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{{Short description|Alleged codename of a Pakistani ISI contingency program}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{operational plan
| name = Operation Tupac
| partof = the [[Kashmir conflict]] and the wider [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|India–Pakistan conflict]]
| image =
| caption =
| scope =* Provision of intelligence, funding and armaments for separatists and militants in [[Indian-administered Kashmir]] and [[India]]<ref name="Winchell 2003 374–388">{{citation |title=Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government |first=Sean P. |last=Winchell |journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence |volume=16 |pages=374–388 |number=3 |year=2003 |doi=10.1080/713830449 |ref={{sfnref|Winchell, Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government|2003}}}}</ref>
* Support Anti-[[India]] Separatists Movements and Militants also Support [[Islamists]] Uprisings in [[India]]<ref name=FAS/>
| type = Covert military-intelligence operation
| location = [[Kashmir Valley]]<ref name=FAS/><ref name="Winchell 2003 374–388"/>
| planned_by = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| objective = Arm, train and finance militants in India
| target ={{flag|India}}<ref name="Winchell 2003 374–388"/>
| date = 1989–present
| outcome =
* [[Insurgency]] and [[Revolution]] in [[Muslims|Muslim]]-dominated [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]] (1989–present)
*[[Insurgency in Northeast India|Separatist unrest in Northeast India]]{{sfnp|Rashid|2013|p=48}}<ref name=ghosh8>Ghosh 2000 pg.8</ref>
*[[Khalistan movement]]<ref name=SATPISYF>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/punjab/terrorist_outfits/ISYF.htm|title=International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) South Asia Terrorism Portal article|publisher=The Institute for Conflict Management |access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Shah1997">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7czT4fipTyoC|author=Mehtab Ali Shah|title=The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971-1994|year=1997|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-169-5|page=149}}</ref><ref name="Nanjappa">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/10vicky.htm|title=200 Pak organisations raise funds for terror: IB|last=Nanjappa|first=Vicky|date=10 June 2008|publisher=Rediff.com|language=en|access-date= 25 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="tm20090109">
{{cite web |url=http://www.jamestown.org/fileadmin/JamestownContent/Book_Images/TM_007_1.pdf |title=India's Sikh Militants Forming Ties with Lashkar-e-Taiba and Pakistani Intelligence |author=Mukhtar Khan |publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |date=9 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829024908/http://www.jamestown.org/fileadmin/JamestownContent/Book_Images/TM_007_1.pdf |archive-date=2012-08-29 |url-status=live}}
</ref>
|executed_by=[[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI)}}
'''Operation Tupac''' is the codename of an ongoing military-intelligence contingency program that has been active since the 1980s and run by Pakistan's main intelligence agency [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI). It has a three-part action plan to provide covert support to anti-[[India]] separatists and militants in [[Indian Administered Kashmir|Indian-administered Kashmir]]. The program was authorized and initiated in 1988 by the order of the then-[[President of Pakistan]], [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]].<ref name=FAS>
{{cite web |url = https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |title = Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence |publisher = [[Federation of American Scientists]] |author = John Pike |date = 25 July 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515131913/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |archive-date=15 May 2008}}
</ref><ref name=Salon>
{{citation |author=Juan Cole |url=http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2008/12/12/pakistan/index.html |title=Does Obama understand his biggest foreign-policy challenge? |newspaper=Salon |date=12 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215102510/http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2008/12/12/pakistan/index.html |archive-date=2009-02-15}}
</ref><ref name="tm20090109">
{{cite web |url=http://www.jamestown.org/fileadmin/JamestownContent/Book_Images/TM_007_1.pdf |title=India's Sikh Militants Forming Ties with Lashkar-e-Taiba and Pakistani Intelligence |author=Mukhtar Khan |publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |date=9 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829024908/http://www.jamestown.org/fileadmin/JamestownContent/Book_Images/TM_007_1.pdf |archive-date=2012-08-29 |url-status=live}}
</ref>

The codename of the program is derived from the name of [[Túpac Amaru II]], an 18th-century [[Peruvians|Peruvian]] revolutionary who led a [[Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II|large Andean uprising]] against [[Viceroyalty of Peru|Spanish colonial rule in Peru]].<ref name=GS1>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/isi.htm |title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence |access-date=12 May 2008 |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515203133/https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/isi.htm |archive-date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> The program is thought to be actively ongoing as the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] has maintained its support for Kashmiri separatists, [[Islamism|Islamists]] and other ideological militants in their fight against the Indian administration in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=GS1/>

While all Kashmiri separatist groups received funding and support, organizations that espoused an explicit pro-Pakistan stance in the [[Kashmir conflict]] were more heavily favoured by the Pakistani state.<ref name=FAS/> Under this program, the ISI helped create six separatist militant groups in Indian-administered Kashmir, including [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], which notoriously perpetrated the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] in India.<ref name=Salon/><ref name=NYT1>{{citation |author1=Richard A. Oppel Jr. |author2=Salman Masood |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/world/asia/01pstan.html |title=Pakistani Militants Admit Role in Siege, Official Says |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215130506/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/world/asia/01pstan.html |archive-date=2018-12-15 }}
</ref> American intelligence officials have speculated that the ISI has continued to provide protection, support and intelligence to Lashkar-e-Taiba, among other militant groups in the region.<ref name=NYT1/>

==ISI role==
The '''[[Inter-Services Intelligence]]''' ('''ISI'''), intelligence agency of [[Pakistan]] has been involved in running [[military intelligence]] programs in India, with one of the subsections of its Joint Intelligence Bureau (JIB) department devoted to perform various operations in India.<ref name="FASb">{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |author=Pike, John |date=25 July 2002 |access-date= 25 June 2012 |author-link=John E. Pike }}</ref> The Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau (JSIB) department has also been involved in providing communications support to Pakistani agents operating in regions of the [[Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir]] of India.<ref name="FASb"/> The Joint Intelligence North section of the Joint Counter-Intelligence Bureau (JCIB) wing deals particularly with India.<ref name="Daily">{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/india.html |title=Daily Describes Activities of ISI in India |work=[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]] |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |date=30 June 1999 |access-date= 25 June 2012}}</ref> In the 1950s the ISI's Covert Action Division was alleged for supplied arms to [[Insurgency in Northeast India|insurgents in Northeast India]].<ref name="FASb"/><ref name="South Asia Analysis Group">{{cite web|url=http://www.acsa.net/isi/index.html|title=PAKISTAN'S INTER-SERVICES INTELLIGENCE (ISI)|access-date=25 June 2012|first=B|last=Raman|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913194009/http://www.acsa.net/isi/index.html|archive-date=13 September 2012}}</ref>

The Pakistani [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] has encouraged and aided the Kashmir independence movement through an insurgency due to its dispute on the legitimacy of Indian rule in Kashmir, with the insurgency as an easy way to keep Indian troops distracted and cause international condemnation of India.

Former [[President of Pakistan|Pakistan President]] General [[Pervez Musharraf]] in Oct 2014 said during TV interview, "We have source (in Kashmir) besides the (Pakistan) army...People in Kashmir are fighting against (India). We just need to incite them."<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Pakistan needs to incite those fighting in Kashmir: Musharraf|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/musharraf-pakistan-kashmir-kargil-conflict-militants/1/396106.html|access-date=22 February 2017|magazine=[[India Today]]|date=16 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012065029/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/musharraf-pakistan-kashmir-kargil-conflict-militants/1/396106.html|archive-date=12 October 2017}}</ref>

The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)]], in their first ever open acknowledgement in 2011 in US Court, said that the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)]] sponsors terrorism in Kashmir and it oversees terrorist separatist groups in Kashmir.<ref name="firstpost1">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/isi-sponsors-terror-activities-in-kashmir-fbi-tells-us-court-46038.html|title=ISI sponsors terror activities in Kashmir, FBI tells US court|work=Firstpost|date=21 July 2011|access-date=1 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145916/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/isi-sponsors-terror-activities-in-kashmir-fbi-tells-us-court-46038.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com1">{{cite news|last1=Rajghatta|first1=Chidanand|title=US exposes ISI subversion of Kashmir issue; FBI arrests US-based lobbyist|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-exposes-ISI-subversion-of-Kashmir-issue-FBI-arrests-US-based-lobbyist/articleshow/9294830.cms|access-date=22 February 2017|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812140040/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-exposes-ISI-subversion-of-Kashmir-issue-FBI-arrests-US-based-lobbyist/articleshow/9294830.cms|archive-date=12 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="rediff1">{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Himani|title=ISI gives arms to Kashmir terrorists: Rana to FBI|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-isi-gives-arms-to-kashmiri-terrorists-rana-to-fbi/20110607.htm|access-date=22 February 2017|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=7 June 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805015010/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-isi-gives-arms-to-kashmiri-terrorists-rana-to-fbi/20110607.htm|archive-date=5 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress1">{{cite news|last1=Agencies|title=ISI funneled millions to influence US policy on Kashmir: FBI|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/isi-funneled-millions-to-influence-us-policy-on-kashmir-fbi/819859/|access-date=22 February 2017|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 July 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170224070053/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/isi-funneled-millions-to-influence-us-policy-on-kashmir-fbi/819859/|archive-date=24 February 2017}}</ref>

In 2019, [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] [[Imran Khan]] publicly discouraged Pakistani people from going to Kashmir to do a ''[[jihad]]''. People who went to Kashmir will do an "injustice to the Kashmiri people".<ref name="DawnSept2019">{{cite news |title='Historic day': PM Imran inaugurates 24/7 border crossing at Torkham |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1505914 |access-date=27 November 2019 |work=DAWN.COM |date=18 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Puri" /> Most of the Pakistani militants who had crossed the border over the years and were caught by the Indian security forces were found to belong to the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]] of Pakistan.<ref name="Puri">{{cite news |last1=Puri |first1=Luv |title=The many faces of Pakistani Punjab's militancy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-many-faces-of-pakistani-punjabs-militancy/article30090521.ece |access-date=27 November 2019 |work=The Hindu|date=27 November 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

India has also accused the ISI of reinvigorating separatism and insurgencies in the country via support to [[pro-Khalistan]] militant groups such as the [[International Sikh Youth Federation]] (ISYF), in order to destabilize India.<ref name=SATPISYF>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/punjab/terrorist_outfits/ISYF.htm|title=International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) South Asia Terrorism Portal article|publisher=The Institute for Conflict Management |access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Shah1997">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7czT4fipTyoC|author=Mehtab Ali Shah|title=The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971-1994|year=1997|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-169-5|page=149}}</ref> A report by India's [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) indicated that ISI was "desperately trying to revive Sikh" militant activity in India.<ref name="Nanjappa">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/10vicky.htm|title=200 Pak organisations raise funds for terror: IB|last=Nanjappa|first=Vicky|date=10 June 2008|publisher=Rediff.com|language=en|access-date= 25 June 2012}}</ref> The ISI is also allegedly active in printing and supplying [[Counterfeit money|counterfeit]] [[Indian rupee]] notes.<ref name="Chitkara2003">{{cite book|author=M. G. Chitkara|title=Combating Terrorism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3A0DG8caV6AC&pg=PA296|year=2003|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-415-2|page=296}}</ref>

==Scope and objectives of the program==

The primary objectives of Pakistan's Operation Tupac upon its execution were:<ref name=FAS/><ref name="Winchell 2003 374–388"/>

*to provide arms support and finance to separatists, [[militant]]s and [[Islamism|Islamists]] in [[India]].
*to trigger a [[Balkanization]] of [[India]].
*to utilize the spy network to act as an instrument of sabotage.
*to exploit porous borders with [[Nepal]] and [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]] to set up bases and [[Training|train]] anti-india militants for conduct operations against [[india]].<ref name=FAS/><ref name="Winchell 2003 374–388"/>
*to install [[Espionage|sleeper cells]] in [[india]] and its neighbour countries.<ref name=FAS/><ref name="Winchell 2003 374–388"/>

==Operation Tupac & Insurgency in Jammu & Kashmir==
After the [[Mujahideen]] victory against the [[Soviet-Afghan war|Soviet Union occupation in Afghanistan]], [[Mujahideen]] fighters, under the Operation Tupac with the aid of [[Pakistan]], slowly infiltrated [[Kashmir]] with the goal of spreading a Radical [[Islamism|Islamist ideology]] to [[Jihad]] against indian occupation in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

==See also==
*[[Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India]], an overview of the covert activities of Pakistan's ISI within India
*[[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism]], an overview of Pakistan's involvement with and exploitation of militant groups
*[[Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts]], a doctrine of the Pakistani military
*[[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]], an ongoing militant uprising in Indian-administered Kashmir against Indian rule

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{Inter-Services Intelligence}}
{{Military of Pakistan}}

[[Category:Military operations involving Pakistan|Tupac]]
[[Category:Inter-Services Intelligence operations]]
[[Category:Cold War conflicts]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]

Operation Tupac - Revision history

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