's heroic action in the 1971 war |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/12/08/pakistan-navy-submarine-hangors-heroic-action-in-the-1971-war/ |access-date=15 December 2018 |work=Pakistan Today |date=8 December 2018 |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |language=en }}

{{Daphné class submarines}}
{{Pakistan Armed Forces}}
{{1971 Indo-Pak War|collapsed}}
{{coord|24.885040|67.090517|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hangor (S131)}}
[[Category:1968 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in France]]
[[Category:Hangor-class submarines (Daphné-class)]]
[[Category:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
[[Category:Museum ships in Pakistan]]

PNS Hangor (S131) - Revision history

Bot: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

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