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[[Image:Italybombing4.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Aerial bombing of [[Nazi Germany|German]] railroad yards at [[Siena]] during Operation Strangle. On the alternate line from [[Pisa]] and [[Florence]] south to [[Rome]], the Siena yards were bombed by Mediterranean Allied Air Force Bombers.]]
{{Campaignbox Italy}}

'''Operation Strangle''' was a series of [[air interdiction]] operations during the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] of [[World War II]] by the [[United States]] [[Fifteenth Air Force|Fifteenth]] and [[Twelfth Air Force]]s to interdict [[Nazi Germany|German]] supply routes in Italy north of [[Rome]] from 19 March 1944 to 11 May 1944. Its aim was to prevent essential supplies from reaching German forces in [[Central Italy]] and compel a German withdrawal. The strategic goal of the air assault was to eliminate or greatly reduce the need for a ground assault on the region. The Allies failed in the overly ambitious objective of the campaign, namely the forced withdrawal of German forces from the [[Gustav Line]], but the air interdiction seriously complicated the German conduct of defensive operations and played a major role in the success of the subsequent Allied ground assault [[Operation Diadem]].<ref>"Operation 'Strangle', (Italy, Spring 1944): A Case Study of Tactical Air Interdiction, p. 5., by F.M. Sallagar, Rand Corporation.[http://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R0851.html] Accessed 19 May 2014.</ref>{{sfn|Frieser|Schmider|Schönherr|Schreiber|2007|p=1151}}

Two principal interdiction lines were maintained across the narrow boot of Italy. This meant that no through trains were able to run from the [[Po Valley]] to the front line, and that south of [[Florence]] nearly all supplies had to be moved by truck. Over the course of eight weeks, the Allies flew 21,000 sorties (388 per day) and dropped 22,500 tonnes of bombs.{{sfn|Frieser|Schmider|Schönherr|Schreiber|2007|p=1151}}<ref>United States Air Force official website.{{cite web |url=http://www.af.mil/history/spotlight.asp?storyID=123039842 |title=Operation Strangle |access-date=2008-04-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085000/http://www.af.mil/history/spotlight.asp?storyID=123039842 |archive-date=2008-05-16 }} Accessed 5 July 2008.</ref> The operation employed [[medium bomber]]s and [[fighter bomber]]s over a {{convert|150|sqmi|km2|adj=on}} area from Rome to [[Pisa]] and from [[Pescara]] to [[Rimini]].<ref>''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, Monday, May 8, 1944.[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023233346/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,933336,00.html?promoid=googlep] Accessed 5 July 2008.</ref>

Operation Strangle was also the name of the unsuccessful rail interdiction operation of the [[United Nations Command (Korea)|United Nations Command]] air forces in 1951–1952 during the [[Korean War]].

==''Diadem'' phase==
Operation Strangle achieved air superiority before the Diadem phase commenced. During Diadem, commanders continued interdicting supply lines but also conducted close air support to maintain air superiority. Some changes in target selection proved to have far-reaching effects on later military doctrine: a partial switch from rail to road targets, coupled with a concentration on the region closest to enemy lines, aimed to cripple the enemy by denying reliable transportation and reducing access to local supplies.<ref>"Operation 'Strangle', (Italy, Spring 1944): A Case Study of Tactical Air Interdiction, pp. 5–6.[http://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/2006/R851.pdf] Accessed 5 July 2008.</ref>

These efforts impaired but did not critically deplete German access to fuel and ammunition. The Germans used alternate routes and quickly repaired damaged points, especially at night and in bad weather, when the Americans could not bomb. German supply needs were low during the Operation Strangle, so in some respects they were able to maintain and even increase supplies.<ref>"Operation 'Strangle', (Italy, Spring 1944): A Case Study of Tactical Air Interdiction, pp. 9.[http://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/2006/R851.pdf] Accessed 5 July 2008.</ref>

The major benefit to the Allies of Operation Strangle was unintended: it reduced German troop mobility. The Germans had no reserve forces behind front lines and relied upon tactical mobility, so the inability to transfer forces quickly to weakly held points crippled their battle readiness. Three weeks after the ground campaign began, the Germans were in full retreat.<ref>"Operation 'Strangle', (Italy, Spring 1944): A Case Study of Tactical Air Interdiction, p. 9.[http://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/2006/R851.pdf] Accessed 5 July 2008.</ref>

==Analysis==
According to a 1972 [[Rand Corporation]] case study of the mission, Operation Strangle was an important milestone in the development of United States military interdiction doctrine. The report's conclusion was that the overriding objective of supply denial was unattainable. [[Air interdiction|Interdiction]] was a relatively new military strategy at the time, and American commanders lacked adequate understanding of German supply methods. Although supply denial was not the sole mission of the operation, it remained the primary goal even after it had clearly failed. The effect on troop movement was incidental. According to the Rand report:

{{quote|Interdiction was a relatively novel mission and there was a good deal of improvisation as the campaign went along. Fortunately for its success, the tactical air commanders and their pilots seem to have improvised in the right direction.<ref>"Operation Strangle, (Italy, Spring 1944): A Case Study of Tactical Air Interdiction, pp. 5, 10–11.[http://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/2006/R851.pdf] Accessed 5 July 2008.</ref>}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book
| last1 = Frieser
| first1 = Karl-Heinz
| author-link1 = Karl-Heinz Frieser
| first2 =Klaus
| last2 = Schmider
| first3 =Klaus
| last3 = Schönherr
| first4 = Gerhard
| last4 = Schreiber
| first5 = Kristián
| last5 = Ungváry
| author-link5 = Krisztián Ungváry
| first6 =Bernd
| last6=Wegner
| work = [[Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg]] [Germany and the Second World War]
| volume = VIII
| title = Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten
| trans-title = The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts
| publisher = Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt
| location = München
| year = 2007
| isbn = 9783421062352
| language = de
}}

{{coord missing|Italy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Strangle, Operation}}
[[Category:Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:Aerial operations and battles of World War II]]
[[Category:Battle of Monte Cassino]]
[[Category:Battles involving the United States]]
[[Category:Military operations of World War II involving Germany]]

Operation Strangle (World War II) - Revision history

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