Outline of political science - Revision history

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	{{Short description\|1=Overview of and topical guide to political science}}		{{Short description\|1=Overview of and topical guide to political science}}
	~~<~~!--... Attention: THIS IS AN OUTLINE		<!--... Attention: THIS IS AN OUTLINE

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	The following [[Outline (list)\|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to politics and political science:		The following [[Outline (list)\|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to politics and political science:
	{{Politics}}		{{Politics}}
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	{{columns-list\|colwidth=30em\|		{{columns-list\|colwidth=30em\|
	* [[Anarchist schools of thought]] hold that all forms of [[hierarchy]] and [[authority]] are illegitimate.		* [[Anarchist schools of thought]] hold that all forms of [[hierarchy]] and [[authority]] are illegitimate.
	** [[Social anarchism]] views [[Individualism\|individual freedom]] as interrelated with [[Mutual aid (organization theory)\|mutual aid]].~~<~~ref name="Suissa, Judith 2001"~~>~~Suissa, Judith (2001). "Anarchism, Utopias and Philosophy of Education". ''Journal of Philosophy of Education'' 35 (4). pp. 627–646. {{doi\|10.1111/1467-9752.00249}}.~~<~~/ref~~>~~		** [[Social anarchism]] views [[Individualism\|individual freedom]] as interrelated with [[Mutual aid (organization theory)\|mutual aid]].<ref name="Suissa, Judith 2001">Suissa, Judith (2001). "Anarchism, Utopias and Philosophy of Education". ''Journal of Philosophy of Education'' 35 (4). pp. 627–646. {{doi\|10.1111/1467-9752.00249}}.</ref>
	** [[Individualist anarchism]]		** [[Individualist anarchism]]
	* [[Democratic theory]]		* [[Democratic theory]]
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	*** [[Plurality-at-large voting]]		*** [[Plurality-at-large voting]]
	*** [[General ticket]]		*** [[General ticket]]
	** [[Proportional representation]] ensures that proportions of representation allocated in the elected body reflect their proportions of support among the [[Election\|electorate]].~~<~~ref name=JSM7~~>~~{{cite book\|last1=Mill\|first1=John Stuart\|author-link=John Stuart Mill\|title=Considerations on Representative Government\|chapter=Chapter VII, Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only \|chapter-url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5669/5669-h/5669-h.htm#link2HCH0007 \|year=1861 \|publisher=Parker, Son, & Bourn \|location=London\|title-link=Considerations on Representative Government}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~ Often combined with [[multi-member district]]s to produce [[consensus democracy]].		** [[Proportional representation]] ensures that proportions of representation allocated in the elected body reflect their proportions of support among the [[Election\|electorate]].<ref name=JSM7>{{cite book\|last1=Mill\|first1=John Stuart\|author-link=John Stuart Mill\|title=Considerations on Representative Government\|chapter=Chapter VII, Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only \|chapter-url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5669/5669-h/5669-h.htm#link2HCH0007 \|year=1861 \|publisher=Parker, Son, & Bourn \|location=London\|title-link=Considerations on Representative Government}}</ref> Often combined with [[multi-member district]]s to produce [[consensus democracy]].
	*** [[Party-list proportional representation]]		*** [[Party-list proportional representation]]
	****[[Gallagher index\|proportionality measure]]s		****[[Gallagher index\|proportionality measure]]s
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	*** [[Social conservatism]]		*** [[Social conservatism]]
	*** [[Traditional conservatism]]		*** [[Traditional conservatism]]
	** [[Far-right politics]], political ideas which are described as [[reactionary]], [[ultranationalism\|ultranationalist]], [[chauvinism\|chauvinistic]], [[xenophobia\|xenophobic]] or [[racism\|racist]].~~<~~ref~~>~~Carlisle, Rodney P., ed., ''The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right'' (Thousand Oaks, California, United States; London, England; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2005) p. 693.~~<~~/ref~~>~~		** [[Far-right politics]], political ideas which are described as [[reactionary]], [[ultranationalism\|ultranationalist]], [[chauvinism\|chauvinistic]], [[xenophobia\|xenophobic]] or [[racism\|racist]].<ref>Carlisle, Rodney P., ed., ''The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right'' (Thousand Oaks, California, United States; London, England; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2005) p. 693.</ref>
	*** [[Alt-right]]		*** [[Alt-right]]
	*** [[Fascism]]		*** [[Fascism]]
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	== {{Anchor\|Politics by region}}Politics by continent ==		== {{Anchor\|Politics by region}}Politics by continent ==
	~~<~~!-- This Anchor tag serves to provide a permanent target for incoming section links. Please do not remove it, nor modify it, except to add another appropriate anchor. If you modify the section title, please anchor the old title. It is always best to anchor an old section header that has been changed so that links to it will not be broken. See [[Template:Anchor]] for details. This text is produced using {{subst:Anchor comment}} --~~>~~		<!-- This Anchor tag serves to provide a permanent target for incoming section links. Please do not remove it, nor modify it, except to add another appropriate anchor. If you modify the section title, please anchor the old title. It is always best to anchor an old section header that has been changed so that links to it will not be broken. See [[Template:Anchor]] for details. This text is produced using {{subst:Anchor comment}} -->
	{{Africa in topic\|Politics of}}		{{Africa in topic\|Politics of}}
	{{Asia in topic\|Politics of}}		{{Asia in topic\|Politics of}}
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	* ''[[The Republic (Plato)\|The Republic]]'' and ''[[Laws (dialogue)\|Laws]]'' &ndash; by [[Plato]] (427–347 BC)		* ''[[The Republic (Plato)\|The Republic]]'' and ''[[Laws (dialogue)\|Laws]]'' &ndash; by [[Plato]] (427–347 BC)
	* ''[[Politics (Aristotle)\|The Politics]]'' and ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]'' &ndash; [[Aristotle]] (384–322 BC)		* ''[[Politics (Aristotle)\|The Politics]]'' and ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]'' &ndash; [[Aristotle]] (384–322 BC)
	* ''[[Arthashastra]]'' &ndash; [[Chanakya\|{{IAST\|Chāṇakya}}]]~~<~~ref~~>~~Mabbett 1964 "References to the work in other Sanskrit literature attribute it variously to {{IAST\|Viṣṇugupta}}, {{IAST\|Cāṇakya}} and {{IAST\|Kauṭilya}}. The same individual is meant in each case. The ''[[Panchatantra\|Pańcatantra]]'' explicitly identifies [[Chanakya]] with {{IAST\|Viṣṇugupta}}."~~<~~/ref~~>~~ ({{Circa\|350}}–283 BC)		* ''[[Arthashastra]]'' &ndash; [[Chanakya\|{{IAST\|Chāṇakya}}]]<ref>Mabbett 1964 "References to the work in other Sanskrit literature attribute it variously to {{IAST\|Viṣṇugupta}}, {{IAST\|Cāṇakya}} and {{IAST\|Kauṭilya}}. The same individual is meant in each case. The ''[[Panchatantra\|Pańcatantra]]'' explicitly identifies [[Chanakya]] with {{IAST\|Viṣṇugupta}}."</ref> ({{Circa\|350}}–283 BC)
	* ''[[Meditations]]'' &ndash; ''[[Marcus Aurelius\|Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor 161–180 CE]]''		* ''[[Meditations]]'' &ndash; ''[[Marcus Aurelius\|Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor 161–180 CE]]''
	* ''[[The Prince]]'' &ndash; by [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] (1469–1527)		* ''[[The Prince]]'' &ndash; by [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] (1469–1527)
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	== See also ==		== See also ==
	{{Outline footer}}~~<~~!-- Most of these topics need to be placed in the outline above --~~>~~		{{Outline footer}}<!-- Most of these topics need to be placed in the outline above -->
	{{Portal\|Politics}}		{{Portal\|Politics}}
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	*Roskin, M.; Cord, R. L.; Medeiros, J. A.; Jones, W. S. (2007). ''Political Science: An Introduction''. 10th ed. New York: [[Pearson Prentice Hall]]. {{ISBN\|978-0-13-242575-9}} (10). {{ISBN\|978-0-13-242575-9}} (13).		*Roskin, M.; Cord, R. L.; Medeiros, J. A.; Jones, W. S. (2007). ''Political Science: An Introduction''. 10th ed. New York: [[Pearson Prentice Hall]]. {{ISBN\|978-0-13-242575-9}} (10). {{ISBN\|978-0-13-242575-9}} (13).
	*Tausch, A.; Prager, F. (1993). ''Towards a Socio-Liberal Theory of World Development''. Basingstoke: Macmillan; New York: [[St. Martin's Press]].		*Tausch, A.; Prager, F. (1993). ''Towards a Socio-Liberal Theory of World Development''. Basingstoke: Macmillan; New York: [[St. Martin's Press]].
	*''[[Oxford Handbooks of Political Science]]'' &ndash; ten-volume set covering the political science topics [[political methodology]], [[public policy]], [[political theory]], [[political economy]], [[comparative politics]], contextual political analysis, [[international relations]], Law and Politics, [[Theories of political behavior\|political behavior]], and [[political institutions]]. The general editor of the series is [[Robert E. Goodin]].~~<~~ref~~>~~{{Cite book \|last1=Dryzek \|first1=John S. \|last2=Honig \|first2=Bonnie \|last3=Phillips \|first3=Anne \|date=27 Aug 2006 \|title=Oxford Handbook of Political Theory \|url=http://www.oup.com.au/titles/higher_ed/social_science/politics/9780199270033 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042142/http://www.oup.com.au/titles/higher_ed/social_science/politics/9780199270033 \|archive-date=Mar 5, 2016 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=9780199270033}}~~<~~/ref~~><~~ref~~>~~{{cite journal\|title=The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory\|first=Mary\|last=Walsh\|date=1 May 2008\|journal=Contemporary Political Theory\|volume=7\|issue=2\|pages=232–234\|doi=10.1057/cpt.2008.2\|doi-access=free}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~		*''[[Oxford Handbooks of Political Science]]'' &ndash; ten-volume set covering the political science topics [[political methodology]], [[public policy]], [[political theory]], [[political economy]], [[comparative politics]], contextual political analysis, [[international relations]], Law and Politics, [[Theories of political behavior\|political behavior]], and [[political institutions]]. The general editor of the series is [[Robert E. Goodin]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Dryzek \|first1=John S. \|last2=Honig \|first2=Bonnie \|last3=Phillips \|first3=Anne \|date=27 Aug 2006 \|title=Oxford Handbook of Political Theory \|url=http://www.oup.com.au/titles/higher_ed/social_science/politics/9780199270033 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042142/http://www.oup.com.au/titles/higher_ed/social_science/politics/9780199270033 \|archive-date=Mar 5, 2016 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=9780199270033}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|title=The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory\|first=Mary\|last=Walsh\|date=1 May 2008\|journal=Contemporary Political Theory\|volume=7\|issue=2\|pages=232–234\|doi=10.1057/cpt.2008.2\|doi-access=free}}</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==

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← Older revision		Revision as of 19:09, 14 August 2023
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	== See also ==		== See also ==
	{{Outline footer}}<!-- Most of these topics need to be placed in the outline above -->		{{Outline footer}}<!-- Most of these topics need to be placed in the outline above -->
	~~{{Portal\|Politics}}~~
	{{columns-list\|colwidth=30em\|		{{columns-list\|colwidth=30em\|
	* [[Anthropology]]		* [[Anthropology]]

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New page

{{Short description|1=Overview of and topical guide to political science}}

The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to politics and political science:
{{Politics}}

'''[[Politics]]''' – the exercise of power; process by which groups of people make [[Group decision making|collective decisions]]. Politics is the art or science of running governmental or state affairs (including behavior within civil [[government]]s), institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the [[corporation|corporate]], [[academia|academic]], and [[religion|religious]] segments of society.

'''[[Political science]]''' – the field concerning the theory and practice of [[politics]] and the description and analysis of [[political system]]s and political behavior.

{{TOC limit|limit=2}}

== Fields of study of political science==
{{Div col}}
* [[Comparative politics]]
** [[Democratization]]
** [[Political polarization|Polarization]]
** [[Politicization]]
** [[Multi-level governance]]
** ''see {{section link||Electoral systems}} and {{section link||Political institutions}}''
* [[Development studies]]
* [[Geopolitics]] and [[political geography]]
** [[Area studies]]
** [[Globalization]] studies
* [[Gender and politics]]
* [[Institutional theory]]
** [[New institutionalism]]
* [[International relations]]
** [[Security studies]]
*** [[Critical security studies]]
*** [[Copenhagen school (international relations)|Copenhagen School]]
*** [[Paris school (security studies)|Paris school]]
*** [[Welsh School (security studies)|Welsh school]]
* [[Nationalism studies]]
** [[Banal nationalism]]
** [[Diaspora politics]]
** [[Irredentism]]
** [[Nationalism and gender]]
** [[Nationalist historiography]]
** [[Postnationalism]]
** [[Revanchism]]
* [[Political behavior]]
** [[Political activism]]
*** [[Political movement]]
* [[Political economy]]
* [[Political fiction]]
** [[Political satire]]
* Political [[research methodology]]
* [[Political sociology]]
* [[political philosophy|Political theory and philosophy]]
** [[Political spectrum]]
* [[Positive political theory]]
** [[Game theory]]
* [[Psephology]] – study of elections
** [[Voting theory]]
** ''see {{section link||Electoral systems}}''
* [[Policy analysis]] and [[Policy studies]]
** [[Foreign policy analysis]]
** [[Public administration]] and [[local government]] studies
** [[Public law]]
* [[Strategic studies]]
{{End div col}}

== Related disciplines ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Economics]]
** [[Political economy]]
* [[History]]
** [[Political history]]
* [[Jurisprudence]]
** [[Constitutional law]]
** [[International legal theory]]
** [[Political jurisprudence]]
* [[Philosophy]]
** [[Ethics]]
** [[Political philosophy]]
* [[Psychology]]
** [[Political psychology]]
* [[Social science]]
** [[Anthropology]]
*** [[Political anthropology]]
** [[Sociology]]
*** [[Political sociology]]
{{End div col}}

== Political theory ==
{{Main|Political theory}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Anarchist schools of thought]] hold that all forms of [[hierarchy]] and [[authority]] are illegitimate.
** [[Social anarchism]] views [[Individualism|individual freedom]] as interrelated with [[Mutual aid (organization theory)|mutual aid]].<ref name="Suissa, Judith 2001">Suissa, Judith (2001). "Anarchism, Utopias and Philosophy of Education". ''Journal of Philosophy of Education'' 35 (4). pp. 627–646. {{doi|10.1111/1467-9752.00249}}.</ref>
** [[Individualist anarchism]]
* [[Democratic theory]]
** [[Athenian democracy]] a form of [[Greek democracy]] in which free male citizens had a direct vote on all government actions.
** [[Republicanism]] a strain of political thought which was common among the [[city-states]] of the [[Italian Renaissance]], such as the [[Republic of Venice]].
** [[Representative democracy]]
** [[Direct democracy]]
*** [[Initiative]]
*** [[Referendum]]
** [[Radical democracy]]
*** [[Deliberative democracy]]
*** [[Participatory democracy]]
* [[International relations theory]]
** [[Power in international relations]]
** [[Realism in international relations]]
*** [[Neorealism (international relations)]]
** [[Idealism in international relations]]
*** [[Liberalism (international relations)]]
*** [[Neoliberalism (international relations)]]
** [[Marxist international relations theory]]
** [[Functionalism in international relations]]
** [[Critical international relations theory]]
* [[Majoritarianism]]
* [[Marxist schools of thought]]
** [[Marxism-Leninism]]
** [[Maoism]]
** [[Trotskyism]]
** [[Left communism]]
** [[Anti-revisionism]]
** [[Western Marxism]]
*** [[Structural Marxism]]
*** [[Neo-Marxism]]
*** [[The Frankfurt School]]
*** [[Autonomism]]
*** [[Analytical Marxism]]
*** [[Marxist Humanism]]
*** [[Marxist feminism]]
*** [[Post-Marxism]]
* [[Metapolitics]]
* [[Peace and conflict studies]]
** [[Democratic peace theory]]
** [[Power transition theory]]
** [[Hegemonic stability theory]]
* [[Political geography]]
* [[Political symbolism]]
* [[Postcolonialism]]
** [[Decoloniality]]
*** [[Blue water thesis]]
** [[Three-world model]]
*** [[Third-Worldism]]
* [[Theories of state]]
** [[Consent of the governed]]
*** [[Social contract]]
*** [[Secession]]
*** [[Right of rebellion]]
** [[Form of government]]
** [[Islamic state]]
** [[Nationalism]]
** [[Patriotism]]
** [[Sovereignty]]
}}

== Decision-making ==
[[File:Voting in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Voting is a key form of decision-making in politics. A female journalist displays her inked finger after casting her vote in Afghanistan's western [[Herat Province|Herat province]].]]

===[[Election]]===
{{Div col}}
* [[Electoral system]]s{{anchor|Electoral systems}}
** [[Plurality voting]] allows each voter to vote for a single candidate, with the candidate with most votes being the winner. It is often combined with [[single-member district]]s, resulting in a [[majoritarian democracy]].
*** [[Cardinal voting|Cardinal voting system]]s
**** [[Approval voting]]
**** [[Satisfaction approval voting]]
**** [[Majority judgment]]
**** [[STAR voting]]
*** [[First-past-the-post voting]]
*** [[Single non-transferable vote]]
*** [[Limited voting]]
*** [[Plurality-at-large voting]]
*** [[General ticket]]
** [[Proportional representation]] ensures that proportions of representation allocated in the elected body reflect their proportions of support among the [[Election|electorate]].<ref name=JSM7>{{cite book|last1=Mill|first1=John Stuart|author-link=John Stuart Mill|title=Considerations on Representative Government|chapter=Chapter VII, Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5669/5669-h/5669-h.htm#link2HCH0007 |year=1861 |publisher=Parker, Son, & Bourn |location=London|title-link=Considerations on Representative Government}}</ref> Often combined with [[multi-member district]]s to produce [[consensus democracy]].
*** [[Party-list proportional representation]]
****[[Gallagher index|proportionality measure]]s
** [[Mixed electoral system]]s
*** [[Mixed-member proportional representation]]
*** [[Parallel voting]]
*** [[Scorporo]]
*** [[Majority bonus system]]
*** [[Alternative vote plus]]
*** [[Dual-member proportional representation]]
*** [[Rural-urban proportional representation]]
* [[Suffrage]]
** [[Disfranchisement]]
** [[Right of foreigners to vote]]
** [[Right of expatriates to vote in their country of origin]]
** [[Youth suffrage]]
*** [[Age of candidacy]]
*** [[Demeny voting]]
** [[Wasted vote]]
* [[Voting]]
** [[Compulsory voting]]
** [[Electronic voting]]
** [[None of the above]]
** [[Secret ballot]]
* [[Game theory]]
* [[Political campaign]]
* [[Political communications]]
* [[Political compass|Political qualifications]]
{{End div col}}

===[[Order of succession]]===
* [[Primogeniture]]

===[[Sortition]]===
* [[Citizens' assembly]]

== Political institutions ==
[[File:US Supreme Court.JPG|thumb|Institutions are often the framework within which politics happens. Pictured is the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].]]

===Branches of government===
The [[separation of powers]] is typically set in the [[constitution]] or [[basic law]] in order to achieve [[checks and balances]] within government. The typical model has three branches, and is referred to as the '''''trias politica'''''.

* [[Legislature]], deliberates and passes [[law]]s.
** [[Unicameralism]]
** [[Bicameralism]]
*** [[Upper house]]
*** [[Lower house]]
** [[Tricameralism]]
** [[Tetracameralism]]
** [[Multicameralism]]
* [[Executive (government)|Executive]], executes laws.
** [[Head of state]], formal, often symbolic, leader of state. Sometimes has [[veto]] power over proposed legislation.
*** [[Monarch]]
*** [[Supreme leader]]
*** [[President (government title)|President]]
** [[Head of government]], the person(s) in charge of day-to-day affairs of the state. Usually heads a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]], a [[Council of Ministers]] or a [[Council of State]].
*** [[Chancellor]]
*** [[Chief executive]]
*** [[Chief minister]]
*** [[First minister]]
*** [[Premier]]
*** [[Prime minister]]
* [[Judiciary]], often involved in politics through [[judicial review]].
** [[Supreme court]]
** [[Constitutional court]]

[[File:Number of political parties in the Hellenic Parliament by election year and electoral system (1910-2015).svg|thumb|Political parties, and their number, are important aspects of representative systems. The number of political parties in the [[Hellenic Parliament]] of [[Greece]] has varied across time.]]

===[[Political parties]]===
* [[Party system]]s
** [[Nonpartisan democracy]]
** [[One-party state]]
** [[Dominant-party system]]
** [[Two-party system]]
** [[Multi-party system]]
** [[Effective number of parties]]
** [[Party discipline]]
** [[Political faction]]s
* Party [[coalition government]]s
** [[Hung parliament]]
** [[Confidence and supply]]
** [[Minority government]]
** Rainbow coalition
** [[Grand coalition]]
** [[National unity government]]
** [[Majority government]]

== Political behavior ==

===[[Theories of political behaviour]]===
{{Div col}}
* [[Political culture]]
** [[Civic political culture]]
** [[Parochial political culture]]
** [[Patrimonialism]], a political culture which sees no difference between personal and political power.
*** [[Neopatrimonialism]]
*** [[Prebendalism]]
* [[Peace and conflict studies]]
** [[Aggressionism]]
** [[Greed versus grievance]]
* [[Political psychology]]
** [[Impressionable years hypothesis]]
** [[Postmaterialism]]
** [[Right-Wing Authoritarianism]]
** [[Social Dominance Orientation]]
** [[System Justification Theory]]
{{End div col}}

===[[Political strategy]]===
{{Div col}}
{{See also|Political warfare}}
* [[Accelerationism]]
* [[Political campaign]]ing
** [[Campaign advertising]]
** [[Campaign finance]]
** [[Campaign management tools]]
** [[Canvassing]]
** [[Grassroots fundraising]]
** [[Smear campaign]]
** [[Opposition research]]
** [[Push poll]]
** [[Retail politics]]
* [[Power politics]]
** [[Balance of power (international relations)|Balance of power]]
** [[Bandwagoning]]
** [[Blackmail]]
** [[Brinkmanship]]
** [[Buck passing]]
** [[Coercion]]
** [[Hard power]]
** [[Sharp power]]
** [[Soft power]]
** [[Smart power]]
** [[Power projection]]
** [[Power vacuum]]
** [[Realpolitik]]
* [[Cloward–Piven strategy]]
** [[Starve the beast]]
* [[Propaganda]]
** [[Disinformation]]
** [[Fearmongering]]
** [[Frameup|Framing]]
** [[Indoctrination]]
** [[Loaded language]]
** [[Lying press]]
** [[National mythology]]
** [[Rally 'round the flag effect]]
{{End div col}}

===[[Voting behavior]]===
{{Div col}}
* [[Abstention]]
* [[Abstentionism]]
** [[Election boycott]]
* [[Economic voting]]
* [[Altruism theory of voting]]
* [[Coattail effect]]
* [[Split-ticket voting]]
** [[Straight-ticket voting]]
* [[Tactical voting]]
** [[Tactical manipulation of runoff voting]]
** [[Vote pairing]]
* [[Paradox of voting]]
* [[Protest vote]]
** [[Spoilt vote]]
** [[Voter apathy]]
{{End div col}}

== Political dysfunction ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Political warfare|Political conflict]]
** [[Civil disobedience]]
*** [[Boycott]]
*** [[Demonstration (protest)|Demonstration]]
*** [[Nonviolence]]
*** [[Picketing]]
*** [[Strike action]]
*** [[Tax resistance]]
** [[Civil war]]
*** [[Wars of national liberation]]
** [[Insurgency]]
*** [[Asymmetric warfare]]
*** [[Assassination]]
*** [[Guerrilla warfare]]
** [[Law of war]]
*** [[International criminal law]]
*** [[Just war theory]]
*** [[War crime]]
** [[Revolution]]
*** [[Bourgeois revolution]]
*** [[Communist revolution]]
*** [[Democratic revolution]]
*** [[Nonviolent revolution]]
*** [[Social revolution]]
*** [[Political revolution (Trotskyism)]]
*** [[Vanguardism]]
*** [[World revolution]]
** [[Terrorism]]
*** [[Nationalist terrorism|Nationalist-separatist terrorism]]
*** [[Propaganda of the deed]]
*** [[Religious terrorism|Religious extremist terrorism]]
*** [[Right-wing terrorism]]
*** [[Left-wing terrorism]]
* [[Political corruption]]
** [[Bribery]]
** [[Cronyism]]
** [[Economics of corruption]]
** [[Nepotism]]
** [[Political patronage]]
*** [[Clientelism]]
*** [[Earmark (politics)|Earmark]]
*** [[Political machine]]
*** [[Pork barrel]]
*** [[Slush fund]]
*** [[Spoils system]]
{{End div col}}

== Types of polities and forms of government ==
{{Main|List of forms of government}}
{{See also|Polity}}

===By level of social organisation===
{{Div col}}
* [[Traditional authority]], political society which has not gone through [[state formation]].
** [[Band society]]
** [[Big man (anthropology)|Big man]]
** [[Chiefdom]]
** [[Empire]] (before [[New Imperialism]]).
* [[Local government]]
* [[Unitary state]] ([[Political unitarism|Unitarism]])
** [[City-state]]
** [[Nation state]]
* [[Federalism]]
** [[Confederation]]
** [[Federation]]
* [[Regional integration]]
** [[Intergovernmental organization]]
** [[Supranational union]]
*** [[European Union]] ([[European studies]])
** [[Trade bloc]]
* [[Global governance]]
** [[World state]]
{{End div col}}

===By formal power structure===
{{Div col}}
* [[Feudalism]]
** [[Fengjian|Chinese feudalism]]
** [[Indian feudalism]]
* [[Monarchy]]/[[Diarchy]]
** [[Absolute monarchy]]
** [[Constitutional monarchy]]
** [[Elective monarchy]]
** [[Federal monarchy]]
* [[Republic]]
** [[Parliamentary system]]
*** [[Westminster system]]
** [[Presidential system]]
*** [[Semi-presidential system]]
*** [[President for life]]
{{End div col}}

===By source of power===
{{Div col}}
* [[Autocracy]], the source of power is the leader.
* [[Democracy]], the source of power are the people through [[popular sovereignty]].
* [[Ethnocracy]], the source of power is [[ethnicity]].
* [[Meritocracy]], the source of power is talent.
** [[Noocracy]], talent is measured by [[wisdom]].
** [[Technocracy]], talent is measured by [[expertise]].
* [[Stratocracy]], the source of power is the [[military]].
** [[Military dictatorship]]
** [[Military junta]]
* [[Theocracy]], the source of power is [[God]](s).
** [[Christian republic]]
** [[Halachic state]]
** [[Hindu nation]]
** [[Islamic state]]
* [[Oligarchy]], the source of power is the [[elite]].
** [[Aristocracy]], the elite are hereditary.
** [[Gerontocracy]], the elite are the [[elderly]].
* [[Plutocracy]], the source of power is [[wealth]].
{{End div col}}

== Political ideologies and philosophies ==
{{Div col}}
{{main|List of political ideologies}}

* [[Authoritarianism]]
** [[Absolutism (European history)|Absolutism]]
** [[Totalitarianism]]
* [[Left-wing politics]], usually focused on increasing [[egalitarianism]].
** [[Far-left politics]]
*** [[Anarchism]]
*** [[Communism]]
** [[Socialism]]
*** [[Agrarian socialism]]
*** [[Democratic socialism]]
*** [[Liberal socialism]]
*** [[Libertarian socialism]]
*** [[Religious socialism]]
** [[Centre-left politics]]
*** [[Social democracy]]
*** [[Gradualism#Politics and society|Gradualism]]
*** [[Progressivism]]
*** [[Reformism]]
** [[Green politics]]
*** [[Green anarchism]]
*** [[Ecofeminism]]
*** [[Eco-socialism]]
* [[Centrism]], usually defined by highly pragmatic politics.
** [[Radical centrism]]
** [[Syncretic politics]]
** [[Third Position]]
** [[Third Way]]
* [[Liberalism]], defined by high valuing of [[liberty]].
** [[Classical liberalism]]
** [[Conservative liberalism]]
** [[Neoliberalism]]
** [[Social liberalism]]
* [[Right-wing politics]], often defined by opposition to social change, and a veneration of tradition.
** [[Centre-right politics]]
*** [[Christian democracy]]
*** [[Compassionate conservatism]]
*** [[Liberal conservatism]]
*** [[One-nation conservatism]]
*** [[Progressive conservatism]]
** [[Conservatism]]
*** [[Fiscal conservatism]]
*** [[Fusionism]]
*** [[Libertarian conservatism]]
*** [[National conservatism]]
*** [[Neoconservatism]]
*** [[Paleoconservatism]]
*** [[Social conservatism]]
*** [[Traditional conservatism]]
** [[Far-right politics]], political ideas which are described as [[reactionary]], [[ultranationalism|ultranationalist]], [[chauvinism|chauvinistic]], [[xenophobia|xenophobic]] or [[racism|racist]].<ref>Carlisle, Rodney P., ed., ''The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right'' (Thousand Oaks, California, United States; London, England; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2005) p. 693.</ref>
*** [[Alt-right]]
*** [[Fascism]]
*** [[Nazism]]
* [[Identity politics]], political ideologies concerned with the interests of the members of a specific group.
** [[Black power]]
** [[Feminism]]
** [[Gay pride]]
** [[Indigenism]]
** [[Islamism]]
** [[Nationalism]], based on the centrality of the [[nation]].
*** [[Civic nationalism]]
*** [[Ethnic nationalism]]
*** [[Expansionist nationalism]]
*** [[Irredentism]]
*** [[Pan-nationalism]]
*** [[Racial nationalism]]
*** [[Left-wing nationalism]]
*** [[Liberal nationalism]]
*** [[Secessionism]]
** [[Zionism]]
{{End div col}}

== Governments of the world ==
{{Africa in topic|Government of}}
{{North America in topic|Government of}}
{{South America in topic|Government of}}
{{Asia in topic|Government of|TW=Government of the Republic of China}}
{{Government of Europe}}
{{Oceania in topic|Government of}}

== Political issues and policies ==

===[[Rights]]===
{{Div col}}
* [[Animal rights]]
* [[Civil and political rights]], usually related to topics of [[negative liberty]].
** [[Freedom of assembly]]
** [[Freedom of association]]
** [[Right to asylum]]
** [[Freedom from discrimination]]
** [[Freedom of education]]
** [[Freedom of information]]
** [[Freedom of movement]]
** [[Freedom of speech]]
** [[Freedom of the press]]
** [[Freedom of thought]]
** [[Right to petition]]
** [[Right to protest]]
** [[Right to property]]
** [[Freedom of religion]]
** [[Right to life]]
* [[Economic, social and cultural rights]], usually cover issues of [[positive liberty]].
** [[Digital rights]]
** [[Labor rights]]
*** [[Equal pay for equal work]]
** [[Right to an adequate standard of living]]
** [[Right to clothing]]
** [[Right to development]]
** [[Right to education]]
** [[Right to food]]
** [[Right to health]]
** [[Right to housing]]
** [[Right to Internet access]]
** [[Right to science and culture]]
** [[Right to social security]]
** [[Right to water]]
** [[Right to work]]
* [[LGBT rights by country or territory|LGBT rights]]
* [[Minority rights]]
** [[Affirmative action]]
* [[Women's rights]]
** [[Abortion law]]
{{End div col}}

===[[Economic policy]]===
{{Div col}}
* [[Agricultural policy]]
** [[Agricultural subsidy]]
** [[Land reform]]
* [[Energy policy]]
** [[Nuclear energy policy]]
** [[Renewable energy policy]]
* [[Fiscal policy]]
** [[Budgetary policy]]
* [[Industrial policy]]
** [[Import substitution industrialization]]
* [[Investment policy]]
** [[Sovereign wealth fund]]
* [[Monetary policy]]
** [[Capital requirement]]
** [[Central bank]]
** [[Contractionary monetary policy]]
** [[Expansionary monetary policy]]
* [[Tax policy]]
** [[Internet taxation]]
** [[Tax cut]]
** [[Tax competition]]
** [[Tax holiday]]
** [[Tax reform]]
*** [[Flat tax]]
*** [[Tax harmonization]]
{{End div col}}

===[[Foreign policy|Foreign]] and [[security policy]]===
{{Div col}}
* [[Arms control]]
** [[Nuclear disarmament]]
*** [[Nuclear-free zone]]
*** [[Nuclear nonproliferation]]
* [[Criminal justice]]
** [[Capital punishment]]
** [[Life imprisonment]]
** [[Mandatory sentencing]]
* [[Space policy]]
** [[Extraterrestrial real estate]]
** [[Militarization of space]]
*** [[Space force]]
* [[Counter-terrorism]]
** [[Anti-terrorism legislation]]
* [[International trade#Regulation of international trade|International Trade]]
* [[Military policy]]
** [[Military recruitment]]
*** [[Conscription]]
** [[Military-industrial complex]]
{{End div col}}

===[[Social policy]]===
{{Div col}}
* [[Cultural policy]]
** [[Arts council]]
* [[Environmental policy]]
** [[Politics of global warming|Climate change policy]]
** [[Fisheries management]]
* [[Drug policy]]
** [[Drug decriminalization]]
** [[Drug policy reform]]
** [[Harm reduction]]
** [[Legality of cannabis]]
** [[Legal status of cocaine]]
** [[Legal drinking age]]
** [[Legal status of methamphetamine]]
** [[Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms]]
** [[Legal status of Salvia divinorum]]
* [[Education policy]] and [[Education reform|reform]]
** [[Education reform]]
* [[Immigration law]]
** [[Family reunification]]
** [[Immigration equality]]
** [[List of countries that regulate the immigration of felons|Immigration of felons]]
** [[Immigration reform]]
** [[Open border]]
** [[Permanent residency]]
** [[Work permit]]
* [[Race relations]]
** [[Affirmative action]]
** [[Institutional racism]]
** [[Racial profiling]]
** [[White privilege]]
* [[Religion and politics]]
** [[Separation of church and state]]
* [[Health policy]]
** [[Legality of euthanasia]]
** [[Stem cell controversy]]
** [[Universal healthcare]]
** [[Health care reform]]
* [[Welfare state]]
** [[Guaranteed minimum income]]
** [[Job guarantee]]
** [[Welfare reform]]
** [[Unemployment benefits]]
** [[Universal Basic Income]]
** [[Workfare]]
{{End div col}}

== {{Anchor|Politics by region}}Politics by continent ==

{{Africa in topic|Politics of}}
{{Asia in topic|Politics of}}
{{Politics of Europe}}
{{North America in topic|Politics of}}
{{Oceania in topic|Politics of}}
{{South America in topic|Politics of}}

=== Foreign relations by continents ===
{{Africa in topic|Foreign relations of}}
{{Asia in topic|Foreign relations of}}
{{Foreign relations of Europe}}
{{North America in topic|Foreign relations of}}
{{Oceania in topic|Foreign relations of}}
{{South America in topic|Foreign relations of}}

=== Political parties by continent ===
{{Africa in topic|List of political parties in}}
{{Asia in topic|List of political parties in}}
{{List of political parties in Europe}}
{{North America in topic|List of political parties in}}
{{Oceania in topic|List of political parties in}}
{{South America in topic|List of political parties in}}

== History of politics ==

* [[History of political science]]
* [[History of political thinking]]
* [[Political history]]
** [[List of years in politics]]

== Political scholars ==

* [[List of political scientists]]
* [[List of political philosophers]]
** [[List of social and political philosophers]]
* [[List of political theorists]]

== Influential literature ==

* ''[[The Art of War]]'' – by [[Sun Tsu]] ({{Circa|544}}–496 BC)
* ''[[History of the Peloponnesian War]]'' by [[Thucydides]] ({{Circa|460|400 BC}})
* ''[[The Republic (Plato)|The Republic]]'' and ''[[Laws (dialogue)|Laws]]'' – by [[Plato]] (427–347 BC)
* ''[[Politics (Aristotle)|The Politics]]'' and ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]'' – [[Aristotle]] (384–322 BC)
* ''[[Arthashastra]]'' – [[Chanakya|{{IAST|Chāṇakya}}]]<ref>Mabbett 1964 "References to the work in other Sanskrit literature attribute it variously to {{IAST|Viṣṇugupta}}, {{IAST|Cāṇakya}} and {{IAST|Kauṭilya}}. The same individual is meant in each case. The ''[[Panchatantra|Pańcatantra]]'' explicitly identifies [[Chanakya]] with {{IAST|Viṣṇugupta}}."</ref> (c. 350–283 BC)
* ''[[Meditations]]'' – ''[[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor 161–180 CE]]''
* ''[[The Prince]]'' – by Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527)
* ''[[The Book of Five Rings]]'' – [[Miyamoto Musashi]] (c. 1584––1645)
* ''[[Leviathan (Hobbes book)|Leviathan]]'' – [[Thomas Hobbes]] (1588–1679)
* ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' – by [[Adam Smith]] (1723–1790)
* ''[[On War]] – by [[Carl von Clausewitz]] (1780–1831)
* ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' – by [[Karl Marx]] (1818-1883)

== See also ==
{{Outline footer}}
{{Portal|Politics}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Anthropology]]
* [[Constitutional economics]]
* [[Debate]]
* [[Food politics]]
* [[Government simulation game]]
* [[Music and politics]]
* [[Policy]]
* [[Rule According to Higher Law]]
* [[Office politics]]
* [[Official statistics]]
* [[Organizational politics]]
* [[Political activism]]
* [[Political corruption]]
* [[Political criticism]]
* [[Political economy]]
* [[Political fiction]] ([[Politics in fiction|list]])
* [[Political movement]]
* [[Political party]] ([[List of political parties by country|list by country]])
* [[Political power]]
* [[Political psychology]]
* [[Political spectrum]]
* [[Theories of Political Behavior]]
}}

== Further reading ==
*Roskin, M.; Cord, R. L.; Medeiros, J. A.; Jones, W. S. (2007). ''Political Science: An Introduction''. 10th ed. New York: [[Pearson Prentice Hall]]. {{ISBN|978-0-13-242575-9}} (10). {{ISBN|978-0-13-242575-9}} (13).
*Tausch, A.; Prager, F. (1993). ''Towards a Socio-Liberal Theory of World Development''. Basingstoke: Macmillan; New York: [[St. Martin's Press]].
*''[[Oxford Handbooks of Political Science]]'' – ten-volume set covering the political science topics [[political methodology]], [[public policy]], [[political theory]], [[political economy]], [[comparative politics]], [[contextual political analysis]], [[international relations]], Law and Politics, [[Theories of political behavior|political behavior]], and [[political institutions]]. The general editor of the series is [[Robert E. Goodin]].<ref>[http://www.oup.com.au/titles/higher_ed/social_science/politics/9780199270033 Oxford Handbook Of Political Theory]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory|first=Mary|last=Walsh|journal=Contemporary Political Theory|volume=7|issue=2|pages=232–234|doi=10.1057/cpt.2008.2|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|Political science}}
* [http://www.apsanet.org/ American Political Science Association]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19980215221318/http://www.essex.ac.uk/ECPR/ European Consortium for Political Research]
* [http://www.ipsa.org/ International Political Science Association]
* [http://www.psa.ac.uk/ Political Studies Association of the UK]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092151/http://www.politicalscience.org/ PROL: Political Science Research Online (prepublished research)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020616040916/http://www2.truman.edu/polisci/design.htm Truman State University Political Science Research Design Handbook]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061208183011/http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/ A New Nation Votes: American Elections Returns 1787-1825]
* [http://www.p-jones.demon.co.uk/linksIV.htm Political links resource]

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