Operation Flood - Revision history

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imported>MassDestroyer: /* Introduction and objective */ Wrong hyperlink

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Introduction and objective: Wrong hyperlink

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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
[[File:2_The-Amul-trinity_Kurien_Shri-TK-Patel_HM_Dalaya.jpg|thumbnail|250px |
The [[Amul]] trinity: [[Verghese Kurien]], Shri [[Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel]], and [[Harichand Megha Dalaya]] ]]
'''Operation Flood''', launched on 13 January 1970, was the world's largest dairy development program and a landmark project of India's [[National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)]].<ref name="Katar">{{cite book |author1=Katar Singh|isbn=81-7036-773-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wXsRWxpjPAC&pg=PA201 |title=Rural Development: Principles, Policies and Management |date=8 June 1999 |access-date=24 April 2017}}</ref> It transformed India from a milk-deficient nation into the world's largest milk producer, surpassing the United States of America in 1998<ref name="hindustant">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/India-largest-milk-producing-nation-in-2010-11-NDDB/Article1-785018.aspx |title=India largest milk producing nation in 2010-11: NDDB |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2011-12-20 |access-date=2012-09-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006163514/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/India-largest-milk-producing-nation-in-2010-11-NDDB/Article1-785018.aspx |archive-date=2012-10-06 }}</ref> with about 22.29 percent of global output in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Milk Production by country|url=https://www.nddb.coop/information/stats/across}}</ref> Within 30 years, it doubled the milk available per person in India<ref name="worldbank">{{cite book|last=Kurien|first=Verghese|title=Ending Poverty in South Asia: Ideas that work|year=2007|publisher=(The World Bank)|location=Washington D.C., USA|isbn= 978-0-8213-6876-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IV9m8gF6XDcC&pg=PA52|chapter=India's Milk Revolution: Investing in Rural Producer Organizations|editor=Narayan, Deepa |editor2=Glinskaya, Elena |access-date=11 September 2012|page=52}}</ref> and made dairy farming India's largest self-sustainable rural employment generator.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pendleton |last2=Narayanan |first1=Andrew |first2=Pradeep |title=The white revolution : milk in India |work=Taking liberties: poor people, free trade and trade justice |page=35 |publisher=Christian Aid |access-date=11 September 2012 |url = http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/about/the_global_dimension/teaching_resources/trade/Taking%20liberties%20-%20Poor%20people,%20free%20trade%20and%20trade%20justice.pdf}}</ref> It was launched to help farmers direct their own development and giving them control of the resources they create. All this was achieved not merely by mass production, but by production by the masses; the process has since been termed as the "'''White Revolution"'''.
If there was one technological breakthrough that revolutionized India's organized dairy industry, it was the making of [[skim milk]] powder out of [[Bubalina|buffalo]] milk. The man who made this possible was [[Harichand Megha Dalaya]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kurien |first=Verghese |title=Ending Poverty in South Asia: Ideas that work |year=2007 |publisher=(The World Bank) |location=Washington D.C., USA |isbn= 978-0-8213-6876-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IV9m8gF6XDcC&pg=PA47 |chapter=India' s Milk Revolution: Investing in Rural Producer Organizations|editor=Narayan, Deepa |editor2=Glinskaya, Elena|access-date=13 January 2021 |page=47 |quote=If there was one technological breakthrough that revolutionized India's organized dairy industry, it was the making of skim milk powder out of buffalo milk. The man who made this possible, and who had the foresight to defy the prevailing technical wisdom, was [[Harichand Megha Dalaya|H. M. Dalaya]]. While the Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union is usually associated with its founder, Tribhuvandas Patel, it was Dalaya who provided the real technical backbone to the [[Amul]] organization.}}</ref>
The ''[[Verghese Kurien#Work|Anand Pattern Experiment'' at ''Amul]]'', a dairy [[co-operative]], was the engine behind the success of the program.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kurien |first=Verghese |title=Ending Poverty in South Asia: Ideas that work |year=2007 |publisher=(The World Bank) |location=Washington D.C., USA |isbn= 978-0-8213-6876-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IV9m8gF6XDcC&pg=PA42|chapter=India' s Milk Revolution: Investing in Rural Producer Organizations|editor=Narayan, Deepa |editor2=Glinskaya, Elena|access-date=13 September 2012 |page=42}}</ref>

[[Verghese Kurien]], the chairman and founder of Amul, was named the Chairman of NDDB by the then Prime Minister of India [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]. Kurien thrust the program towards success and has since been recognized as its architect.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-09/india/33713090_1_verghese-kurien-father-of-white-revolution-milk-powder | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602042628/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-09/india/33713090_1_verghese-kurien-father-of-white-revolution-milk-powder | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-06-02 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Father of white revolution Verghese Kurien dies}}</ref>

==Introduction and objective==
[[File:1980 His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales HM Dalaya visits Amul 2.jpg |thumbnail|250px | [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles, Prince of Wales]], visits India and [[Amul]] with [[Harichand Megha Dalaya]] , in December [[1980]] ]]
Operation Flood is the program that led to "White Revolution." It created a national milk grid linking producers throughout India to consumers in over 700 towns and cities and reducing seasonal and regional price variations while ensuring that producers get a major share of the profit by eliminating the middlemen. At the bedrock of Operation Flood stands the village milk producers' co-operatives, which procure milk and provide inputs and services, making modern management and technology available to all the members.

[https://proreaders.in/white-revolution-in-india/ Operation Flood's] objectives included:

* Increase in milk production
* Augmented rural incomes
* Fair prices for consumers <ref name="NDDB">{{cite web|url=http://www.nddb.org/aboutnddb/operationflood.html|title=About NDDB|access-date=26 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415032838/http://www.nddb.org/aboutnddb/operationflood.html|archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref>
* Increased income and reduced poverty among participating farmers while ensuring steady supply of milk in return

==Program implementation==
Operation Flood was implemented in Three phases:

===Phase I===
[[File:1980_His_Royal_Highness_The_Prince_of_Wales_with_HM_Dalaya_visits_Amul_3.jpg |thumbnail|250px | [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles, Prince of Wales]], visits India and [[Amul]] with [[Harichand Megha Dalaya]], in December [[1980]] ]]
Phase I (1970–1980) was financed by the sale of [[Skimmed milk|skimmed]] [[Powdered milk|milk powder]] and [[Clarified butter|butter oil]] donated by the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) through the [[World Food Program|World Food Program (WFP)]]. NDDB planned the program and negotiated the details of EEC assistance. During this phase Operation Flood linked 18 of India's premier milk sheds with consumers in India's major metropolitan cities: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai, establishing mother dairies in the four metros.<ref name="NDDB"/> Operation Flood-I was originally meant to be completed in 1975, but it eventually lasted until the end of 1979, at a total cost of Rs.116 crores.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=65013|title=Milk and Milk Products Technology: Operation Flood (OF) Programme|website=ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref>
At the start of Operation Flood-I, in 1970, certain aims were kept in view for the implementation of the programs:
*Improving the organized dairy sector in metropolitan cities Mumbai (then Bombay), Kolkata (then Calcutta), Chennai (then Madras), and Delhi through marketing,
*An increase of producers' share in the milk market,
*The speeding up of the development of dairy animals in rural areas to increase both production and procurement.

===Phase II===
Operation Flood Phase II (1981–1985) increased the number of milk-sheds from 18 to 136; urban markets also expanded the outlets for milk to 290. By the end of 1985, a self-sustaining system of 43,000 village co-operatives with 4,250,000 milk producers was covered. Domestic milk powder production increased from 22,000 tons in the pre-project year to 140,000 tons by 1989, with all of this increase coming from dairies set up under Operation Flood. In this way, EEC gifts and a World Bank loan helped in promoting self-reliance. Direct marketing of milk by producers' co-operatives also increased by several million liters a day.

===Phase III===
[[File:Amul Plant at Anand.jpg|thumbnail|250px|[[Amul]] Dairy Plant at [[Anand, Gujarat]] was a highly successful co-operative started during Operation Flood in the 1970s.]]
Phase III (1985–1996) enabled dairy co-operatives to expand and strengthen the infrastructure required to procure and market increasing volumes of milk. Veterinary first-aid health care services, feed, and artificial insemination services for co-operative members were extended, along with intensified member education. Operation Flood's Phase III consolidated India's dairy co-operative movement, adding 30,000 new dairy co-operatives to the 43,000 existing co-operatives organized during Phase II. The number of milk-sheds peaked at 173 in 1988-89, with the numbers of female members and female Dairy Co-operative Societies increasing significantly. Phase III also increased emphasis on research and development in animal health and nutrition. Innovations such as a vaccine for [[Theileria|Theileriosis]], bypassing protein feed and urea-molasses mineral blocks, contributed to the enhanced productivity of milk-producing animals.<ref name="NDDB"/>

==Features==
There were some distinctive features behind the success of Operation Flood:
* Adopting new and modern methods to hold and milk cows
* Changing the composition of animal feed for better adjustment to the condition
* Revision of different producer costs on a sliding scale

==Criticisms==
Critics of the project argue that the emphasis on imported breeds of cattle has resulted in the decimation of Indian breeds. Foreign breeds give higher yields, but they require more feed and are not suited to Indian conditions.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sainath|first=P.|title=Cattle class: native vs exotic|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/sainath/article2778130.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 January 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ramdas|first=Sagari R.|author2=Nitya S Ghotge|title=India's Livestock Economy: The Forsaken Drylands |journal=Seminar|date=August 2006|issue=564}}</ref>{{how|date=May 2020}}

==See also==
* [[Green Revolution in India]]
* [[Amrita Patel]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120908131031/http://www.nddb.org/English/Genesis/Pages/Operation-Flood.aspx Operation Flood on NDDB]

{{Government schemes in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:History of Gujarat (1947–present)]]
[[Category:History of agriculture in India]]
[[Category:Dairy farming in India]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi administration]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:22, 12 December 2021
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=October ~~2019~~}}		{{Short description\|White Revolution in India}}{{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2021}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=October 2019}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=October 2019}}
	[[File:2_The-Amul-trinity_Kurien_Shri-TK-Patel_HM_Dalaya.jpg\|thumbnail\|250px \|		[[File:2_The-Amul-trinity_Kurien_Shri-TK-Patel_HM_Dalaya.jpg\|thumbnail\|250px \|
	The [[Amul]] trinity: [[Verghese Kurien]], Shri [[Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel]], and [[Harichand Megha Dalaya]] ]]		The [[Amul]] trinity: [[Verghese Kurien]], Shri [[Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel]], and [[Harichand Megha Dalaya]] ]]
	'''Operation Flood''', launched on 13 January 1970, was the world's largest dairy development program and a landmark project of India's [[National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)]].<ref name="Katar">{{cite book \|author1=Katar Singh\|isbn=81-7036-773-5 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wXsRWxpjPAC&pg=PA201 \|title=Rural Development: Principles, Policies and Management \|date=8 June 1999 \|access-date=24 April 2017}}</ref> It transformed India from a milk-deficient nation into the world's largest milk producer, surpassing the United States of America in 1998<ref name="hindustant">{{cite web \|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/India-largest-milk-producing-nation-in-2010-11-NDDB/Article1-785018.aspx \|title=India largest milk producing nation in ~~2010-11~~: NDDB \|publisher=Hindustan Times \|date=2011~~-12-20~~ \|access-date=2012~~-09-09~~ \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006163514/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/India-largest-milk-producing-nation-in-2010-11-NDDB/Article1-785018.aspx \|archive-date=2012~~-10-06~~ }}</ref> with about 22.29 percent of global output in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Milk Production by country\|url=https://www.nddb.coop/information/stats/across}}</ref> Within 30 years, it doubled the milk available per person in India<ref name="worldbank">{{cite book\|last=Kurien\|first=Verghese\|title=Ending Poverty in South Asia: Ideas that work\|year=2007\|publisher=(The World Bank)\|location=Washington D.C., USA\|isbn= 978-0-8213-6876-3\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IV9m8gF6XDcC&pg=PA52\|chapter=India's Milk Revolution: Investing in Rural Producer Organizations\|editor=Narayan, Deepa \|editor2=Glinskaya, Elena \|access-date=11 September 2012\|page=52}}</ref> and made dairy farming India's largest self-sustainable rural employment generator.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Pendleton \|last2=Narayanan \|first1=Andrew \|first2=Pradeep \|title=The white revolution : milk in India \|work=Taking liberties: poor people, free trade and trade justice \|page=35 \|publisher=Christian Aid \|access-date=11 September 2012 \|url = http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/about/the_global_dimension/teaching_resources/trade/Taking%20liberties%20-%20Poor%20people,%20free%20trade%20and%20trade%20justice.pdf}}</ref> It was launched to help farmers direct their own development and giving them control of the resources they create. All this was achieved not merely by mass production, but by production by the masses; the process has since been termed as the "'''White Revolution"'''.		'''Operation Flood''', launched on 13 January 1970, was the world's largest dairy development program and a landmark project of India's [[National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)]].<ref name="Katar">{{cite book \|author1=Katar Singh\|isbn=81-7036-773-5 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wXsRWxpjPAC&pg=PA201 \|title=Rural Development: Principles, Policies and Management \|date=8 June 1999 \|access-date=24 April 2017}}</ref> It transformed India from a milk-deficient nation into the world's largest milk producer, surpassing the United States of America in 1998<ref name="hindustant">{{cite web \|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/India-largest-milk-producing-nation-in-2010-11-NDDB/Article1-785018.aspx \|title=India largest milk producing nation in 2010–11: NDDB \|publisher=Hindustan Times \|date=20 December 2011 \|access-date=9 September 2012 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006163514/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/India-largest-milk-producing-nation-in-2010-11-NDDB/Article1-785018.aspx \|archive-date=6 October 2012 }}</ref> with about 22.29 percent of global output in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Milk Production by country\|url=https://www.nddb.coop/information/stats/across}}</ref> Within 30 years, it doubled the milk available per person in India<ref name="worldbank">{{cite book\|last=Kurien\|first=Verghese\|title=Ending Poverty in South Asia: Ideas that work\|year=2007\|publisher=(The World Bank)\|location=Washington D.C., USA\|isbn= 978-0-8213-6876-3\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IV9m8gF6XDcC&pg=PA52\|chapter=India's Milk Revolution: Investing in Rural Producer Organizations\|editor=Narayan, Deepa \|editor2=Glinskaya, Elena \|access-date=11 September 2012\|page=52}}</ref> and made dairy farming India's largest self-sustainable rural employment generator.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Pendleton \|last2=Narayanan \|first1=Andrew \|first2=Pradeep \|title=The white revolution : milk in India \|work=Taking liberties: poor people, free trade and trade justice \|page=35 \|publisher=Christian Aid \|access-date=11 September 2012 \|url = http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/about/the_global_dimension/teaching_resources/trade/Taking%20liberties%20-%20Poor%20people,%20free%20trade%20and%20trade%20justice.pdf}}</ref> It was launched to help farmers direct their own development and giving them control of the resources they create. All this was achieved not merely by mass production, but by production by the masses; the process has since been termed as the "'''White Revolution"'''.
	If there was one technological breakthrough that revolutionized India's organized dairy industry, it was the making of [[skim milk]] powder out of [[Bubalina\|buffalo]] milk. The man who made this possible was [[Harichand Megha Dalaya]].<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kurien \|first=Verghese \|title=Ending Poverty in South Asia: Ideas that work \|year=2007 \|publisher=(The World Bank) \|location=Washington D.C., USA \|isbn= 978-0-8213-6876-3 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IV9m8gF6XDcC&pg=PA47 \|chapter=India' s Milk Revolution: Investing in Rural Producer Organizations\|editor=Narayan, Deepa \|editor2=Glinskaya, Elena\|access-date=13 January 2021 \|page=47 \|quote=If there was one technological breakthrough that revolutionized India's organized dairy industry, it was the making of skim milk powder out of buffalo milk. The man who made this possible, and who had the foresight to defy the prevailing technical wisdom, was [[Harichand Megha Dalaya\|H. M. Dalaya]]. While the Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union is usually associated with its founder, Tribhuvandas Patel, it was Dalaya who provided the real technical backbone to the [[Amul]] organization.}}</ref>		If there was one technological breakthrough that revolutionized India's organized dairy industry, it was the making of [[skim milk]] powder out of [[Bubalina\|buffalo]] milk. The man who made this possible was [[Harichand Megha Dalaya]].<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kurien \|first=Verghese \|title=Ending Poverty in South Asia: Ideas that work \|year=2007 \|publisher=(The World Bank) \|location=Washington D.C., USA \|isbn= 978-0-8213-6876-3 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IV9m8gF6XDcC&pg=PA47 \|chapter=India' s Milk Revolution: Investing in Rural Producer Organizations\|editor=Narayan, Deepa \|editor2=Glinskaya, Elena\|access-date=13 January 2021 \|page=47 \|quote=If there was one technological breakthrough that revolutionized India's organized dairy industry, it was the making of skim milk powder out of buffalo milk. The man who made this possible, and who had the foresight to defy the prevailing technical wisdom, was [[Harichand Megha Dalaya\|H. M. Dalaya]]. While the Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union is usually associated with its founder, Tribhuvandas Patel, it was Dalaya who provided the real technical backbone to the [[Amul]] organization.}}</ref>
	The ''[[Verghese Kurien#Work\|Anand Pattern Experiment'' at ''Amul]]'', a dairy [[co-operative]], was the engine behind the success of the program.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kurien \|first=Verghese \|title=Ending Poverty in South Asia: Ideas that work \|year=2007 \|publisher=(The World Bank) \|location=Washington D.C., USA \|isbn= 978-0-8213-6876-3 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IV9m8gF6XDcC&pg=PA42\|chapter=India' s Milk Revolution: Investing in Rural Producer Organizations\|editor=Narayan, Deepa \|editor2=Glinskaya, Elena\|access-date=13 September 2012 \|page=42}}</ref>		The ''[[Verghese Kurien#Work\|Anand Pattern Experiment'' at ''Amul]]'', a dairy [[co-operative]], was the engine behind the success of the program.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kurien \|first=Verghese \|title=Ending Poverty in South Asia: Ideas that work \|year=2007 \|publisher=(The World Bank) \|location=Washington D.C., USA \|isbn= 978-0-8213-6876-3 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IV9m8gF6XDcC&pg=PA42\|chapter=India' s Milk Revolution: Investing in Rural Producer Organizations\|editor=Narayan, Deepa \|editor2=Glinskaya, Elena\|access-date=13 September 2012 \|page=42}}</ref>

	[[Verghese Kurien]], the chairman and founder of Amul, was named the Chairman of NDDB by ~~the then~~ Prime Minister ~~of India~~ [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]. Kurien thrust the program towards success and has since been recognized as its architect.<ref>{{cite news\| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-09/india/33713090_1_verghese-kurien-father-of-white-revolution-milk-powder \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602042628/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-09/india/33713090_1_verghese-kurien-father-of-white-revolution-milk-powder \| url-status=dead \| archive-date=2013~~-06-02~~ \| work=[[The Times of India]] \| title=Father of white revolution Verghese Kurien dies}}</ref>		[[Dr Verghese Kurien]], the chairman and founder of Amul, was named the Chairman of NDDB by Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]. Kurien thrust the program towards success and has since been recognized as its architect.<ref>{{cite news\| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-09/india/33713090_1_verghese-kurien-father-of-white-revolution-milk-powder \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602042628/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-09/india/33713090_1_verghese-kurien-father-of-white-revolution-milk-powder \| url-status=dead \| archive-date=2 June 2013 \| work=[[The Times of India]] \| title=Father of white revolution Verghese Kurien dies}}</ref>

	==Introduction and objective==		==Introduction and objective==
	[[File:1980 His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales HM Dalaya visits Amul 2.jpg \|thumbnail\|250px \| [[Charles, Prince of Wales\|Prince Charles, Prince of Wales]], visits India and [[Amul]] with [[Harichand Megha Dalaya]] , in December [[1980]] ]]		[[File:1980 His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales HM Dalaya visits Amul 2.jpg \|thumbnail\|250px \| [[Charles, Prince of Wales\|Prince Charles, Prince of Wales]], visits India and [[Amul]] with [[Harichand Megha Dalaya]] , in December 1980 ]]
	Operation Flood is the program that led to "White Revolution." It created a national milk grid linking producers throughout India to consumers in over 700 towns and cities and reducing seasonal and regional price variations while ensuring that producers get a major share of the profit by eliminating the middlemen. At the bedrock of Operation Flood stands the village milk producers' co-operatives, which procure milk and provide inputs and services, making modern management and technology available to all the members.		Operation Flood is the program that led to "White Revolution." It created a national milk grid linking producers throughout India to consumers in over 700 towns and cities and reducing seasonal and regional price variations while ensuring that producers get a major share of the profit by eliminating the middlemen. At the bedrock of Operation Flood stands the village milk producers' co-operatives, which procure milk and provide inputs and services, making modern management and technology available to all the members.

	~~[https://proreaders.in/white-revolution-in-india/~~ Operation Flood's] objectives included:		Operation Flood's objectives included:-

	* Increase in milk production		* Increase in milk production
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	===Phase I===		===Phase I===
	[[File:1980_His_Royal_Highness_The_Prince_of_Wales_with_HM_Dalaya_visits_Amul_3.jpg \|thumbnail\|250px \| [[Charles, Prince of Wales\|Prince Charles, Prince of Wales]], visits India and [[Amul]] with [[Harichand Megha Dalaya]], in December [[1980]] ]]		[[File:1980_His_Royal_Highness_The_Prince_of_Wales_with_HM_Dalaya_visits_Amul_3.jpg \|thumbnail\|250px \| [[Charles, Prince of Wales\|Prince Charles, Prince of Wales]], visits India and [[Amul]] with [[Harichand Megha Dalaya]], in December 1980 ]]
	Phase I (1970–1980) was financed by the sale of [[Skimmed milk\|skimmed]] [[Powdered milk\|milk powder]] and [[Clarified butter\|butter oil]] donated by the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) through the [[World Food Program~~\|World Food Program~~ (WFP)]]. NDDB planned the program and negotiated the details of EEC assistance. During this phase Operation Flood linked 18 of India's premier milk sheds with consumers in India's major metropolitan cities: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai, establishing mother dairies in the four metros.<ref name="NDDB"/> Operation Flood-I was originally meant to be completed in 1975, but it eventually lasted until the end of 1979, at a total cost of Rs.~~116 crores~~.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=65013\|title=Milk and Milk Products Technology: Operation Flood (OF) Programme\|website=ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in\|access-date=2019~~-04-04~~}}</ref>		Phase I (1970–1980) was financed by the sale of [[Skimmed milk\|skimmed]] [[Powdered milk\|milk powder]] and [[Clarified butter\|butter oil]] donated by the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) through the [[World Food Program]] (WFP). NDDB planned the program and negotiated the details of EEC assistance. During this phase Operation Flood linked 18 of India's premier milk sheds with consumers in India's major metropolitan cities: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai, establishing mother dairies in the four metros.<ref name="NDDB"/> Operation Flood-I was originally meant to be completed in 1975, but it eventually lasted until the end of 1979, at a total cost of Rs.1.16 billion.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=65013\|title=Milk and Milk Products Technology: Operation Flood (OF) Programme\|website=ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in\|access-date=4 April 2019}}</ref>
	At the start of Operation Flood-I, in 1970, certain aims were kept in view for the implementation of the programs:		At the start of Operation Flood-I, in 1970, certain aims were kept in view for the implementation of the programs:
	*Improving the organized dairy sector in metropolitan cities Mumbai (then Bombay), Kolkata (then Calcutta), Chennai (then Madras), and Delhi through marketing,		*Improving the organized dairy sector in metropolitan cities Mumbai (then Bombay), Kolkata (then Calcutta), Chennai (then Madras), and Delhi through marketing,
Line 36:		Line 36:
	===Phase III===		===Phase III===
	[[File:Amul Plant at Anand.jpg\|thumbnail\|250px\|[[Amul]] Dairy Plant at [[Anand, Gujarat]] was a highly successful co-operative started during Operation Flood in the 1970s.]]		[[File:Amul Plant at Anand.jpg\|thumbnail\|250px\|[[Amul]] Dairy Plant at [[Anand, Gujarat]] was a highly successful co-operative started during Operation Flood in the 1970s.]]
	Phase III (1985–1996) enabled dairy co-operatives to expand and strengthen the infrastructure required to procure and market increasing volumes of milk. Veterinary first-aid health care services, feed, and artificial insemination services for co-operative members were extended, along with intensified member education. Operation Flood's Phase III consolidated India's dairy co-operative movement, adding 30,000 new dairy co-operatives to the 43,000 existing co-operatives organized during Phase II. The number of milk-sheds peaked at 173 in ~~1988-89~~, with the numbers of female members and female Dairy Co-operative Societies increasing significantly. Phase III also increased emphasis on research and development in animal health and nutrition. Innovations such as a vaccine for [[Theileria\|Theileriosis]], bypassing protein feed and urea-molasses mineral blocks, contributed to the enhanced productivity of milk-producing animals.<ref name="NDDB"/>		Phase III (1985–1996) enabled dairy co-operatives to expand and strengthen the infrastructure required to procure and market increasing volumes of milk. Veterinary first-aid health care services, feed, and artificial insemination services for co-operative members were extended, along with intensified member education. Operation Flood's Phase III consolidated India's dairy co-operative movement, adding 30,000 new dairy co-operatives to the 43,000 existing co-operatives organized during Phase II. The number of milk-sheds peaked at 173 in 1988–89, with the numbers of female members and female Dairy Co-operative Societies increasing significantly. Phase III also increased emphasis on research and development in animal health and nutrition. Innovations such as a vaccine for [[Theileria\|Theileriosis]], bypassing protein feed and urea-molasses mineral blocks, contributed to the enhanced productivity of milk-producing animals.<ref name="NDDB"/>

	==Features==		==Features==