Operation Desert Hawk - Revision history

113.193.44.54: Result as per https://books.google.com/books?id=JAwxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT153 rest of the information failed to verify through sources.

2023-12-13T15:37:22Z

Result as per https://books.google.com/books?id=JAwxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT153 rest of the information failed to verify through sources.

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:07, 13 December 2023
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	\| date = April 1965		\| date = April 1965
	\| place = [[Rann of Kutch]], India		\| place = [[Rann of Kutch]], India
	\| result = ~~Pakistani victory~~<ref>~~Chakravorty, B.C, D. Phil. "History of the Indo-Pak War, 1965~~.~~" phpisn.ethz.ch, 1992, https~~:~~//phpisn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/coll\\_india/documents/1965Chapter02.pdf. Accessed 24 Nov. 2023.~~		\| result = [[#Ceasefire\|Ceasefire]]<ref>{{cite book \| last=Cardozo \| first=I. \| title=1971: Stories of Grit and Glory from the Indo-Pak War \| publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited \| year=2021 \| isbn=978-93-5492-028-8 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAwxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT153 \| access-date=2022-08-20 \| page=153}}</ref>
	"In sum, for India the Kutch Operation was a wrong war with the right enemy, at a wrong place (74). For Pakistan, it was a victorious war, out of which it learnt a wrong lesson that it could win a cake-walk victory in Kashmir. This fake sense of victory whetted Pakistani appetite for Kashmir. This led to the September War ultimately" "There was no higher plan to meet the Pak attack, nor any prior preparation for the operations in the Rann. Local commanders chose their own objectives(64). In April 1965 Indian forces were not at all prepared to take on Pakistan(65)"</ref><ref>Hiro, Dilip (24 February 2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and ~~Pakistan. Nation Books, Hiro. OPERATION DESERT HAWK: A DRY RUN. ISBN 9781568585031. Retrieved 22 November 2023.</ref>~~
	*Pakistan seizes posts along the Kanjarkot Stretch<ref>McGarr, Paul M., ed. "Triumph and tragedy: the ~~Rann of Kutch and the 1965~~ Indo-~~Pakistani War." The Cold~~ War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965, Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 301–344, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cold-war-in-south-asia/triumph-and-tragedy/910E410121641DFE773BC5126C326892. Accessed 21 Nov. 2023.</ref>
	*Ceasefire Agreement signed by both India & Pakistan<ref>Hiro, Dilip (24 February 2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India ~~and Pakistan. Nation Books, Hiro. OPERATION DESERT HAWK: A DRY RUN. ISBN 9781568585031. Retrieved 19 October 2016.~~
	"Negotiations on the terms for a cease-fire agreement continued in May and June 1965. Finally the effort of the British Prime Minister bore fruit and a cease-fire agreement was signed by India and Pakistan on 30 June 1965."</ref><ref>Joshi, Rohan. "How India Fought Pakistan 50 Years Ago." The Diplomat, 17 Sept. 2015, https://thediplomat.com/2015/09/how-india-fought-pakistan-50-years-ago/. Accessed 24 Nov. 2023.
	""The Pakistan Army’s offensive, led by armored regiments equipped with Patton tanks newly acquired from the U.S., made substantial gains before a Great Britain-led initiative brokered a temporary truce"</ref><ref>Dutt, Sagarika; Bansal, Alok (2013-06-17) (in en). South Asian Security: 21st Century Discourses. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-~~136~~-~~61767~~-~~6.</ref>~~
	*Both sides agree to withdraw troops from disputed and occupied territories<ref>https://~~web~~.~~archive~~.~~org~~/~~web/20210824155244/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/rann-of~~-~~kutch.htm</ref>~~
	*Further deescalation of Indo-~~Pakistani ties lead to the [[Indo~~-~~Pakistani War of 1965]]<ref>Yamin, Tughral (2012). "An appreciation of the Pakistani military thought process". Strategic Studies. 32 (2/3): 123. ISSN 1029-0990. JSTOR 48529363.~~</ref>
	\| combatant1 = {{flag\|India}}		\| combatant1 = {{flag\|India}}
	\| combatant2 = {{flag\|Pakistan}}		\| combatant2 = {{flag\|Pakistan}}
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	== Aftermath ==		== Aftermath ==

	The Pakistan Army decision makers assessed the Indian Army's strength and capability based on the ~~Decesive~~ success in the Rann of Kutch area and headed towards their next planned execution of [[Operation Gibraltar]] in August 1965.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Yamin \|first=Tughral \|date=2012 \|title=An appreciation of the Pakistani military thought process \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48529363 \|journal=Strategic Studies \|volume=32 \|issue=2/3 \|pages=123 \|jstor=48529363 \|issn=1029-0990}}</ref>		The Pakistan Army decision makers assessed the Indian Army's strength and capability based on the minor success in the Rann of Kutch area and headed towards their next planned execution of [[Operation Gibraltar]] in August 1965.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Yamin \|first=Tughral \|date=2012 \|title=An appreciation of the Pakistani military thought process \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48529363 \|journal=Strategic Studies \|volume=32 \|issue=2/3 \|pages=123 \|jstor=48529363 \|issn=1029-0990}}</ref>

	Despite India's repeated protests against the use of US-made weaponry by Pakistan against India, the [[President of the United States]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] took no effective action against Pakistan.<ref name="Nation Books, Hiro" />		Despite India's repeated protests against the use of US-made weaponry by Pakistan against India, the [[President of the United States]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] took no effective action against Pakistan.<ref name="Nation Books, Hiro" />

Rahim231: Updated results

2023-12-13T15:25:57Z

Updated results

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:55, 13 December 2023
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	\| date = April 1965		\| date = April 1965
	\| place = [[Rann of Kutch]], India		\| place = [[Rann of Kutch]], India
	\| result = ~~[[#Ceasefire\|Ceasefire]]~~<ref>~~{{cite book \| last=Cardozo \| first=I~~. ~~\| title=1971~~: ~~Stories~~ of ~~Grit~~ and ~~Glory from~~ the Indo-~~Pak~~ War ~~\| publisher=Penguin Random House~~ India ~~Private Limited \| year=2021 \| isbn=~~978-93-~~5492~~-~~028~~-~~8 \| url=~~https://~~books~~.~~google~~.~~com~~/~~books?id=JAwxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT153 \| access~~-~~date=2022~~-08-~~20 \| page=153}}~~</ref>		\| result = Pakistani victory<ref>Chakravorty, B.C, D. Phil. "History of the Indo-Pak War, 1965." phpisn.ethz.ch, 1992, https://phpisn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/coll\\_india/documents/1965Chapter02.pdf. Accessed 24 Nov. 2023.
			"In sum, for India the Kutch Operation was a wrong war with the right enemy, at a wrong place (74). For Pakistan, it was a victorious war, out of which it learnt a wrong lesson that it could win a cake-walk victory in Kashmir. This fake sense of victory whetted Pakistani appetite for Kashmir. This led to the September War ultimately" "There was no higher plan to meet the Pak attack, nor any prior preparation for the operations in the Rann. Local commanders chose their own objectives(64). In April 1965 Indian forces were not at all prepared to take on Pakistan(65)"</ref><ref>Hiro, Dilip (24 February 2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan. Nation Books, Hiro. OPERATION DESERT HAWK: A DRY RUN. ISBN 9781568585031. Retrieved 22 November 2023.</ref>
			*Pakistan seizes posts along the Kanjarkot Stretch<ref>McGarr, Paul M., ed. "Triumph and tragedy: the Rann of Kutch and the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War." The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965, Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 301–344, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cold-war-in-south-asia/triumph-and-tragedy/910E410121641DFE773BC5126C326892. Accessed 21 Nov. 2023.</ref>
			*Ceasefire Agreement signed by both India & Pakistan<ref>Hiro, Dilip (24 February 2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan. Nation Books, Hiro. OPERATION DESERT HAWK: A DRY RUN. ISBN 9781568585031. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
			"Negotiations on the terms for a cease-fire agreement continued in May and June 1965. Finally the effort of the British Prime Minister bore fruit and a cease-fire agreement was signed by India and Pakistan on 30 June 1965."</ref><ref>Joshi, Rohan. "How India Fought Pakistan 50 Years Ago." The Diplomat, 17 Sept. 2015, https://thediplomat.com/2015/09/how-india-fought-pakistan-50-years-ago/. Accessed 24 Nov. 2023.
			""The Pakistan Army’s offensive, led by armored regiments equipped with Patton tanks newly acquired from the U.S., made substantial gains before a Great Britain-led initiative brokered a temporary truce"</ref><ref>Dutt, Sagarika; Bansal, Alok (2013-06-17) (in en). South Asian Security: 21st Century Discourses. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-61767-6.</ref>
			*Both sides agree to withdraw troops from disputed and occupied territories<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210824155244/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/rann-of-kutch.htm</ref>
			*Further deescalation of Indo-Pakistani ties lead to the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<ref>Yamin, Tughral (2012). "An appreciation of the Pakistani military thought process". Strategic Studies. 32 (2/3): 123. ISSN 1029-0990. JSTOR 48529363.</ref>
	\| combatant1 = {{flag\|India}}		\| combatant1 = {{flag\|India}}
	\| combatant2 = {{flag\|Pakistan}}		\| combatant2 = {{flag\|Pakistan}}
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	== Aftermath ==		== Aftermath ==

	The Pakistan Army decision makers assessed the Indian Army's strength and capability based on the ~~minor~~ success in the Rann of Kutch area and headed towards their next planned execution of [[Operation Gibraltar]] in August 1965.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Yamin \|first=Tughral \|date=2012 \|title=An appreciation of the Pakistani military thought process \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48529363 \|journal=Strategic Studies \|volume=32 \|issue=2/3 \|pages=123 \|jstor=48529363 \|issn=1029-0990}}</ref>		The Pakistan Army decision makers assessed the Indian Army's strength and capability based on the Decesive success in the Rann of Kutch area and headed towards their next planned execution of [[Operation Gibraltar]] in August 1965.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Yamin \|first=Tughral \|date=2012 \|title=An appreciation of the Pakistani military thought process \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48529363 \|journal=Strategic Studies \|volume=32 \|issue=2/3 \|pages=123 \|jstor=48529363 \|issn=1029-0990}}</ref>

	Despite India's repeated protests against the use of US-made weaponry by Pakistan against India, the [[President of the United States]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] took no effective action against Pakistan.<ref name="Nation Books, Hiro" />		Despite India's repeated protests against the use of US-made weaponry by Pakistan against India, the [[President of the United States]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] took no effective action against Pakistan.<ref name="Nation Books, Hiro" />

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2023-08-14T12:48:10Z

Removed empty portal template using script

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:18, 14 August 2023
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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|Pakistan\|Military\|War\|Military History}}~~
	* [[Indo-Pakistan Wars]]		* [[Indo-Pakistan Wars]]
	* [[Lahore Front]]		* [[Lahore Front]]

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2022-12-22T05:49:02Z

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{{Short description|1965 Pakistani military operation}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Desert Hawk
| partof = Pre [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 war]] conflicts
| image =
| caption =
| date = April 1965
| place = [[Rann of Kutch]], India
| result = [[#Ceasefire|Ceasefire]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Cardozo | first=I. | title=1971: Stories of Grit and Glory from the Indo-Pak War | publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited | year=2021 | isbn=978-93-5492-028-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAwxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT153 | access-date=2022-08-20 | page=153}}</ref>
| combatant1 = {{flag|India}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Generals.svg}} [[General officer|Gen.]] [[Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri|J. N. Chaudhuri]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Major general]] [[Tikka Khan]]<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar">{{cite book |last1=Sagar |first1=Krishna Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XM5oZYYvEmYC&pg=PA57 |title=The War of the Twins |publisher=Northern Book Centre |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-7211-082-6 |page=57 |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref><br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Brigadier]] [[Iftikhar Khan Janjua]]<ref name=":0" />

| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| notes =
}}
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}}
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
'''Operation Desert Hawk''' was the codename of a [[military operation]] planned and executed by the [[Pakistan Army]] in the [[Rann of Kutch]] area, the disputed area which was under [[India]]<nowiki/>n control from the long-standing status quo.<ref name=":3" /> The boundary of Rann of Kutch was one of the few un-demarcated boundaries pending since the 1947 [[partition of India]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Nation Books, Hiro">{{cite book |last1=Hiro |first1=Dilip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&q=general++musa+khan&pg=PA183 |title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan |date=24 February 2015 |publisher=Nation Books, Hiro |isbn=9781568585031 |at=OPERATION DESERT HAWK: A DRY RUN |language=en |access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Rann of Kutch (alternately spelled as Kuchchh) is a large area of [[Salt marsh|salt marshes]] that span the border between India and Pakistan. The area was originally part of the [[Princely State of Cutch|princely state of Kutch]], which was acceded to India<ref name="Nation Books, Hiro" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Brecher |first1=Angus Professor Department of Political Science Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GjY7aV_6FPwC&q=kutch&pg=PA170 |title=A Study of Crisis |last2=Brecher |first2=Michael |last3=Wilkenfeld |first3=Jonathan |date=1997 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-10806-0 |language=en}}</ref> in present-day [[Kutch]] region of [[Gujarat]]. Both countries maintained few armed police posts scattered along the border.

== Objectives ==
Pakistan planned to serve several purposes through this operation. First was to assess the response of the Indian government and military,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Hiranandani |first=G. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFyMKROi46kC&dq=the+intrusion+in+kutch+-+operation+desert+hawk+-+april+1965&pg=PA21 |title=Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975 |date=2000 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-72-1 |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref> which was relatively unstable under the governance of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] after the death of India's first Prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in 1964 and the loss in the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Sino-Indian war]].<ref name=":0" /> The second objective was to draw Indian armor southward to Kutch, away from the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Rann of Kutch |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/rann-of-kutch.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824155244/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/rann-of-kutch.htm |archive-date=2021-08-24 |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> One of the objectives was to test the [[United States|United States']] protest over the use of US-supplied military equipment against the India, which was a violation of Pakistan's commitment.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Nation Books, Hiro" /> The Pakistan Army also got a rehearsal opportunity for the planned invasion of India later the same year.<ref name=":2" />

== Operation ==
In January 1965, Pakistan claimed the area of Rann of Kutch on the basis of the [[Sindh]] province. Pakistan's paramilitary force Indus Rangers started activity and took control over the ruined fort of Kanjarkot located on the north-west fringe of the Rann,<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Triumph and tragedy:: the Rann of Kutch and the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War |date=2013 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cold-war-in-south-asia/triumph-and-tragedy/910E410121641DFE773BC5126C326892 |work=The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965 |pages=301–344 |editor-last=McGarr |editor-first=Paul M. |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-00815-1 |access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref> Pakistani Indus Rangers started patrolling below the Indian claimed line by January 1965 and occupied an Indian police post near the Kanjarkot fort, which was in violation of the long-standing status quo.<ref name=":3" />

The region's terrain and communication network and logistics was favorable to Pakistan<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bajwa |first=Farooq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a0NAQAAQBAJ |title=From Kutch to Tashkent: The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 |date=2013-09-30 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |isbn=978-1-84904-230-7 |pages=65–96 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nation Books, Hiro" /> with all the approaches to the Rann of Kutch from the Indian side being more difficult than from Pakistan. The Pakistani railway station situated at [[Badin]] was 26 miles north of the Indian claim line and Karachi was 113 miles east from the Badin, where the Pakistan Army's 8 Division was based. Pakistan was able to move the troops quickly and easily along the border line. The nearest Indian railway station at [[Bhuj]] was located 110 miles from the border and the nearest Indian Army formation, 31 Infantry Brigade situated at [[Ahmedabad]], was 160 miles east of Bhuj railway station.<ref name=":1" />

In February 1965, bilateral talks for the negotiation failed.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=SCHOFIELD |first=JULIAN |date=2000 |title=Militarized Decision-Making for War in Pakistan: 1947-1971 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45346403 |journal=Armed Forces & Society |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=139–140 |doi=10.1177/0095327X0002700108 |jstor=45346403 |s2cid=144532810 |issn=0095-327X}}</ref>

The Pakistan Army, equipped with US-made [[Patton tank|Patton tanks]], struck the Indian forces on 9th April.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhuri |first=Rudra |date=2018-01-01 |title=Indian "Strategic Restraint" Revisited: The Case of the 1965 India-Pakistan War |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14736489.2018.1415277 |journal=India Review |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=55–75 |doi=10.1080/14736489.2018.1415277 |s2cid=159008785 |issn=1473-6489}}</ref> Pakistan launched a major offensive on the Sardar post comprising a brigade strength.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-30 |title=THE WAR IN KUTCH: DEFENCE OF SARDAR POST {{!}} Salute |url=https://salute.co.in/the-war-in-kutch-defence-of-sardar-post/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124184403/https://salute.co.in/the-war-in-kutch-defence-of-sardar-post/ |archive-date=2021-01-24 |access-date=2022-05-15 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Colman |first=Jonathan |date=2009-09-01 |title=Britain and the Indo-Pakistani Conflict: The Rann of Kutch and Kashmir, 1965 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03086530903157664 |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=465–482 |doi=10.1080/03086530903157664 |s2cid=159494083 |issn=0308-6534}}</ref>

On 24 April, Pakistan launched "''Operation Desert Hawk"'' a decisive thrust towards the Indian posts in the area deploying an infantry division and two armored regiments equipped with Patton tanks and [[Field gun|field guns]]. The Pakistan Army captured four more posts and claimed the whole Kanjarkot stretch. With poor logistics and inferior military hardware, India had no other option than to retreat after offering decent resistance.<ref name="Nation Books, Hiro" />

== Ceasefire ==
The [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[Harold Wilson|Herold Wilson]] proposed a ceasefire on 28 April. Both countries signed an agreement to settle the disputed border through international arbitration by the [[International Court of Justice]] on 30 June 1965.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutt |first1=Sagarika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTQ48I6UvkcC&dq=international+arbitration+by+the+International+Court+of+Justice+on+30+June&pg=PA67 |title=South Asian Security: 21st Century Discourses |last2=Bansal |first2=Alok |date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-61767-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nation Books, Hiro" /> The ceasefire became effective on 1 July 1965. India and Pakistan both agreed to demarcate the border by a three-member arbitration committee. The possibility of the armed conflict escalation was avoided by the active interventions of the British Prime Minister and the [[United Nations|United Nations']] [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=R. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymYCJQjEGBUC&dq=Operation+Desert+Hawk+rann+of+kutch+1965&pg=PA85 |title=1965 War, the Inside Story: Defence Minister Y.B. Chavan's Diary of India-Pakistan War |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0762-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

The Pakistan Army decision makers assessed the Indian Army's strength and capability based on the minor success in the Rann of Kutch area and headed towards their next planned execution of [[Operation Gibraltar]] in August 1965.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yamin |first=Tughral |date=2012 |title=An appreciation of the Pakistani military thought process |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48529363 |journal=Strategic Studies |volume=32 |issue=2/3 |pages=123 |jstor=48529363 |issn=1029-0990}}</ref>

Despite India's repeated protests against the use of US-made weaponry by Pakistan against India, the [[President of the United States]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] took no effective action against Pakistan.<ref name="Nation Books, Hiro" />

This attack exposed the inadequacy of the Indian State Armed Police to cope with armed aggression. So after the end of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 war]], the government of India formed the [[Border Security Force]] as a unified central agency with the specific mandate of guarding India's international boundaries. The Border Security Force came into formal existence on 1 December 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Home Affairs |first=Government of India |title=Report 1965-66 |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/REPORT_1965_66_12022021.pdf#page=33 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515043711/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/REPORT_1965_66_12022021.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-15 |access-date=2022-05-15}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Pakistan|Military|War|Military History}}
* [[Indo-Pakistan Wars]]
* [[Lahore Front]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Battles of Indo-Pakistani wars]]
[[Category:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
[[Category:April 1965 events in Asia]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan military relations]]
[[Category:Indo-Pakistani wars]]