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{{short description|Founding Turkic ethnic group of the Ottoman Empire}}
{{redirect|Ottomans|the dynasty that ruled the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman dynasty|the modern descendants of the ethnic group|Anatolian Turks|the eponymous empire in which they predominated and ruled over|Ottoman Empire}}
{{engvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Ottoman Turks
| native_name = ''Osmanli Türkleri''
| native_name_lang = tr
| flag = [[File:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg|100px]]
| flag_caption = [[Flags of the Ottoman Empire|1299–1922]]
| image = [[File:Ralamb-104.jpg|300px]]
| image_caption = Painting of an Ottoman Turk Sipahi
| image_alt =
| total = 7.000.000, 1831 {{#tag:ref|''Muslims of [[Anatolia]] and some parts of [[Rumelia Eyalet|Balkans]]''|group=note}} <br> 12.590.352, 1884 {{#tag:ref|''Muslims of Ottoman Empire exluding [[Hejaz vilayet| Vilayet of Hejaz]]''|group=note}} <br>15.044.846, 1914 {{#tag:ref|''Muslims of Ottoman Empire exluding [[Hejaz vilayet| Vilayet of Hejaz]]''|group=note}}
| total_year =
| total_source =
| total_ref = <ref name= Stanford1>{{cite news|title=The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831-1914 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/162768|first=Stanford|last=Shaw |work=Cambridge|date=1978}}</ref>
| genealogy =
| regions =
| related = [[Turkish people]]
| languages = [[Old Anatolian Turkish]] {{#tag:ref|Among peasantry and non-elite urban population|group=note}} <br/> [[Ottoman Turkish]] {{#tag:ref|In literature and by elites|group=note}}
| religions = Predominantly [[Sunni Islam]], partly [[Alevism]]
| footnotes = {{reflist|group=note}}
}}

The '''Ottoman Turks''' ({{lang-tr|Osmanlı Türkleri}}) were a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ethnic group. They founded the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the [[early modern era]] and remained sociopolitically the most dominant group in the Empire for the duration ({{circa}} 1299/1302–1922).

Reliable information about the early history of Ottoman Turks remains scarce, but they take their Turkish name, ''Osmanlı'' ("Osman" became altered in some European languages as "Ottoman"), from the house of [[Osman I]] (reigned {{circa}} 1299–1326), the founder of the [[Ottoman dynasty|House of Osman]], the ruling dynasty of the [[Ottoman Empire]] for its entire 624 years. Expanding from its base in [[Söğüt]], the Ottoman principality began incorporating other Turkish-speaking Muslims and non-Turkish Christians. Crossing into Europe from the 1350s, coming to dominate the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and, in 1453, [[Fall of Constantinople|conquering Constantinople]] (the capital city of the [[Byzantine Empire]]), the Ottoman Turks controlled all major land routes between Asia and Europe. Western Europeans had to find other ways to trade with the East.<ref name="Europe and the Islamic World: A History ">
{{cite book
| author1 = Tolan, John
| author2 = Veinstein, Gilles
| author3 = Henry Laurens
| title = Europe and the Islamic World: A History
| date = 2013
| publisher = Princeton University Press
| isbn = 978-0-691-14705-5
| pages = 167–188
}}</ref><ref>
[[Halil İnalcık|İnalcık, Halil]] (1989). "[https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0020.pdf Chapter VII. The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1329-1451]". In Zacour, N. P., and Hazard, H. W. (ed.). ''A History of the Crusades: Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe''. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp.175-221.
</ref><ref>
[[Halil İnalcık|İnalcık, Halil]] (1989). "[https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0023.pdf Chapter VII. The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1451-1522]". In Zacour, N. P., and Hazard, H. W. (ed.). ''A History of the Crusades: Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe''. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 311-353.
</ref>

== Brief history ==

{{Main|Ottoman Empire}}

{{Further|History of the Turkish people}}
[[File:I Osman.jpg|thumb|right|[[Osman I]], founder of the Ottoman Empire. [[Ottoman miniature]], 1579-1580, [[Topkapı Palace|Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi]], [[Istanbul]].]]

The Ottomans first became known to the West in the 13th century when they migrated from their homeland in [[Central Asia]] westward to the [[Seljuk Sultanate of Rum]] in [[Anatolia]]. The Ottoman Turks established a [[Duchy|beylik]] in Western Anatolia under [[Ertugrul]], the capital of which was {{lang|tr|[[Söğüt]]}} in western Anatolia. Ertugrul, leader of the nomadic [[Kayı tribe]], first established a principality as part of the decaying Seljuk empire. His son [[Osman I|Osman]] expanded the principality; the polity and the people were named "Ottomans" by Europeans after him ("Ottoman" being a corruption of "Osman"). Osman's son Orhan expanded the growing realm into an empire, taking [[Nicaea]] (present-day İznik) and crossed the [[Dardanelles]] in 1362. All coins unearthed in {{lang|tr|Söğüt}} during the two centuries before Orhan bear the names of Illkhanate rulers. The Seljuks were under the suzerainty of the Illkhanates and later the Turco-Mongol conqueror Tamerlane.
The Ottoman Empire came into its own when [[Mehmed the Conqueror|Mehmed II]] captured the reduced [[Byzantine Empire]]'s well-defended capital, [[Constantinople]] in 1453.<ref>Bréhier, Louis René. (1912). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Turkish Empire|Turkish Empire]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''15'''. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Tolan, John |author2=Veinstein, Gilles |author3=Henry Laurens |title="Europe and the Islamic World: A History".|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14705-5|pages=67–68}}</ref>

The Ottoman Empire came to rule much of the [[Balkans]], the [[Caucasus]], the [[Middle East]] (excluding Iran), and [[North Africa]] over the course of several centuries, with an advanced [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|army]] and [[Ottoman Navy|navy]]. The Empire lasted until the end of the First World War, when it was defeated by the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] and [[Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire|partitioned]]. Following the successful [[Turkish War of Independence]] that ended with the [[Turkish national movement]] retaking most of the land lost to the Allies, the movement [[Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate|abolished the Ottoman sultanate]] on November 1, 1922, and proclaimed the [[Republic of Turkey]] on October 29, 1923. The movement nullified the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] and negotiated the significantly more favorable [[Treaty of Lausanne (1923)]], assuring recognition of modern Turkish national borders, termed ''[[Misak-ı Milli]]'' (National Pact).

Not all Ottomans were Muslims and not all Ottoman Muslims were [[Turkish people|Turks]], but starting from 1924, every citizen of the newly found Turkish Republic became considered as "Turk". Article 88 of [[Turkish Constitution of 1924|1924 Constitution]], which was based on the [[Turkish Constitution of 1921|1921 Constitution]], states that the name Turk, as a political term, shall be understood to include all citizens of the Turkish Republic, without distinction of, or reference to race or religion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anayasa.gov.tr/index.php?l=template&id=20&lang=0|title=Turkish Constitution of 1924|language=Turkish|website=T.C. Anayasa Mahkemesi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826235341/http://www.anayasa.gov.tr/index.php?l=template&id=20&lang=0|archive-date=2011-08-26}}</ref>

==Culture and arts==
{{Main|Culture of the Ottoman Empire}}
The conquest of [[Constantinople]] began to make the Ottomans the rulers of one of the most profitable empires, connected to the flourishing Islamic cultures of the time, and at the crossroads of trade into Europe. The Ottomans made major developments in calligraphy, writing, law, architecture, and military science, and became the standard of opulence.

===Calligraphy===
Because [[Islam]] is a monotheistic religion that focuses heavily on learning the central text of the [[Quran]] and Islamic culture has historically tended towards [[Aniconism in Islam|discouraging or prohibiting figurative art]], [[calligraphy]] became one of the foremost of the arts.

The early Yâkût period was supplanted in the late 15th century by a new style pioneered by [[Sheikh Hamdullah|Şeyh Hamdullah]] (1429–1520), which became the basis for Ottoman calligraphy, focusing on the [[Nesih]] version of the script, which became the standard for copying the Quran (see [[Islamic calligraphy]]).

The next great change in Ottoman calligraphy came from the style of [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698), whose rigorous and simplified style found favour with an empire at its peak of territorial extent and governmental burdens.

The late calligraphic style of the Ottomans was created by [[Mustafa Râkim]] (1757–1826) as an extension and reform of Osman's style, placing greater emphasis on technical perfection, which broadened the calligraphic art to encompass the [[Thuluth|sülüs]] script as well as the Nesih script.

===Poetry===
{{Main|Turkish literature}}
Ottoman poetry included epic-length verse but is better known for shorter forms such as the [[gazel]]. For example, the epic poet Ahmedi (-1412) is remembered for his ''[[Alexander the Great]]''. His contemporary Sheykhi wrote verses on love and romance. Yaziji-Oglu produced a religious epic on Mohammed's life, drawing from the stylistic advances of the previous generation and Ahmedi's epic forms.

===Painting===
{{Main|Ottoman miniature}}
By the 14th century, the Ottoman Empire's prosperity made manuscript works available to merchants and craftsmen, and produced a flowering of miniatures that depicted pageantry, daily life, commerce, cities and stories, and chronicled events.

By the late 18th century, European influences in painting were clear, with the introduction of oils, perspective, figurative paintings, use of anatomy and composition.

==See also==
*[[Turkish people]]
*[[Ottoman Greeks]]
*[[Ottoman Kurds]]
*[[Ottoman Armenians]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Library resources box}}

; [[Primary source]]s
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Itzkowitz |first=Norman |author-link = Norman Itzkowitz |year=1980 |title = Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition |publisher = University of Chicago Press |isbn = 0-226-38806-9 |url-access=registration |url = https://archive.org/details/ottomanempireisl00itzk }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==

*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/ottomanempire_1.shtml BBC website]

{{-}}
{{Ottoman Empire topics}}

[[Category:Ottoman dynasty|*]]
[[Category:Turks from the Ottoman Empire| ]]

Ottoman Turks - Revision history

Commercial Noida: General improvements to article content

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