Bot: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

2022-12-01T15:24:55Z

robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

New page

{{Short description|Failed sabotage missions during World War II}}
'''Operations Ginny I and II''' were two ill-fated [[sabotage]] missions conducted by the U.S. [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) in 1944 during the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]] of [[World War II]]. Their aim was to blow up railway tunnels that would cut the [[line of communication]] to German forces in [[central Italy]]. The first mission, ''Ginny I'', occurred on February 27/28, 1944, when fifteen U.S. soldiers attempted to land west of the small town of [[Framura]]. However, the OSS team had to abort after they landed on the wrong spot and could not find the tunnel. The second attempt, ''Ginny II'', occurred a month later on March 22 when the same team attempted to land on the same spot. However, they landed again in the wrong place and were captured two days later by the German Army. Although the OSS members were properly uniformed, they were [[Summary execution|summarily executed]] on March 26 under [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s [[Commando Order]] of 1942 at the command of [[General (Germany)|German General]] [[Anton Dostler]]. After the war, Dostler was tried by a [[military tribunal]] for the deaths of fifteen Americans, sentenced to death, and [[Execution by firing squad|executed by a firing squad]].

==Background==
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was formed in June 1942 by [[General (United States)|General]] [[William J. Donovan]] to collect and analyze strategic information required by the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] and to conduct special operations not assigned to other agencies. In the early days of the OSS, it initially lacked experience, resources, and the respect of skeptical staff officers in the theater. However, the OSS proved its value by establishing contacts with Allied sympathizers and gathered intelligence vital to the invasion prior to [[Operation Torch]] and organized warrior tribesmen into a guerrilla force to guard against a possible Axis thrust through Spanish Morocco into the Allied rear with bilingual U.S. officers during the [[North African Campaign]]. The OSS then established the Operational Group (OG) to recruit [[Second-generation immigrants in the United States|second generation American]] soldiers with language facility who, if organized in small groups and trained with [[commando]] capabilities, could be [[parachute]]d into [[Military occupation|enemy occupied territory]] to harass the enemy and to encourage and support [[Resistance during World War II|local resistance organizations]].

During the [[Salerno landings|landings on the Italian mainland at Salerno]] in September 1943, an OSS detachment provided [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] [[William O. Darby]]'s [[United States Army Rangers|Rangers]] with critical intelligence during their defense of the [[Sorrento Peninsula]]. Three weeks after the [[Armistice of Cassibile|Italian government surrendered to the Allies]] on September 8, [[Allied Force Headquarters]] (AFHQ) issued a key directive, "OSS/[[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] Activities in Italy," that the OG's mandate was: to undertake the commando-type actions—for which Donovan had been pinning. In this document, the OSS and SOE were given four tasks:

* Instigation of the Italian population to carry out acts of resistance to German forces.
* Direct attack on communications and transport in that area of Italy now held by the enemy. Old raiding parties will make the attacks and remain to instruct and incite the local population to further and similar efforts.
* Destruction of enemy aircraft on the ground.
* Destruction of enemy supply drops.

One of the OSS' most important tasks was to cut vital German supply lines that reinforced the [[Winter Line|Gustav]] and later the [[Gothic Line]]. After the [[USAAF]] bombing raids on mountainous terrain roads along the Italian coast during [[Operation Strangle (World War II)|Operation Strangle]] failed in damaging the German supply lines, the OSS discussed the use of sabotage teams. On January 9, 1944, the OSS proposed the destruction of tunnels between [[Levanto, Liguria|Levanto]] and [[Bonassola]], a segment in the [[Pisa–La Spezia–Genoa railway|Genoa-La Spezia rail line]]. The longest of these were the "La Francesca", 510 meters in length, at the northwestern end of the target sector; at the southeastern end, beginning 600 meters west of [[Levanto, Liguria|Levanto]] station, were two short tunnels, one 105 and the other 75 meters in length, separated by 25 meters of open track. The rocky walls of the tunnels were thought to consist chiefly of the serpentine type, making them less vulnerable to demolition. A captured Italian officer who had recently traveled over the line reported that there were few guards along the coast between Genoa and [[La Spezia]]. This gave the OSS an advantage and it was reported that "[t]he tunnels are all single track: interruption of traffic would thus require blowing fewer tunnel entrances and permit achievement of greater results with the same weight of explosive." This meant that fewer teams and fewer explosives would have been required to sabotage and interrupt the rail traffic. The mission was given the code name ''Ginny''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Anatomy of Perjury: Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, Via Rasella, and the Ginny Mission |author=Richard Raiber |page=99 |date=June 30, 2008 |publisher=[[University of Delaware Press]] |isbn=978-0-87413-994-5 }}</ref>

==Commandos==
The OSS recruited [[Italian-American]] soldiers into the Operational Group (OG) for the ''Ginny'' mission because some of them could speak Italian and their knowledge of the country's language in which they were expected to operate was deemed very helpful to communicate with the local population. In ''Ginny 1'' the working party was headed by [[First Lieutenant|First Lt.]] Vincent Russo and members of his team were T/5 Salvatore Di Sclafani; T/5 John J. Leone; T/5 Angelo Sirico; T/5 John Lepore; T/5 Vittorio Amoruso; T/5 Thomas Savino; and T/5 Joseph Noia. The security team, headed by First Lt. Paul J. Traficante, consisted of T/Sgt. Livio Vieceli; Sgt. Carmine Armando; Sgt. Dominick Mauro; T/5 Joseph Libardi; and T/5 Rosario Squatrito.

In ''Ginny II'', most members from the previous mission were the same except four members—Sgt. Carmine Armando, T/5 John Lepore, T/5 Vittorio Amoruso, and T/5 Thomas Savino—were replaced by T/5 Joseph M. Farrell, T/5 Liberty J. Tremonte, T/5 Santoro Calcara, and Sgt Alfred L. De Flumeri for this mission.

==Ginny I==
The first mission of ''Ginny I'' occurred on February 27/28, 1944. A fifteen-man OSS Operational Group (OG) was put aboard two [[U.S. Navy]] [[PT boat]]s and the boats were to depart from a harbor in [[Bastia]] at 1800 hrs for the mission. However, the departure was delayed by 45 minutes after the lead boat with the working party on board had to be replaced due to a faulty radar. At 1845 hrs, the two boats finally departed from the harbor and sailed northward across the [[Ligurian Sea]] toward Stazione de [[Framura]] but were further delayed several times to avoid suspicious enemy radar sightings: neither enemy vessels nor aircraft were spotted visually.

The boats arrived at the disembarkation point at 0125 hrs and the sabotage team began using [[Inflatable boat|rubber boats]] and paddled northeastward.<ref>{{cite book |title=Anatomy of Perjury: Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, Via Rasella, and the Ginny Mission |author=Richard Raiber |page=100 |date=June 30, 2008 |publisher=[[University of Delaware Press]] |isbn=978-0-87413-994-5 }}</ref> Both the working and security parties landed at what they thought was the right spot and were properly dressed in [[United States Army uniforms in World War II|U.S. Army uniforms]] and had no civilian clothes with them. However, Russo noticed that something was wrong. He heard the train northeast of him and realized he and his team had landed south of the objective instead. At 0245 hrs, he reported that it would take him and his team at least an hour and a half to reach its target—0415 hrs at least—and requested permission to stay and be picked up the following night. The senior officer afloat rejected this suggestion because according to the plan, the team had to complete the sabotage mission and rendezvous back to the PT boats by 0330 hrs—0400 hrs at the latest—in order to distance themselves from the [[Liguria]]n coast and to avoid German patrol before sunrise. Fearing that the team would not complete the mission on time, the senior officer ordered the team to return to the PT boats. The OSS team went back to the PT boats by 0315 hrs and returned to Bastia harbor at 0730 hrs.<ref>{{cite book |title=Anatomy of Perjury: Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, Via Rasella, and the Ginny Mission |author=Richard Raiber |page=101 |date=June 30, 2008 |publisher=[[University of Delaware Press]] |isbn=978-0-87413-994-5 }}</ref>

==Ginny II==
For ''Ginny II'', the mission objective and planning remain unchanged from the previous mission. Four OSS members who previously took part in ''Ginny I'' were replaced by others ([[Operations Ginny I and II#Commandos|see above]]) for ''Ginny II'' and T/5 Joseph Noia was placed in the security party instead. First Lt. Russo still commanded the shore party and First Lt. Paul J. Traficante for the security party. A [[contingency plan]] was developed i.e. if the team were unable to complete the mission in time, they would return to the shore to be picked up by PT boats. If the PT boats were gone, the team would find a [[safehouse]], hide out there and wait for the PT boats to pick them up the next night.

On March 22, the OSS Operational Group (OG) team boarded the two U.S. Navy PT boats and the boats left Bastia harbor at 1800 hrs. The boats arrived at the disembarkation point in 2245 hrs, 300 yards southwest of the pinpoint, and the OSS team departed northward in three rubber boats at 2255 hrs (2245 hrs according to the one of the PT's boat report) to west of Stazione di Framura and landed what they believe was the exact spot. Like ''Ginny I'', the OSS members were properly dressed in U.S. Army uniforms and had no civilian clothes in them.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Law-Reports_Vol-1.pdf |title=Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals |publisher=United Nations War Crimes Commission |volume=1 |year=1947 |access-date=2013-07-30}}</ref><ref name=IMT>{{cite book |title=The trial of German major war criminals: proceedings of the International military tribunal sitting at Nuremberg, Germany, Volume 4 |author=International Military Tribunal |page=8 |year=1946 |publisher=H.M. Stationery }}</ref> Calcura, Tremonte, and Farrell wore [[Jump boot|paratrooper boots]] with the others wearing regulation [[G.I. (military)|G.I.]] shoes with [[Leggings#Military use|canvas leggings]]. They also wore [[Knit cap|knit stocking cap]]s and had their jackets inside-out. They wore no distinctive markings that indicated the branch of OSS so the only insignia the OSS men had were U.S. Army ranks patched on either their sleeves of shirts or their field jackets. The men all were armed with [[M1911 pistol|Colt.45 automatic pistol]]s and [[Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife|Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knives]] with six of the team carrying [[United Defense M42|9-mm Marlin submachine guns]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Anatomy of Perjury: Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, Via Rasella, and the Ginny Mission |author=Richard Raiber |page=122 |date=April 28, 2010 |publisher=[[University of Delaware Press]] |isbn=978-0-87413-994-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Naval Intelligence (Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence) |author=Nigel West |pages=101–102 |date=April 28, 2010 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Scarecrow Press]] }}</ref>

At approximately 2345 hrs, a convoy of German [[torpedo boat]]s was sighted returning from a [[Minelayer|mine-laying]] mission. One U.S. PT boat took diversionary action and got into a firefight, while the other idled along the coast on one engine and tried to keep in contact with the shore party. The radiomen on the U.S. boats kept trying to reach the shore party, but all was silent. At 0200 hrs, the two U.S. PT boats rendezvoused five miles out to sea because their radar indicated numerous targets along the shore, and they had to lie quietly until 0300 hrs. At that time, the U.S. boats moved in close to the rocky cliffs in an attempt to raise the mission party on the radio. One U.S. PT boat reported its main steering mechanism had malfunctioned, and it was 0400 hrs before it was repaired. No transmissions were heard from the mission party, and the two U.S. boats returned to base.

===Hiding===
Russo realized that he and his team were again in the wrong spot. He discovered that they had landed near the village of Carpineggio, about halfway between [[Bonassola]] and Stazione di Framura. The group had landed two miles from its intended initial point and about one mile from the target. Unable to contact the U.S. PT boats which had returned to base, Russo and his men then went to the contingency plan. They were to hide during the day, establish contact with their PT boats the following night, and then accomplish the mission. The team would not blow the tunnel until contact had been made.

They hid their rubber boats and explosives and demolition equipment under the trees as best they could and began moving up slope. They eventually found an empty barn on the edge of the locality of Carpeneggio and settled in. On the morning of March 23, two team members, 1st Lt. Russo and Sgt. Mauro, went out to get food and information at the nearest farm. An Italian farmer named Franco Lagaxo saw Russo and Mauro approaching his cottage who identified themselves as U.S. soldiers and was asked if he could buy food for them. He agreed to do so and later in the day guided them on reconnaissance which succeeded in locating access to the Genoa-La Spezia rail tunnel.

On the evening of March 23, the U.S. PT boats were launched to accomplish the pickup per the contingency plan in order to make prearranged radio contact with the OSS team. However, they again ran into trouble as one had a mechanical breakdown on the trip from Corsica and had to return to base. The second spotted a radar trace which indicated enemy activity approaching the coast, and was also forced to turn back. As a result, the OSS team was forced into another day of hiding.<ref>{{cite book |title=Anatomy of Perjury: Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, Via Rasella, and the Ginny Mission |author=Richard Raiber |page=103 |date=June 30, 2008 |publisher=[[University of Delaware Press]] |isbn=978-0-87413-994-5 }}</ref>

===Capture===
An Italian fisherman noticed the rubber boats pulled up along the shore, and mentioned them to authorities at nearby [[Bonassola]]. Two [[Italian Social Republic|Fascist Italian]] [[militia]]men went with the fisherman to investigate and found the boats and explosive material. They alerted the local German command, formed a search party, and started sweeping the area. Lagaxo then discovered that the Italians and Germans had found the rubber boats and rushed in to warn the Americans. His warning came too late. All fifteen U.S. soldiers who were staying in the barn were captured after minor clashes with Italian Fascist and German soldiers. The captured OSS members were taken to the German headquarters of the 135th Fortress Brigade in La Spezia for interrogation. One of the U.S. officers revealed to the Germans that it was a commando raid to blow up tunnels critical to German supply routes.

===Execution===
On the next morning of March 25, the information about the capture of U.S. soldiers and the purpose of the mission was then sent to [[General of the Infantry (Germany)|General of the Infantry]] [[Anton Dostler]] at the 75th German Army Corps headquarters. Dostler at first informed his superior, [[Field Marshal]] [[Albert Kesselring]], commanding general of all German forces in Italy, about the captured U.S. commandos and what to do with them. According to Dostler's [[adjutant]] officer, Kesselring responded by ordering the execution and Dostler signed an order that all fifteen American prisoners of war were to be executed the next morning. The order was the implementation of the 1942 [[Commando Order]] issued by Hitler which stipulated the execution without trial of all captured Allied commandos, even those in proper uniforms, behind German lines. [[Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten (1899–1997)|Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten]], an aide to General Dostler, and unaware of the secret order, refused to sign the execution order because he knew that executing [[Military uniform|properly uniformed]] [[combatants]] was a direct violation of the [[Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)|Geneva Convention (1929)]]. He was later dismissed from the [[Wehrmacht]] for [[insubordination]]. German officers at the 135th Fortress Brigade contacted Dostler in an attempt to achieve a stay of execution. However, General Dostler rejected their request and ordered the execution of American prisoners to be carried out the next morning. Two last attempts were made by officers at the 135th to stop the execution, including some by telephone, but these efforts were unsuccessful.

On the morning of March 26, fifteen U.S. soldiers—still in U.S. Army uniforms—were marched and lined up by the German Army in Punta Bianca, above the sea on the rocky tip of [[Ameglia]]'s peninsula. All were executed on the spot and buried in a mass grave that was then [[camouflage]]d.<ref>Raiber, ''Anatomy of Perjury'', pp. 133–136.</ref> None of the executed U.S. soldiers were given a previous [[trial]].<ref name=IMT />

==Aftermath==
After [[Nazi Germany]] signed its [[German Instrument of Surrender|instrument of surrender]] that [[End of World War II in Europe|effectively ended the war in Europe]] on May 8, 1945, Kesselring surrendered to the Americans at [[Saalfeld]] and was placed in [[Solitary confinement|confinement]].<ref>{{cite book |title=America's Military Adversaries: From Colonial Times to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/americasmilitary00fred |url-access=limited |author=John C. Fredriksen |page=[https://archive.org/details/americasmilitary00fred/page/n288 275] |date=December 5, 2001 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=1-57607-603-2 }}</ref> On October 6, 1945, he was interviewed in connection with the deaths of fifteen Americans. He stated that he did not recall receiving any information regarding the fifteen OSS members. He contended that he received many reports and that he was frequently away from his headquarters in [[Rome]]. Kesselring was also questioned about Hitler's Commando Order which was clearly unlawful. He replied that the order was not binding on him and that it could be interpreted in many different ways. Due to falsification and destruction of his records to hide this affair, he was not prosecuted for this crime.<ref>{{cite book |title=For Love and Country: The Italian Resistance |author=Patrick Gallo |pages=275–277 |date=February 13, 2003 |publisher=[[University Press of America]] |isbn=0-7618-2496-0 }}</ref>

General Dostler was captured by U.S. forces on May 8, 1945, and brought to trial before an American [[military tribunal]] at the seat of the [[Supreme Allied Commander]], the [[Palace of Caserta|Royal Palace in Caserta]] on October 8, 1945.<ref>{{cite book|title=The last hero: Wild Bill Donovan|publisher=Vintage Books|year=1984|author=Anthony Cave Brown|isbn=9780394723051 |url=https://archive.org/details/lastherowildbill00brow|url-access=registration|author-link=Anthony Cave Brown}}</ref> In the first Allied war trial, Dostler was accused of carrying out an illegal order. In his defense, he maintained that he had revoked his first order to shoot the men but he had eventually re-issued it on higher order and that the execution of the OSS team was a lawful [[reprisal]]. Dostler also bluntly lied that the captured OSS men were dressed in civilian clothes. Then, when questioned why they were found in U.S. uniforms, he said that they wore no distinctive markings that distinguished themselves as Americans and therefore received no protection under the [[rules of war]] (which was rebuffed since the dead OSS men had insignia of their U.S. Army ranks). Dostler's plea of [[Superior Orders|superior orders]] failed because, by ordering the execution he had acted on his own outside the Fuhrer's order. The military commission also rejected his plea, declaring that Dostler's execution of U.S. soldiers was in violation of Article 2 of the 1929 Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War, which prohibited acts of reprisals against prisoners of war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/geneva02.asp |title=CONVENTION OF JULY 27, 1929, RELATIVE TO THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS OF WAR. |publisher=Avalon.law.yale.edu |access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> The commission stated that "[n]o soldier, and still less a [[Commanding officer|Commanding General]], can be heard to say that he considered the [[Summary execution|summary shooting]] of prisoners of war legitimate even as a reprisal."<ref>{{cite book |title=Mistake of Law: Excusing Perpetrators of International Crimes |author=Annemieke Van Verseveld |date=November 5, 2012 |page=106 |publisher=[[T.M.C. Asser Instituut#Publisher|T.M.C. Asser Press]] |isbn=978-90-6704-867-5 }}</ref>

Four days later, the trial unanimously found General Dostler guilty of [[war crimes]], rejecting his defense of superior orders. He was sentenced to death<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19451012&id=BFMbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xkwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2602,1801207 |title=German General Sentenced to Die for Slaying Yanks |work=[[Pittsburgh Press]] |date=October 12, 1945 |access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> and [[Execution by firing squad|executed by a firing squad]] on December 1, 1945, in [[Aversa]], about 15 kilometres north of [[Naples]]. The Dostler case became a precedent for the principle, used in the [[Nuremberg Trials]] of German generals, officials, and Nazi leaders beginning in November 1945, that using superior orders as a defense does not relieve officers from responsibility of carrying out illegal orders and their liability to be punished in court. This principle was codified in [[Nuremberg Principles#Principle IV|Principle IV]] of the [[Nuremberg Principles]], and similar principles were found in sections of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].

==Memorial==

There is a memorial for the 15 executed American soldiers in [[Ameglia|Piazza della Liberta, Ameglia]]. To commemorate the 60th anniversary of the mission in 2004, the American OSS Society and the Comune of Ameglia placed a commemorative plaque at Punta Bianca and erected a formal monument at Bocca di Magra. The mission represented a tragic waste of heroic and talented military personnel who must have known from the start that their chances of success and survival were perilously slim.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090420024425/http://wwiihistorymagazine.com/2005/sep/col-topsecret.html OSS Operation Ginny met with a tragic end during the Italian Campaign.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150602032607/http://www.ossog.org/italy/ginny_01.html Office of Strategic Services Operational Group]
* [http://www.apathtolunch.com/2012/04/liberation-day-ameglia-executions.html Liberation Day: The Ameglia Executions]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090924090306/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/WCC/dostler.htm The Dostler Case]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131206132427/http://ossinitaly.org/oss_in_italy_complete.html Video: Italian Americans in the OSS]
* [http://adeflumeri.tripod.com/id6.html Deflumeri Family Tree] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231205052/http://adeflumeri.tripod.com/id6.html |date=2014-12-31 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150308183128/http://www3.nd.edu/~com_sens/issues/old/v17/v17_n5.html#dostler For our Soldiers: The Case of General Anton Dostler]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130909145615/http://ww2talk.com/forums/topic/45293-behind-enemy-the-lines/ Behind Enemy the Lines]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ginny I and II}}
[[Category:Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:Battles involving the United States]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1944]]
[[Category:Military operations of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:Military history of Italy during World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of the United States during World War II]]
[[Category:World War II prisoner of war massacres by Nazi Germany]]

Operations Ginny I and II - Revision history

Bot: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.