Operation Woodrose - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 22:32, 3 December 2021
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	\| place = [[Punjab, India]]		\| place = [[Punjab, India]]
	\| result = Intensification of the insurgency:		\| result = Intensification of the insurgency:
	*Intended to preempt an uprising, the operation "proved to be even more counter-productive" than Blue Star,<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Dhillon \|first1=Kirpal S. \|title=Identity and Survival: Sikh Militancy in India, 1978-1993 \|date=2006 \|publisher=Penguin Books \|location=London, United Kingdom \|isbn=9780143100362 \|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Identity_and_Survival/_PU6CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT167\| pages=~~188-190~~, 207}}</ref> creating further "considerable alienation among a broad cross-section" of the Sikh population.<ref name=autogenerated1/>		*Intended to preempt an uprising, the operation "proved to be even more counter-productive" than Blue Star,<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Dhillon \|first1=Kirpal S. \|title=Identity and Survival: Sikh Militancy in India, 1978-1993 \|date=2006 \|publisher=Penguin Books \|location=London, United Kingdom \|isbn=9780143100362 \|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Identity_and_Survival/_PU6CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT167\| pages=188–190, 207}}</ref> creating further "considerable alienation among a broad cross-section" of the Sikh population.<ref name=autogenerated1/>
	\| casualties3 = More than 8,000 Sikh civilians reported killed or missing;<ref name=isj/><ref name="harj">{{cite book \|last1=Singh \|first1=Harjinder \|title=Reflections on 1984 \|date=2014 \|publisher=Akaal Publishers \|isbn=9780955458736 \|pages=~~86-88~~ \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUzwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86~~#v=onepage&q&f=false~~}}</ref> true number unknown<ref name="harj"/>		\| casualties3 = More than 8,000 Sikh civilians reported killed or missing;<ref name=isj/><ref name="harj">{{cite book \|last1=Singh \|first1=Harjinder \|title=Reflections on 1984 \|date=2014 \|publisher=Akaal Publishers \|isbn=9780955458736 \|pages=86–88 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUzwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86}}</ref> true number unknown<ref name="harj"/>
	}}		}}

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← Older revision		Revision as of 21:48, 13 November 2021
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	\| image_size = 300px		\| image_size = 300px
	\| caption = Shown in red is the state of Punjab		\| caption = Shown in red is the state of Punjab
	\| date = ~~1984–1992~~<ref~~>{{Cite book \| url~~=~~https:~~/~~/books.google.com/books?id=5sSXCwAAQBAJ \|title = Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency\|isbn = 9781317005414\|last1 = Gates\|first1 = Scott\|last2 = Roy\|first2~~ = ~~Kaushik\|date = 17 February 2016}}<~~/~~ref><br~~>~~({{Age in years, months, weeks and days\|year1=1984\|year2=1992}})~~		\| date = June-September 1984 (>3 months)<ref name=autogenerated1/><ref name=isj/>
	\| place = [[Punjab, India]]		\| place = [[Punjab, India]]
	\| result = ~~Tactical Indian victory, ''status quo ante bellum''~~:		\| result = Intensification of the insurgency:
	*~~Continued~~, ~~diminished unrest in Punjab state and revival of Akali Dal political presence~~		*Intended to preempt an uprising, the operation "proved to be even more counter-productive" than Blue Star,<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Dhillon \|first1=Kirpal S. \|title=Identity and Survival: Sikh Militancy in India, 1978-1993 \|date=2006 \|publisher=Penguin Books \|location=London, United Kingdom \|isbn=9780143100362 \|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Identity_and_Survival/_PU6CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT167\| pages=188-190, 207}}</ref> creating further "considerable alienation among a broad cross-section" of the Sikh population.<ref name=autogenerated1/>
	*President's Rule in Punjab ended in 1985, ~~imposed again in 1987~~ and ~~continued until 1992.~~		\| casualties3 = More than 8,000 Sikh civilians reported killed or missing;<ref name=isj/><ref name="harj">{{cite book \|last1=Singh \|first1=Harjinder \|title=Reflections on 1984 \|date=2014 \|publisher=Akaal Publishers \|isbn=9780955458736 \|pages=86-88 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUzwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> true number unknown<ref name="harj"/>
	*Sikh ~~militants conduct attacks~~ in ~~Punjab province of~~ India, ~~including the bombing of [[Air India Flight 182]] in 1985~~, ~~and the assassination of Chief Minister [[Beant Singh (chief minister)~~\|~~Beant Singh]] in 1995~~.
	*Crackdown on and disintegration of Babbar Khalsa and various other militant groups
	\| ~~combatant1~~ = ~~{{Flagicon image\|Flag of India.svg~~}} ~~[[India]]~~
	~~\| combatant2 = [[Sikhs]]~~<br />
	~~\| casualties1 = {{Flagicon image\|Flag~~ of ~~India~~.~~svg}} Unknown~~
	~~\| casualties2~~ = ~~Unknown~~
	\| casualties3 = ~~Unknown; no official count done but estimates are from 10~~,000 ~~to 20,000.~~<ref>~~[http~~://~~www~~.~~oneindia~~.com/~~india~~/~~punjab-militancy-there-have-been-12-000-civilian-deaths-1818756.html Punjab militancy: There have been 12,000 deaths]. ''One India''.~~</~~ref~~>
	}}		}}

	'''Operation Woodrose''' was a military operation carried out by the [[Indira Gandhi]]-led [[Government of India\|Indian government]] in the months after [[Operation Blue Star]] to "prevent the outbreak of widespread public protest" in the state of [[Punjab (India)\|Punjab]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book\|last=Deol\|first=Harnik\|title=Religion and nationalism in India: the case of the Punjab\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKRP1-H8T8AC\|access-date=22 July 2011\|year=2000\|publisher=Psychology Press\|isbn=978-0-415-20108-7\|pages=~~108–109~~}}</ref> The government arrested all prominent members of the largest Sikh political party, the [[Akali Dal]], and banned the [[All India Sikh Students Federation]], a large students' union.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> In addition, the Indian Army conducted operations in the countryside during which thousands of Sikhs, overwhelmingly young men, were detained for interrogation and subsequently tortured.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Despite its purported success in controlling the armed insurgency in the Punjab region, the operation was criticized by human-rights groups for the suspension of civil liberties and [[habeas corpus]], resulting in the disappearances of thousands of Sikh men. After the operation, the central government was criticized for using "draconian legislation" to repress a minority community.<ref name=autogenerated1 />		'''Operation Woodrose''' was a military operation carried out by the [[Indira Gandhi]]-led [[Government of India\|Indian government]] in the months after [[Operation Blue Star]] to "prevent the outbreak of widespread public protest" in the state of [[Punjab (India)\|Punjab]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book\|last=Deol\|first=Harnik\|title=Religion and nationalism in India: the case of the Punjab\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKRP1-H8T8AC\|access-date=22 July 2011\|year=2000\|publisher=Psychology Press\|isbn=978-0-415-20108-7\|pages=108–111}}</ref> The government arrested all prominent members of the largest Sikh political party, the [[Akali Dal]], and banned the [[All India Sikh Students Federation]], a large students' union.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> In addition, the Indian Army conducted operations in the countryside during which thousands of Sikhs, overwhelmingly young men, were detained for interrogation and subsequently tortured.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Despite its purported success in controlling the armed insurgency in the Punjab region, the operation was criticized by human-rights groups for the suspension of civil liberties and [[habeas corpus]], resulting in the disappearances of thousands of Sikh men. After the operation, the central government was criticized for using "draconian legislation" to repress a minority community.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

	==Conduct of the operation==		==Conduct of the operation==
	~~{{main article\|Punjab Insurgency}}~~		The operation consisted of the rounding up of thousands of Sikh youth and civilians. Troops would lay siege to targeted villages in the early-morning hours, confining the inhabitants to their houses and stopping all movement out of the village while conducting house-to house raids. Some villages experienced repeated sieges.{{sfn\|Dhillon\|2006\|p=189}} Sikh homes were raided indiscriminately, with an overwhelming number of detained being innocents.<ref name=isj/>
	The operation consisted of the rounding up of thousands of Sikh youth, ~~including several presumably innocent civilians~~. According to estimates published by Inderjit Singh Jaijee, approximately ~~1 million~~ individuals were reported as missing or killed as a result of Army operations during ~~this period~~.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Politics of ~~genocide~~: Punjab, 1984-~~1994~~ \|last=Jaijee \|first=Inderjit Singh \|year=~~1995~~ \|publisher=~~[[The University of Michigan]]~~ \|~~page~~=~~216~~ \|url=https://~~books~~.~~google.com~~/?id=2-~~qGAAAAMAAJ&dq=woodrose+sikh&q=woodrose~~ }}</ref> According to Dr.Sangat Singh, Joint Intelligence Committee, about 100,000 youth had been taken into custody within first four to six weeks of the operation ~~and he adds that~~ many ~~of them were~~ not heard of again.<ref name="Singh">Sangat Singh, ~~Sikhs~~ in ~~history, page 384~~</ref> ~~He further adds about~~ 20,000 youth ~~crossing over~~ to ~~Pakistan~~.<ref name="Singh"/>
			According to estimates published by Inderjit Singh Jaijee, approximately 8,000 individuals were reported as missing or killed by October 1984 as a result of Army operations during Woodrose alone (not including Operation Blue Star where over 5,000 civilians were killed<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Grewal \|first1=J. S. \|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India II.3) \|date=1998 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom \|isbn=9781316025338 \|page=227 \|edition=Revised \|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/227/mode/2up \|access-date=16 April 2020\|author1-link=J. S. Grewal \|quote= "...the total casualties of officers and men were about 700 and of civilians about 5,000."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Karim \|first1=Afsir \|title=Counter Terrorism, the Pakistan Factor \|date=1991 \|publisher=Lancer Publishers \|isbn=978-8170621270 \|page=35 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqwQb38SQEC \|quote="As far as the competence of the Army the less said the better. In an age where a handful of Israeli or German commandos could, through a well-planned action overcome a well-entrenched enemy thousands of miles away from them, the best our generals could do was to storm the Temple complex with tanks and armoured cars, blast the Akal Takht to get at Bhindranwale and 200 of his men. In crossfire upwards of 5,000 people, a majority of them pilgrims, including women and children, lost their lives.... Far from doing a competent job, our army commanders botched up a simple operation."}}</ref>) by state media, though Punjabi-language media estimated much higher figures.<ref name=isj>{{cite book \|title=Politics of Genocide: Punjab 1984-1998 \|last=Jaijee \|first=Inderjit Singh \|year=1999 \|publisher=Ajanta Publications \|pages=108, 150 \|url=https://archive.org/details/PoliticsOfGenocide-Punjab1984-1998/page/108/mode/2up? \|isbn=978-81-202-0415-7 }}</ref> According to Dr. Sangat Singh, who served in the Joint Intelligence Committee of the Government of India in the 1970s, about 100,000 youth had been taken into custody within the first four to six weeks of the operation, with many not heard from again,<ref name="Singh">{{cite book \|title=The Sikhs in History \|last=Singh \|first=Sangat Singh \|year=1995 \|publisher=[[The University of Michigan]] \|pages=387 \|url=https://archive.org/details/TheSikhsInHistory/page/386/mode/2up? \|isbn=978-8172052768 }}</ref> with many taken into custody beaten and tortured.<ref name="harj"/>

			The operation was mainly concentrated in the border districts, and all ''amritdhari'', or initiated, Sikh men from ages 15 to 60, particularly between 15 and 35, were referred to as "potential" terrorists in Army communiqués and targeted and taken from border villages.<ref name=isj/><ref name="Singh"/> Since the most likely targets were youth, many would try to flee across the border to Pakistan as the army approached. At first, Pakistani authorities jailed them as trespassers, before realizing their potential use, exploiting their resentment and distress to return a number of them as armed, motivated militants.{{sfn\|Dhillon\|2006\|p=189}} About 20,000 fleeing youth are estimated to have crossed the border.<ref name="Singh"/>

			Extrajudicial abuse extended even to distinguished Sikh army veterans;<ref name="harj"/> as Sikh ex-servicemen formed a large proportion of the rural Sikh population at about half a million at any given time.{{sfn\|Dhillon\|2006\|p=189}} Between the army's treatment of youth, veterans, and the old and infirm, rumors abounded in the countryside that the state was trying to wipe out the younger generation of a small minority and was systematically engaged in its suppression. An atmosphere of fear and suspicion continued in the countryside for several months.{{sfn\|Dhillon\|2006\|p=189}} Even after the formal end of the operation in September 1984, the community remained at the mercy of the authoritarian state apparatus; its deep, long-lasting sense of distress and disgruntlement would later become a significant factor in precipitating the subsequent [[Insurgency in Punjab\|militancy]].{{sfn\|Dhillon\|2006\|p=190}}

			Even after the operation, hundreds of men, women, and even children, picked up from the countryside, remained incarcerated.{{sfn\|Dhillon\|2006\|p=207}}

	==Punjab-Chandigarh Disturbed Area Act (1983) and other measures==		==Punjab-Chandigarh Disturbed Area Act (1983) and other measures==
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	Punjab Chief of Police, [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill]] described the actions as "suffering from all the classical defects of army intervention in civil strife" and stated that the Indian Army had acted "blindly".<ref>{{cite book \|title=Democracy and counterterrorism: lessons from the past \|last=Art \|first=Robert J. \|year=2007 \|publisher=[[United States Institute of Peace]] \|isbn=978-1-929223-93-0 \|page=441 }}</ref>		Punjab Chief of Police, [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill]] described the actions as "suffering from all the classical defects of army intervention in civil strife" and stated that the Indian Army had acted "blindly".<ref>{{cite book \|title=Democracy and counterterrorism: lessons from the past \|last=Art \|first=Robert J. \|year=2007 \|publisher=[[United States Institute of Peace]] \|isbn=978-1-929223-93-0 \|page=441 }}</ref>

	The army operations were overseen by Major General Jagdish Singh Jamwal, who was assigned the responsibility to seal the international border with Pakistan, in an attempt to control smuggling of arms and personnel, and by Lieutenant General [[Ranjit Singh Dyal]], who was instructed to oversee the apprehension of militants in state of Punjab.<ref~~>{{cite book \|title~~=~~Politics of genocide: Punjab, 1984-1998 \|last=Jaijee \|first=Inderjit Singh \|year=1999 \|publisher=[[Ajanta Publications]] \|isbn=978-81-202-0415-7 \|page=72 }}<~~/~~ref~~>		The army operations were overseen by Major General Jagdish Singh Jamwal, who was assigned the responsibility to seal the international border with Pakistan, in an attempt to control smuggling of arms and personnel, and by Lieutenant General [[Ranjit Singh Dyal]], who was instructed to oversee the apprehension of militants in state of Punjab.<ref name=isj/>

	==References==		==References==

Khan786: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Operation Woodrose | partof = Punjab In..."

2021-08-05T16:50:53Z

Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Operation Woodrose | partof = Punjab In..."

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Woodrose
| partof = [[Punjab Insurgency]]
| image = IN-PB.svg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Shown in red is the state of Punjab
| date = 1984–1992<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sSXCwAAQBAJ |title = Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency|isbn = 9781317005414|last1 = Gates|first1 = Scott|last2 = Roy|first2 = Kaushik|date = 17 February 2016}}</ref><br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year1=1984|year2=1992}})
| place = [[Punjab, India]]
| result = Tactical Indian victory, ''status quo ante bellum'':
*Continued, diminished unrest in Punjab state and revival of Akali Dal political presence
*President's Rule in Punjab ended in 1985, imposed again in 1987 and continued until 1992.
*Sikh militants conduct attacks in Punjab province of India, including the bombing of [[Air India Flight 182]] in 1985, and the assassination of Chief Minister [[Beant Singh (chief minister)|Beant Singh]] in 1995.
*Crackdown on and disintegration of Babbar Khalsa and various other militant groups
| combatant1 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[India]]
| combatant2 = [[Sikhs]]<br />
| casualties1 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
| casualties3 = Unknown; no official count done but estimates are from 10,000 to 20,000.<ref>[http://www.oneindia.com/india/punjab-militancy-there-have-been-12-000-civilian-deaths-1818756.html Punjab militancy: There have been 12,000 deaths]. ''One India''.</ref>
}}

'''Operation Woodrose''' was a military operation carried out by the [[Indira Gandhi]]-led [[Government of India|Indian government]] in the months after [[Operation Blue Star]] to "prevent the outbreak of widespread public protest" in the state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book|last=Deol|first=Harnik|title=Religion and nationalism in India: the case of the Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKRP1-H8T8AC|access-date=22 July 2011|year=2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-20108-7|pages=108–109}}</ref> The government arrested all prominent members of the largest Sikh political party, the [[Akali Dal]], and banned the [[All India Sikh Students Federation]], a large students' union.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> In addition, the Indian Army conducted operations in the countryside during which thousands of Sikhs, overwhelmingly young men, were detained for interrogation and subsequently tortured.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Despite its purported success in controlling the armed insurgency in the Punjab region, the operation was criticized by human-rights groups for the suspension of civil liberties and [[habeas corpus]], resulting in the disappearances of thousands of Sikh men. After the operation, the central government was criticized for using "draconian legislation" to repress a minority community.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

==Conduct of the operation==
{{main article|Punjab Insurgency}}
The operation consisted of the rounding up of thousands of Sikh youth, including several presumably innocent civilians. According to estimates published by Inderjit Singh Jaijee, approximately 1 million individuals were reported as missing or killed as a result of Army operations during this period.<ref>{{cite book |title=Politics of genocide: Punjab, 1984-1994 |last=Jaijee |first=Inderjit Singh |year=1995 |publisher=[[The University of Michigan]] |page=216 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=2-qGAAAAMAAJ&dq=woodrose+sikh&q=woodrose }}</ref> According to Dr.Sangat Singh, Joint Intelligence Committee, about 100,000 youth had been taken into custody within first four to six weeks of the operation and he adds that many of them were not heard of again.<ref name="Singh">Sangat Singh, Sikhs in history, page 384</ref> He further adds about 20,000 youth crossing over to Pakistan.<ref name="Singh"/>

==Punjab-Chandigarh Disturbed Area Act (1983) and other measures==
To allow for the legality of the operation, the states of Punjab and Chandigarh had been declared by the Indian government as 'disturbed areas' by the enactment of the Punjab Chandigarh Disturbed Area Act 1983,<ref>[http://www.legalindia.in/the-chandigarh-disturbed-areas-act-1983 THE CHANDIGARH DISTURBED AREAS ACT, 1983 : Legal India :: Legal India : Law Information Portal of India]</ref> while the Army was given unprecedented powers to detain and arrest civilians by the enactment of the Armed Forces (Punjab and Chandigarh) Act 1983.<ref>[http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/armsact.htm [The] Armed Forces (Punjab And Chandigarh)]</ref> The act empowered any commissioned, warrant or non-commissioned officer of the Army if "of opinion that it is necessary so to do for the maintenance of public order, after giving such due warning as he may consider necessary, fire upon or otherwise use forces, even to the causing of death". The act also allowed such an officer to "arrest, without warrant, any person who has committed a cognizable offence or against whom a reasonable suspicion exists that he has committed or is about to commit a cognizable offence".

Fast Track courts were set up under the Terrorist Affected Areas (Special Courts) Act 1984 <ref>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/actandordinances/terroristaffectedact.htm Terrorist Affected Areas (Special Courts) Act 1984]</ref> to try to sentence suspected terrorists rapidly.<ref>{{cite book |title=The gallant defender |last=Darshi |first=A R |year=1999 |publisher=[[Sikh Students Federation]] |isbn=81-7601-468-0 |page=108 }}</ref>

==Outcome==
Punjab Chief of Police, [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill]] described the actions as "suffering from all the classical defects of army intervention in civil strife" and stated that the Indian Army had acted "blindly".<ref>{{cite book |title=Democracy and counterterrorism: lessons from the past |last=Art |first=Robert J. |year=2007 |publisher=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |isbn=978-1-929223-93-0 |page=441 }}</ref>

The army operations were overseen by Major General Jagdish Singh Jamwal, who was assigned the responsibility to seal the international border with Pakistan, in an attempt to control smuggling of arms and personnel, and by Lieutenant General [[Ranjit Singh Dyal]], who was instructed to oversee the apprehension of militants in state of Punjab.<ref>{{cite book |title=Politics of genocide: Punjab, 1984-1998 |last=Jaijee |first=Inderjit Singh |year=1999 |publisher=[[Ajanta Publications]] |isbn=978-81-202-0415-7 |page=72 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Insurgency in Punjab]]
[[Category:History of Sikhism]]
[[Category:1980s in India]]
[[Category:Operations involving Indian special forces]]