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{{Use dmy dates|date = April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
'''Organ donation in India''' is regulated by the [[Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994]]. The law allows both deceased and living donors to [[Organ donation|donate their organs]]. It also identifies brain death as a form of death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.organindia.org/organ-transplant-laws-made-easy/|title=Organ Transplantation in India {{!}} Organ Transplant Governing Laws|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> The National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) functions as the apex body for activities relating to procurement, allotment and distribution of organs in the country.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://dghs.gov.in/content/1353_3_NationalOrganTransplantProgramme.aspx|title=Directorate General Of Health Services|website=dghs.gov.in|access-date=2020-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330210333/https://dghs.gov.in/content/1353_3_NationalOrganTransplantProgramme.aspx|archive-date=30 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although India performed the second largest number of transplants in the world in 2019 (after United States), it lags far behind the western nations like [[Spain]] (35.1 per million population or pmp), [[United States]] (21.9 pmp) and [[United Kingdom]] (15.5 pmp) in national donation with a donation rate of only 0.65 per million population (2019) due to its huge population.<ref name="journal12">{{Cite journal|last1=Vipin|first1=Koushal|last2=Raman|first2=Sharma|last3=Ashok|first3=Kumar|year=2018|title=Impact of green corridors in organ donation: A single-center experience|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326063513|journal=Indian Journal of Transplantation|volume=12|issue=2|pages=110–112|doi=10.4103/ijot.ijot_11_18|via=[[ResearchGate]]|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Harsh Vardhan presides over the 10th Indian Organ Donation Day|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1594355|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> According to the [[World Health Organization]], only around 0.01 percent of people in India donate their organs after death.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Need For Organ Donation In India - Organ Donation Information in India {{!}} Donate Life |url=https://www.donatelife.org.in/need-in-india|website=www.donatelife.org.in|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|first=T.S.|last=Ranganath|year=2016|title=ORGAN DONATION|url=http://rguhs.ac.in/inst_pubhealth_rguhs/2016/journal/I1Editorial.pdf|journal=RGUHS National Journal of Public Health|volume=1}}</ref> Some of the reasons behind such poor performance are lack of public awareness,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=An opt-out model for organ donation|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/panorama/an-opt-out-model-for-organ-donation-763526.html|date=2019-09-23|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> religious or superstitious beliefs among people, and strict laws.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hundreds die in India due to lack of organs|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/health/comment-hundreds-die-in-india-due-to-lack-of-organs-1870199|last=Chakrabarty|first=Sreeparna|date=2013-08-05|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> There is a huge [[#Gender_disparity|gender disparity]] among organ donors in the country as women donate disproportionately high while being disproportionately low number of organ recipients.<ref name="TNM-gender-disparity">{{cite news |last1=Rajkumar |first1=Akchayaa |last2=Shaji |first2=Sukanya |last3=Raju |first3=Maria Teresa |title=Why are 80% of organ donors in India women? Transplant surgeons weigh in |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/why-are-80-of-organ-donors-in-india-women-transplant-surgeons-weigh-in |access-date=25 November 2023 |date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124130449/https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/why-are-80-of-organ-donors-in-india-women-transplant-surgeons-weigh-in |archive-date=24 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, the [[Government of India]] implemented the National Organ Transplant Programme with a budget of {{INRConvert|149.5|c|lk=y}} for promoting deceased organ donation.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=365484|title=Govt puts in place National Organ Transplant Programme|website=www.newsonair.com|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Government of India enacted the [[Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994|Transplantation of Human Organs Act]] in 1994 to curb [[Organ trade|organ trading]] and promote deceased organ donation. After facing a [[Gurgaon kidney scandal|multi-billion rupee kidney scandal]] in 2008, an amendment was proposed in 2009<ref name="dhar2009">{{cite news|author=Dhar, Aarti|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/organ-transplant-bill-tabled/article67126.ece|title=Organ Transplant Bill tabled|date=December 19, 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=March 8, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308032121/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/organ-transplant-bill-tabled/article67126.ece|archive-date=March 8, 2014}}</ref> and passed in 2011 to get rid of loopholes which previously made illegal organ trading possible.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lok Sabha approves tougher organ transplant Bill|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/lok-sabha-approves-tougher-organ-transplant-bill-139258-2011-08-13|access-date=2020-06-23|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name="zeenews20110317">{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/govt-amends-transplantation-of-human-organs-act_693974.html|title=Govt amends Transplantation of Human Organs Act|date=March 17, 2011|work=[[Zee News]]|access-date=March 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308005425/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/govt-amends-transplantation-of-human-organs-act_693974.html|archive-date=March 8, 2014|location=India}}</ref><ref name="hindu20110813">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/illegal-organ-transplant-can-attract-10year-jail/article2351612.ece|title=Illegal organ transplant can attract 10-year jail|date=August 13, 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=March 8, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308035000/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/illegal-organ-transplant-can-attract-10year-jail/article2351612.ece|archive-date=March 8, 2014}}</ref>

The states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] were the frontrunners in organ donation during the initial years. Following the establishment of the Indian Network for Organ Sharing (INOS) in 2000, the two states retrieved 1,033 organs and tissues between 2000 and 2009.<ref name="mohan">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mohanfoundation.org/organ-donation-transplant-resources/organ-donation-in-india.asp|title=Deceased Organ Donation in India|website=www.mohanfoundation.org|access-date=2020-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228235824/http://www.mohanfoundation.org/organ-donation-transplant-resources/organ-donation-in-india.asp|archive-date=28 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mohaninosfigs">{{cite web|url=http://www.mohanfoundation.org/cadaveric-organ-donation-figures.asp?state=Andhra%20Pradesh|title=Cadaveric Organ Donation Figures|publisher=MOHAN Foundation|at=INOS Figures (2000–2009)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102231124/http://www.mohanfoundation.org/cadaveric-organ-donation-figures.asp?state=Andhra%20Pradesh|archive-date=January 2, 2014|access-date=March 8, 2014}}</ref> In 2018, Tamil Nadu had an organ donation rate of 1.8 pmp, which was seven times higher than the national average (0.05-0.08).<ref name="journal12" />

The number of deceased organ donations in India grew gradually from 2012. The total number of multi-organ deceased donors in 2012 throughout India was 196 (0.16 pmp). The deceased organ donation rate doubled from 196 donors (0.16 pmp) in 2012 to 411 (0.34 pmp) in 2014.<ref name="mohan" />

== Law ==
{{Further|Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994}}
Organ donors can be living or dead. The type of organ donations are as follows:

=== Living donors ===
Living donors are permitted to donate the following:<ref name=":1" />

* one of their kidneys
* portion of pancreas
* part of the liver

Living donors must be over 18 years of age and are limited to donating only to their immediate blood relatives or, in some special cases, out of affection and attachment towards the recipient.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/donation-and-transplantation-of-human-organs-and-tissues_pg|title=Donation and Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues|website=National Health Portal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217141428/https://www.nhp.gov.in/donation-and-transplantation-of-human-organs-and-tissues_pg|archive-date=17 February 2020|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>

=== Deceased donors ===
[[File:Indian states with deceased organ donation activities.png|thumb|Indian states with organ donation activities for deceased donors in 2015<ref name="mohan" />|alt=]]
Deceased donors may donate six life-saving organs: [[kidney]]s, [[liver]], [[heart]], [[lung]]s, [[pancreas]], and [[Gastrointestinal tract|intestine]]. [[Uterus]] transplant is also performed, but it is not regarded as a life-saving organ.<ref name="The Health">{{cite news|author=Nitin|url=https://thehealth.today/types-of-organ-donation-in-india/|title=Types Of Organ Donation In India|date=March 24, 2019|work=[[The Health]]|access-date=August 27, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825182024/https://thehealth.today/types-of-organ-donation-in-india/|archive-date=August 25, 2019}}</ref> Organs and tissues from a person declared legally dead can be donated after consent from the family has been obtained. [[Brainstem death]] is also recognized as a form of death in India, as in many other countries. After a natural [[Cardiac arrest|cardiac death]], organs that can be donated are [[cornea]], [[bone]], [[skin]], and [[blood vessel]]s, whereas after brainstem death about 37 different organs and tissues can be donated, including the above six life-saving organs.<ref name=":0" />

== Organ transplantation ==
Organ [[Organ transplantation|transplantation]] is a medical procedure where one organ removed from one person and placed in the body of a recipient.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-22|title=Donate Life: What You Need To Know About Organ Donation in India|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/75687/organ-donation-india/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=The Better India|language=en-US}}</ref> Vital organs such as the heart, pancreas, liver, kidneys, and lungs can be transplanted from the donor to a person whose organs are failing, known as the receiver.

== Green corridors ==
Studies have suggested that the chances of the transplantation being successful are enhanced by reducing the time delay between harvest and transplant of the organ.<ref name="journal12" /> Therefore, transportation of the organ is a critical factor. For this purpose, "green corridors" have been created in many parts of India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Lanes Of Hope: How Green Corridors Help Save Lives|url=https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/lanes-of-hope-how-green-corridors-help-save-lives-1131/|date=2016-11-15|website=NDTV-Fortis More to Give: Be an Organ Donor|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026173346/https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/lanes-of-hope-how-green-corridors-help-save-lives-1131/|archive-date=26 October 2018|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> A "green corridor" refers to a route that is cleared out for an ambulance carrying the harvested organs to ensure its delivery at the destination in the shortest time possible.<ref name=":5" /> The hospitals involved in a transplantation, city traffic authorities, and in certain cases, airport authorities collaborate to transport an organ from one hospital to the next.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Green Corridor System - Organ Donation Information in India |url=https://www.donatelife.org.in/green-corridor-system|website=www.donatelife.org.in|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|last=Shelar|first=Jyoti|date=2019-06-29|title=Green corridors for speedy organ transport see a rise|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/green-corridors-for-speedy-organ-transport-see-a-rise/article28222023.ece|access-date=2020-05-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The formal name of "green corridor" was given in July 2014 when a hospital and police in [[Chennai]] coordinated to transport a heart from one hospital to another in half the regular time.<ref name=":2" /> The system has been used effectively in cities such as [[Mumbai]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Kolkata]], and [[Indore]].<ref name=":10" />

Green corridors are generally used for transporting heart and liver, which have the shortest preservation times of four to six and 12 to 15 hours, respectively.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Awareness About The Concept Of Green Corridor Among Medical Student And Doctors In A Rural Medical College Of Maharashtra, India|url=https://ijcbr.com/index.php/ijcbr/article/download/211/198/|website=ijcbr.com|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> The means of transportation is often by road, but [[Air medical services|air ambulances]] are also employed when the organs require transportation to different cities or states.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Three Green Corridors created|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/three-green-corridors-created|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|access-date=2020-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Heart from Mumbai transported through green corridors in 2.5 hours|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/heart-from-mumbai-transported-through-green-corridors-in-2-5-hours/articleshow/64757446.cms|date=June 27, 2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201033312/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/heart-from-mumbai-transported-through-green-corridors-in-2-5-hours/articleshow/64757446.cms|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Usage of green corridors expedites organ transplantations while also ensuring that there is no organ wastage.<ref name=":10" /> But the process of setting up a green corridor is complex, since it requires coordination of multiple stakeholders.<ref name=":11" /> Due to the inconvenience to the public when using roads for this purpose, more prevalent usage of air ambulances or drones<ref>{{Cite web|first=Jessica|last=Wapner |date=2016-01-25|title=Medical transport drones could transform health care in overcrowded cities|url=https://www.newsweek.com/2016/02/05/india-organ-transplant-drones-419013.html|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref> has been suggested to the government.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Deshmukh|first1=Chinmay|last2=Baheti|first2=Akshay|date=2020-03-13|title=Need, process and importance of organ transplantation|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341071359|journal=Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology|volume=6|issue=2|pages=126–131|doi=10.31024/ajpp.2020.6.2.6|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Deceased organ donation by state ==
All states participate in the federal legislation except [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Organ Transplantation in India|url=https://www.organindia.org/organ-transplant-laws-made-easy/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> with Andhra Pradesh having its own law.<ref name=":3" /> As of 2019, the nationwide deceased donation rate is around 0.34 per million population, much lower than [[Developed country|developed countries]]. Some developed countries have adopted an [[Mandated choice|opt-out]] system, which considers every citizen an organ donor unless they decide to 'opt-out'. Usage of such a system in India has been recommended by medical experts.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=World Kidney Day: With just 0.01% Indians donating organs, an 'opt-out' model is nation's only hope of saving lives|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/world-kidney-day-with-just-0-01-indians-donating-organs-an-opt-out-model-is-nations-only-hope-of-saving-lives-4381187.html|website=Firstpost|date=8 March 2018 |access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Organ transplant and presumed consent: towards an 'opting out' system |url=http://ijme.in/articles/organ-transplant-and-presumed-consent-towards-an-opting-out-system/?galley=html|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> However, some others believe that it may not improve donation rates in India due to its high illiteracy rate and lack of public awareness.<ref name=":12" />

As of 2019, 13 of the 36 [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]] have contributed to deceased donation in India.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.itnnews.co.in/indian-transplant-newsletter/issue57/Has-the-Deceased-Donation-Programme-Slowed-Down-in-India-923.htm|title=Has the Deceased Donation Programme Slowed Down in India|website=www.itnnews.co.in|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> Most of the deceased donation programs have been developed in the southern states.<ref name="srinivasan2013">{{cite journal|author=Srinivasan, Sandhya|year=2013|title=Has Tamil Nadu turned the tide on the transplant trade?|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f2155|journal=[[BMJ]]|volume=346|article-number=f2155|doi=10.1136/bmj.f2155|pmid=23585066|s2cid=31085086|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325141216/https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f2155|archive-date=25 March 2020|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}{{closed access}}</ref> The potential for deceased organ donations due to brain death is high in the country. About 80,000 persons die due to road accidents every year. An estimated 50% of such deaths are due to brain death. If the country's donation rate were to be improved to 1 per million population, it would satisfy the country's organ requirement completely.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deceased donation programme in India and its future - Dr. Sunil Shroff|url=https://www.itnnews.co.in/indian-transplant-newsletter/issue27/Editorial-Desk-314.htm|website=www.itnnews.co.in|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref> The deceased donation rate consistently rose from 2012 to 2017, increasing more than four times. But since 2018, it has slowed throughout the country.<ref name=":4" />

=== Andhra Pradesh ===
The Government of Andhra Pradesh has its own law to regulate organ donation in the state. The Andhra Pradesh Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1995, was enacted by the government shortly after the central act.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://jeevandan.gov.in/PDF%27s/GOMS184.pdf|title=The Andhra Pradesh Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1995|website=jeevandan.gov.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024000813/http://jeevandan.gov.in/PDF's/GOMS184.pdf|archive-date=24 October 2019|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> The deceased donor program functions under the banner of Jeevandan since January 2013 in the state. The deceased organ donation rate as of 2014 is 0.6 pmp.<ref name="mohan" />

=== Karnataka ===
The Zonal Coordination Committee of Karnataka is the government body that oversees the transplantation process in the state of [[Karnataka]]. Between 2007 and 2012, Karnataka has recorded 58 deceased organ donations. However, there was a huge gap between the number of organs donated and the number of recipients waiting for a transplant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mohanfoundation.org/organ-donation-transplant-resources/organ-donation-in-karnataka.asp|title=Organ Donation in Karnataka|website=www.mohanfoundation.org|access-date=2020-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106025029/http://www.mohanfoundation.org/organ-donation-transplant-resources/organ-donation-in-karnataka.asp|archive-date=6 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, the state registered 90 organ donations. Over 90% of the donations came from private hospitals.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|title=Telangana tops in cadaver organ donations, Karnataka at 4th spot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/telangana-tops-in-cadaver-organ-donations-karnataka-at-4th-spot/articleshow/67449301.cms|last=Rao R|first=Sunitha|website=The Times of India|date=9 January 2019 |language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111233255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/telangana-tops-in-cadaver-organ-donations-karnataka-at-4th-spot/articleshow/67449301.cms|archive-date=11 January 2019|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref>

=== Madhya Pradesh ===
The city of Indore in Madhya Pradesh had 34 green corridors as of 2018, all created within the previous three years. It became the first city to have a green corridor in the air after using an aircraft to transport organs in July 2017.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=34 Green Corridors In 34 Months: How Indore Is Saving Lives Through Effective Time Management|url=https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/organ-donation-organ-transplant-indore-green-corridors-success-stories-2517/|date=2018-11-05|website=NDTV-Fortis More to Give: Be an Organ Donor|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630230304/https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/organ-donation-organ-transplant-indore-green-corridors-success-stories-2517/|archive-date=30 June 2019|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>

=== Maharashtra ===
The Zonal Transplant Coordination Center (ZTCC) in [[Mumbai]] and [[Nagpur]] oversees organ transplantation activities in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="mohan" /> Between 2012 and 2014, the state recorded 116 organ transplants.<ref name="mohan" /> In 2018, 135 donations were recorded.<ref name=":6" /> In 2019, Maharashtra overtook Tamil Nadu and Telangana in organ donations with 447 organ transplantations.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/governance/improving-healthcare-maharashtra-overtakes-tamil-nadu-telangana-in-organ-donation-transplants-6294656/|title=Improving Healthcare: Maharashtra overtakes Tamil Nadu, Telangana in organ donation, transplants|date=2020-03-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302164354/https://indianexpress.com/article/governance/improving-healthcare-maharashtra-overtakes-tamil-nadu-telangana-in-organ-donation-transplants-6294656/|archive-date=2 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The ZTCC has also conducted programs together with more than 20 [[NGO]]s to improve public awareness.<ref name=":7" />

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{{Main|Organ transplantation in Tamil Nadu}}
The state of Tamil Nadu had the most deceased organ donations in the country until 2018. It ranks first in deceased organ donation rate at 1.8 pmp as of 2018,<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Sunil|last=Shroff|date=2016-07-01|title=Current trends in kidney transplantation in India|journal=Indian Journal of Urology |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=173–174 |doi=10.4103/0970-1591.185092 |pmid=27555672 |pmc=4970385 |url=https://www.indianjurol.com/article.asp?issn=0970-1591;year=2016;volume=32;issue=3;spage=173;epage=174;aulast=Shroff |doi-access=free }}</ref> a figure seven times higher than the national average.<ref name="journal12"/> In 2008, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] made brain death certification mandatory in the state and established the Cadaver Transplant Programme.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Organ Donation: What Tamil Nadu Got Right|url=https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/india-needs-learn-tamil-nadu-organ-donation-1252/|date=2016-11-17|website=NDTV-Fortis More to Give: Be an Organ Donor|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408111804/https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/india-needs-learn-tamil-nadu-organ-donation-1252/|archive-date=8 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Annadurai|first1=Kalaivani|last2=Mani|first2=Geetha|last3=Danasekaran|first3=Raja|date=2015-03-16|title=Road Map to Organ Donation in Tamil Nadu: An Excellent Model for India|journal=International Journal of Preventive Medicine|volume=6|page=21|doi=10.4103/2008-7802.153443|issn=2008-7802|pmc=4378030|pmid=25830010 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A major stimulus for organ transplantation awareness in the state is said to be a motorcycle accident incident in 2008, after which the physician parents of the 15-year-old accident victim donated all of their son's organs.<ref name="NDTV">{{Cite web|url=https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/india-needs-learn-tamil-nadu-organ-donation-1252/|title=Organ Donation: What Tamil Nadu Got Right {{!}} Features|date=2016-11-17|website=NDTV-Fortis More to Give: Be an Organ Donor|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408111804/https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/india-needs-learn-tamil-nadu-organ-donation-1252/|archive-date=8 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> This incident generated widespread attention and support for deceased organ donation in the state and was dubbed the "Hithendran effect" after the name of the donor.<ref name=":8" /><ref name="TNM2">{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu's incredible organ transplantation record: How did it happen?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-nadu-s-incredible-organ-transplantation-record-how-did-it-happen-53779|date=3 December 2016|website=thenewsminute.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317030301/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-nadu-s-incredible-organ-transplantation-record-how-did-it-happen-53779|archive-date=17 March 2020|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref>

However, from 2018, organ donations in the state dropped due to a controversy over preference given to foreign patients.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/aug/16/noble-cause-87-cadaver-organ-donations-so-far-in-tn-this-year-2019551.html|title=Noble cause: 87 cadaver organ donations so far in TN this year|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914020135/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/aug/16/noble-cause-87-cadaver-organ-donations-so-far-in-tn-this-year-2019551.html|archive-date=14 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, Tamil Nadu recorded only 128 donors.<ref name="Hindu2">{{Cite news|last=M|first=Serena Josephine|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/which-state-tops-transplants-in-india/article30153421.ece|title=T.N. gets a pat on the back for its transplant record|date=2019-12-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207125319/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/which-state-tops-transplants-in-india/article30153421.ece|archive-date=7 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> By 2019, the state had transplanted 7,783 organs from deceased donors.<ref name="Hindu2"/>

== Organisations ==
Numerous government and non-government organisations work in the domain of organ donation in India.

=== Government ===
{{columns-list|*Andhra Pradesh - Jeevandan programme
*Karnataka – Zonal Coordination Committee of Karnataka for Transplantation
*Kerala – Mrithasanjeevani – The Kerala Network for Organ Sharing
*Maharashtra – Zonal Transplant Coordination Center in Mumbai
*Rajasthan – Navjeevan – The Rajasthan Network of Organ Sharing
*Tamil Nadu – Cadaver Transplant Programme, TRANSTAN|colwidth=30em}}{{small|Source}}<ref name="mohan"/>

==== Regional Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization (ROTTO) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!ROTTO
!States/UTs covered
|-
|[[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Medical College]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Goa]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu Government Multi Super Speciality Hospital|Government Multispecialty Hospital]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|Tamil Nadu, [[Kerala]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman & Nicobar Islands]], [[Lakshadweep]]
|-
|[[IPGMER and SSKM Hospital|Institute of PG Medical Education and Research]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Sikkim]], [[Bihar]] and [[Odisha]]
|-
|[[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|PGIMER Chandigarh]], [[Chandigarh]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]]
|-
|[[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital]], [[Assam]]
|[[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]], [[Mizoram]], [[Tripura]].
|}
{{small|Source}}<ref name=":0" />

=== Non-government ===
{{columns-list|* Apex Kidney Foundation
* Gift Your Organ
*[[MOHAN Foundation]]
*[[Narmada Kidney Foundation]]
* Shatayu|colwidth=30em}}{{small|Source}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=NGO's in Organ Donation {{!}} Organizations of Organ Donation|url=https://www.organindia.org/ngos-in-organ-donation/|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215150500/http://www.organindia.org/ngos-in-organ-donation/|archive-date=15 December 2018|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>

==Gender disparity==
In India, there is a huge gender gap putting women at disadvantage in terms of organ donations. A report by the NGO MOHAN Foundation found that 80% of live organ donors in the country during the years 1995 and 2021 were women, while being only 18.9% of the recipients. According to the surgeons, the disparity can be due to many factors, such as women lacking independent income which economically incentivizes men as primary bread-winners to be prioritized,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-26 |title=In Asia, organ donors are mostly women and transplants go mainly to men: study |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3242710/asia-organ-donors-are-overwhelmingly-women-and-transplants-go-mainly-men-study |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> having little bodily autonomy, conditioning of women to be emotionally givers by the society and vulnerability of women being victims of [[Domestic violence in India|domestic violence]].

Another factor is men being more prone to liver diseases due to their relatively more consumption of alcohol compared to women, so men will need more livers compared to women. It was also found that offering kidneys to their husbands by women is very common but the converse is not. When a woman has a liver disease, mostly children donate organs to the woman as her husband is, in many cases, too old to be a donor.<ref name="TNM-gender-disparity" />

One way to reduce gender disparity, surgeons suggest, is to replace live transplants with cadaver transplants - to harvest organs from dead bodies for transplants - although it won't be sufficient as enrollment of recipients is expected to be skewed towards men due to factors such as women's priority being low in Indian families and women don't have a lot of agency to make such decisions.<ref name="TNM-gender-disparity" />

== See also ==
* [[Organ transplantation in Tamil Nadu]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://notto.gov.in/|name=National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation}}
{{Health in India}}{{Organ transplantation}}

[[Category:Organ donation|India]]
[[Category:Organ transplantation in India]]
[[Category:Healthcare in India]]

Organ donation in India - Revision history

SadieHagelthorn: Put up some entry added tags