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{{Short description|Karnataka Police operation to capture Veerappan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Operation Cocoon
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| image_skyline = Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve.jpg
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| image_caption = Map of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, showing Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
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'''Operation Cocoon''' was an operation launched by the Special Task Force of [[Tamil Nadu Police]] to capture the forest brigand [[Veerappan]] and his associates, who were dominant in [[Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary|Sathyamangalam Forest]] in the South Indian states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]. The operation was headed by [[K. Vijay Kumar]], and [[N. K. Senthamarai Kannan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=News link|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/court-acquits-9-accused-in-rajkumars-abduction-case-2782100.html|last1=news|first1=news |publisher=Onlinenews |year=2011|ref=news }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=News link|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/most-controversial-encounters-in-south-india-in-the-last-two-decades-633051|last1=news|first1=news |publisher= The Hans India |year=2020|ref=news }}</ref><ref name=bbb>{{cite book|title=Birds, Beasts and Bandits: 14 Days with Veerappan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmRmgC5keFUC&q=veerappan|last1=Krupakar|first1=Krupakar|last2=Senani|first2=Senani|publisher=Penguin UK|year=2011|isbn=9788184754803|ref=Krupakar|access-date=28 October 2016|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731161645/https://books.google.com/books?id=nmRmgC5keFUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=veerappan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TF4bU6GqG4XRkQfQn4GoCQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=veerappan&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=one>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/court-acquits-9-accused-in-rajkumars-abduction-case-2782100.html|title=Court acquits 9 accused in Rajkumar abduction case|first=Chennabasaveshwar|last=P|date=September 25, 2018|website=www.oneindia.com|access-date=November 11, 2020|archive-date=April 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413030936/https://www.oneindia.com/india/court-acquits-9-accused-in-rajkumars-abduction-case-2782100.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Veerappan was killed on the final day of the operation, 18 October 2004. Three of his associates, Sethukuli Govinda, Chandre Gowda and Sethumani, also died, and four policemen were injured.<ref name=bbb/>

Veerappan defied the state governments of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala and [[Border Security Force|Indian Border security]] paramilitary forces, and maintained a small army, which at one point numbered hundreds of people. He was wanted for killing approximately 184 people, about half of whom were police officers, including senior police and forest officials. He was also wanted for [[poaching]] about 200 elephants and [[smuggling]] [[ivory]] worth US$2,600,000 (₹16 crore) and about 10,000 tonnes of [[sandalwood]] worth approximately US$22,000,000 (₹143 crore).<ref name=wages>{{cite book|title=The Wages of Impunity: Power, Justice, and Human Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1eD4bGpqvMC&q=veerappan&pg=PA322|last=K.G.|first=Kannabiran|ref=KG|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2004|isbn=9788125026389|access-date=28 October 2016|archive-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629092130/http://books.google.com/books?id=V1eD4bGpqvMC&pg=PA322&dq=veerappan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jWAbU8OsIY2jkQf84oD4Cg&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=veerappan&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

The joint Special Task Force operation to capture Veerappan, was constituted in 1991 by the state governments of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. It is considered one of the most expensive operations of its kind in Indian history, costing {{INR}}1 billion over the years.<ref name=wages/>

==Background==
[[Veerappan]] (Koose Muniswamy Veerappan,<ref>{{cite news | agency =TNN | title =Bandit's footprints | newspaper =The Economic Times | date =19 October 2004 | url =http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-10-19/news/27390518_1_muthulakshmi-karnataka-cops-karnataka-government | accessdate =11 December 2012 | archive-date =2 June 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130602154017/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-10-19/news/27390518_1_muthulakshmi-karnataka-cops-karnataka-government | url-status =live }}</ref> 18 January 1952 – 18 October 2004), also called "Sandalwood Veerappan", was an Indian [[bandit]] (also called a [[dacoit]] in India) who was active for years in scrub and forest lands covering about 6,000 km<sup>2</sup> in the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]. For over a decade, Veerappan defied the state governments of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala and [[Border Security Force|Indian Border security]] paramilitary forces, and maintained a small army, which at one point numbered hundreds. He was wanted for killing approximately 50 people, about half of whom were police officers, including senior police and forest officials.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/veer/rise1.html |title=Veerappan - The Man Behind 120 Murders: HindustanTimes.com Special |publisher=Hindustantimes.com |accessdate=19 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013084233/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/veer/rise1.html |archivedate=13 October 2012 }}</ref> During his video interview with ''Nakkeeran'' editor R. Gopal, he confessed to the 20 murders he committed. While his initial days of dacoity were restricted to satisfying his financial needs, his later actions included demand of release of militants from jail in exchange of the hostages.<ref name=Belfast>{{cite news|title=Koose Muniswamy Veerappan: The Bandit King|newspaper=Belfast Telegraph|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10713000.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611082318/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10713000.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|date=20 October 2004|accessdate=1 January 2014}}{{Subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref>

Veerappan first came in news when he murdered Chidambaram, a forest officer who was against his illegal trade. In 1991, he shot P Srinivas, a Karnataka Deputy Conservator of Forests and beheaded him in a Kali temple. During the subsequent years, he killed tens of police officers and tribal people, whom he felt, were against his illegal trade. In 1997, he kidnapped Karnataka forest officers and after lot of negotiations with ''Nakkeeran'' editor Gopal, he released them. In the same year, he kidnapped 21 tourists, but later released them without any harm.<ref name=abroad/> He came to national attention when he kidnapped the [[Kannada]] actor [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] during 2000.<ref name=bbb/>{{rp|7}}<ref name=wages/>{{rp|322}}His last big crime was in 2000, when he abducted Nagapppa, a retired minister of Karnataka. Nagappa was found dead in the forest later, but Veerappan denied his killing.<ref name=abroad/> He was also wanted for [[poaching]] about 200 elephants and [[smuggling]] [[ivory]] worth US$2,600,000 and about 10,000 tonnes of [[sandalwood]] worth approximately US$22,000,000. A reward of {{INRConvert|50|m}} was offered for Veerappan's capture, yet he evaded arrest for 20 years until he was killed by police in 2004.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/10/18/india.bandit/index.html |title=Police kill India's 'Robin Hood' - Oct 18, 2004 |publisher=CNN.com |date=19 October 2004 |accessdate=19 September 2010 |archive-date=11 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111195139/http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/10/18/india.bandit/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==The operation==

The joint Special Task Force (STF) operation to apprehend Veerappan, instituted in 1991 by the state government's of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, is considered one of the costliest in Indian history, consuming {{INR}}1 billion over the years.<ref name=abroad/>

With the assistance of tribal people, officers infiltrated the enemy camp. Due to Veerappan's extensive knowledge of the forest terrain, they planned to bring him out of the forest.<ref name=vaikunth/> According to the police summary, the operation required ten months of planning. The execution required three weeks, but the final operation lasted only 45 minutes. STF personnel infiltrated as hawkers, masons and local service staff in the villages where Veerappan was supposedly roaming.<ref name=wages/> Through the years, due to aging and death, his troop was reduced to four men. Veerapan was planning to travel to South Arcot, to receive medical treatment for his eye, and needed to leave the forest.<ref name=abroad>{{cite news|title=India's most wanted, Veerappan shot dead|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-104816891.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611082322/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-104816891.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|newspaper=India Abroad|date=20 October 2004|accessdate=1 January 2014}}{{Subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref>

On the day of the operation, Veerapan was escorted out of the forest to an ambulance stationed at Papirappati village in [[Dharmapuri district]]. This was actually a police vehicle, and he was accompanied by an officer who had infiltrated his gang. A force of thirty-five officers were stationed in the village, and some men were hiding in security tankers in the road and others were hiding in the bushes. The driver of the ambulance, who was also a policeman, made an escape, as was planned. According to the report, Veerappan and his men were first warned and then asked to surrender. They refused to do so, and opened fire at the STF personnel. The STF retaliated with grenades and gun fire. Veerappan was killed in the firefight, and his fellows died in the ambulance which was transporting them to the government hospital.

After the operation, the STF recovered 12 bore Remington pump action gun, two [[AK-47]], a self-loading rifle, two hand grenades and cash worth {{INR}}3.5 lakhs.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|title=Veerappan walked into a well-laid trap|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102007580100.htm|last1=V.S.|first1=Palaniappan|last2=S.|first2=Prasad|location=Dharmapuri|date=20 October 2004|accessdate=1 January 2014|archive-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227143126/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102007580100.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The file photograph released by the police showed three bullet wounds, on his forehead, hip and ribs. His body was kept in the Dharampuri hospital. Scores of people attempted to view his body, but this was not permitted. Police found it difficult to control the crowd outside the hospital.<ref name=Belfast/> There was a brief controversy about the burial, as Veerappan's wife, [[Muthulakshmi]], did not favor a cremation. She wanted the body to be placed in the house of Veerappan's brother. It was also asserted the choice and decision regarding the performance of the final rites rested with the family.<ref name=cremate>{{cite news|title=Row over cremation|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102016780100.htm|last=R.|first=Ilangovan|location=Mettur|date=19 October 2004|accessdate=1 January 2014|archive-date=27 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727035636/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102016780100.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Controversies==
{{quote box
| border=2px
| align=right
| bgcolor =
|width = 30%
| title=<u>Operation Cocoon</u>
| halign=center
| quote="We have searched and hunted for Veerappan for the last 20 years. But his end was all over in 20 minutes. We wish we could catch him alive and bring him to justice. But we are happy that our efforts have finally succeeded"
| salign=right
|source= ~ Vijaya Kumar, Head of Special Task Force,''India's most wanted, Veerappan shot dead'', 20 October 2004<ref name=abroad/>
}}
The operation that killed Veerappan raised various controversies. It was alleged that the person who was killed in the encounter was not Veerappan, because as he used to have a bigger mustache. Police established his identity with fingerprints and also with confirmation with his relatives.

The gunshots were alleged to mismatch the version reported by the police involved in the encounter.<ref name=wages/> However, the post mortem and ballistic expert's reports confirmed the police reports. Some media outlets claimed that Veerappan could have been captured alive and that he was killed for political reasons. They claimed that capturing him alive and subjecting him to trial might have revealed unpleasant truths. But it was clarified by the police that they were fired upon, and had to protect themselves. Four officers were wounded in the exchange of gunfire. Some protests were made by human rights activists, who felt that Veerappan was not given a fair chance to justify himself.<ref name=vaikunth>{{cite news|title=Operation Cocoon|url=http://www.hindu.com/op/2004/10/26/stories/2004102600091700.htm|date=26 October 2004|accessdate=1 January 2014|last=V.|first=Vaikunth|archive-date=4 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104211945/http://www.hindu.com/op/2004/10/26/stories/2004102600091700.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Jungle Lodges and Resorts Limited, a Karnataka government undertaking, launched 11 new jungle camps during 2010, with one of them covering Gopinatham, where Veerappan lived. The tourism involved trek through the vast BR and MM hills and a narration of the places where Veerapan lived and held people in hostage by a trained local guide.<ref name=HT>{{cite news|title=The ballad of Veerappan will now be available for a mere song|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-236509809.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611082323/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-236509809.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|newspaper=Mail Today|date=5 September 2010|accessdate=1 January 2014}}{{Subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> [[K. Vijay Kumar]] was awarded the President's gallantry medal in 2005 for the operation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Veerappan hunter takes over as CRPF boss|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-238899453.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611082325/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-238899453.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|newspaper=Mail Today|date=7 October 2010|accessdate=1 January 2014}}{{Subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref>

In 2016, [[K. Vijay Kumar]] announced that he was writing a book penning down his first hand account of the operation. After the operation, Kumar became the Chief of the [[CRPF]] and currently serves as Senior Security Advisor to the [[Home Ministry|Home Ministry of India]]. Kumar said that he would not reveal any names in the book, but rather would focus on incidents that had led to the killing of Veerappan.<ref name="IE">{{cite news|title=Former cop who led 'Operation Cocoon' writing book on Veerappan|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/former-cop-who-led-operation-cocoon-writing-book-on-veerappan-2838152/|accessdate=14 October 2016|agency=PTI|publisher=The Indian Express|date=6 June 2016|archive-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018202601/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/former-cop-who-led-operation-cocoon-writing-book-on-veerappan-2838152/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Popular culture==
The operation inspired several fictional works. A 125 episode tele-serial named Santhanakadu, was telecast on [[Makkal TV]] in 2007 and was controversial. Veerappan's widow, Muthulakshmi, filed a case in a sessions court stating that the telecast would demean her family. She lost the case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1361907861.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611082327/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1361907861.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-06-11|title=Sandalwood smuggler Veerappan's widow to stall telecast of TV series on his life}}</ref>

In 2012, [[A. M. R. Ramesh]] directed the Kannada film ''[[Attahasa]]''. In 2016, [[Ram Gopal Varma]] directed the Kannada film, ''[[Killing Veerappan]]'', and a Bollywood sub-version ''[[Veerappan (2016 film)|Veerappan]]'' highlighting the role of [[K Vijay Kumar]], and [[N. K. Senthamarai Kannan]] in the operation.<ref name=one/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-senthamaraikannan-supercop-shivarajkumar-plays-killing-veerappan-37384|title=Meet Senthamaraikannan, the supercop Shivarajkumar plays in Killing Veerappan|work=The News Minute|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051128/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-senthamaraikannan-supercop-shivarajkumar-plays-killing-veerappan-37384|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2123/stories/20041119005800400.htm|title=The end of Veerappan|publisher=|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-date=13 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213095942/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2123/stories/20041119005800400.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Hunt for Veerappan is a 2023 True Crime docuseries by Netflix

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2000s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2004 in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:October 2004 events in India]]
[[Category:2004 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Illegal logging in India]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Encounters in India]]
[[Category:Law enforcement operations in India]]

Operation Cocoon - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article