Operation Bajrang - Revision history

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	==Background==		==Background==
	During the [[Assam Movement]], there was an uprising of nationalism in Assam with the outcome of the formation of several militant outfits including ULFA. The ULFA emerged as a powerful militant organization in [[Northeast India\|North-east India]] within a decade of its formation in 1979. It also came to light that the organization was getting support from the then State Home Minister [[Bhrigu Phukan]].{{sfn\|Ghosh\|1997\|p=77}} Enjoying a soft-eye of the [[Asom Gana Parishad\|AGP]] government (1985-1990), the organization became strong with a large recruitment drive and the killing of many [[Indian National Congress\|Congress]] leaders, police officers, and civilians.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Bhattacharyya \|first=Rajeev \|date=21 May 2022 \|title=Assam 'Moles' Killed: ULFA & Security Forces Have a History of 'Spy Games' \|work=[[The Quint]] \|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/assam-moles-killed-ulfa-security-forces-have-a-history-of-spy-games#read-more}}</ref> The organization also killed former state Chief Minister and Governor of [[Mizoram]] Hiteswar Saikia's brother Rohiteswar Saikia along with his security personnel and the driver on 23 July 1990.{{sfn\|Kumar\|1991\|p=141}} The organization gunned down the [[Superintendent of police (India)\|Superintendent of police]] of [[Dibrugarh district]] Daulat Singh Negi on 29 July 1990, which lowered the morale of the police.{{sfn\|LivingMedia\|1990\|p=31}} ULFA also developed its connection with the Sri-Lankan militant outfit Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).<ref>{{cite web \|title=LTTE not only armed, trained ULFA too: Former rebel \|url=https://www.army.lk/news/ltte-not-only-armed-trained-ulfa-too-former-rebel \|website=[[Sri Lanka Army]] \|access-date=18 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818132435/https://www.army.lk/news/ltte-not-only-armed-trained-ulfa-too-former-rebel \|archive-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> The killing of Surrendra Paul,{{sfn\|Khullar\|2014\|p=103}} brother of Lord [[Swraj Paul, Baron Paul\|Swraj Paul]],<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Sharma \|first1=Pankar Kumar \|last2=Saha \|first2=Sambit \|title=Ulfa chief acquitted in Surrendra Paul case \|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/ulfa-chief-acquitted-in-surrendra-paul-case/cid/420449 \|access-date=25 May 2022 \|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)\|The Telegraph]] \|date=25 May ~~2022~~}}</ref> created massive pressure on [[Janata Dal]] government led by Prime Minister [[Chandra Shekhar]]. The Asom Gana Parishad led state government was held responsible for the poor law and order situation.{{sfn\|Bhūshaṇa\|2004\|p=240}} The then BJP president and MP [[L. K. Advani\|L K Advani]] demanded the dismissal of the Assam government and sought Army action against the ULFA in parliament debate.{{sfn\|Kiruṣṇā Ān̲ant\|2010\|p=372, 373}}{{sfn\|PLSN\|1992\|p=126}} The Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar had to take the decision to dismiss the Assam government and order Army action against the ULFA.{{sfn\|Gogoi\|2016\|loc=Chpt. 10}}{{sfn\|PST\|2000\|p=343}}		During the [[Assam Movement]], there was an uprising of nationalism in Assam with the outcome of the formation of several militant outfits including ULFA. The ULFA emerged as a powerful militant organization in [[Northeast India\|North-east India]] within a decade of its formation in 1979. It also came to light that the organization was getting support from the then State Home Minister [[Bhrigu Phukan]].{{sfn\|Ghosh\|1997\|p=77}} Enjoying a soft-eye of the [[Asom Gana Parishad\|AGP]] government (1985-1990), the organization became strong with a large recruitment drive and the killing of many [[Indian National Congress\|Congress]] leaders, police officers, and civilians.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Bhattacharyya \|first=Rajeev \|date=21 May 2022 \|title=Assam 'Moles' Killed: ULFA & Security Forces Have a History of 'Spy Games' \|work=[[The Quint]] \|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/assam-moles-killed-ulfa-security-forces-have-a-history-of-spy-games#read-more}}</ref> The organization also killed former state Chief Minister and Governor of [[Mizoram]] Hiteswar Saikia's brother Rohiteswar Saikia along with his security personnel and the driver on 23 July 1990.{{sfn\|Kumar\|1991\|p=141}} The organization gunned down the [[Superintendent of police (India)\|Superintendent of police]] of [[Dibrugarh district]] Daulat Singh Negi on 29 July 1990, which lowered the morale of the police.{{sfn\|LivingMedia\|1990\|p=31}} ULFA also developed its connection with the Sri-Lankan militant outfit Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).<ref>{{cite web \|title=LTTE not only armed, trained ULFA too: Former rebel \|url=https://www.army.lk/news/ltte-not-only-armed-trained-ulfa-too-former-rebel \|website=[[Sri Lanka Army]] \|access-date=18 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818132435/https://www.army.lk/news/ltte-not-only-armed-trained-ulfa-too-former-rebel \|archive-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> The killing of Surrendra Paul,{{sfn\|Khullar\|2014\|p=103}} brother of Lord [[Swraj Paul, Baron Paul\|Swraj Paul]],<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Sharma \|first1=Pankar Kumar \|last2=Saha \|first2=Sambit \|title=Ulfa chief acquitted in Surrendra Paul case \|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/ulfa-chief-acquitted-in-surrendra-paul-case/cid/420449 \|access-date=25 May 2022 \|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)\|The Telegraph]] \|date=25 May 2012}}</ref> created massive pressure on [[Janata Dal]] government led by Prime Minister [[Chandra Shekhar]]. The Asom Gana Parishad led state government was held responsible for the poor law and order situation.{{sfn\|Bhūshaṇa\|2004\|p=240}} The then BJP president and MP [[L. K. Advani\|L K Advani]] demanded the dismissal of the Assam government and sought Army action against the ULFA in parliament debate.{{sfn\|Kiruṣṇā Ān̲ant\|2010\|p=372, 373}}{{sfn\|PLSN\|1992\|p=126}} The Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar had to take the decision to dismiss the Assam government and order Army action against the ULFA.{{sfn\|Gogoi\|2016\|loc=Chpt. 10}}{{sfn\|PST\|2000\|p=343}}

	On 27 November 1990 the [[Government of India]] dismissed the AGP led [[Government of Assam]] under [[Article 35A of the Constitution of India\|Article 356 of the Indian constitution]], imposed [[President's rule\|President's Rule]] on Assam. The Indian government also banned the militant outfit ULFA classifying it as a terrorist organisation and launched Operation Bajrang against the ULFA.{{sfn\|Ghosh\|1995\|p=247}}{{sfn\|Das\|2007\|p=24}}{{sfn\|Baruah\|1994\|pp=863–877}}		On 27 November 1990 the [[Government of India]] dismissed the AGP led [[Government of Assam]] under [[Article 35A of the Constitution of India\|Article 356 of the Indian constitution]], imposed [[President's rule\|President's Rule]] on Assam. The Indian government also banned the militant outfit ULFA classifying it as a terrorist organisation and launched Operation Bajrang against the ULFA.{{sfn\|Ghosh\|1995\|p=247}}{{sfn\|Das\|2007\|p=24}}{{sfn\|Baruah\|1994\|pp=863–877}}
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	With a few junior ULFA cadres left in the camps of Lakhipathar and Charaipung, the army faced gunfights for a few days and captured the camps of Lakhipathar and Charaipung. The army had to lose some of their ''[[jawans]]'' including Vijay Singh and Swarn Singh, while ULFA lost Krishna Chetia,{{sfn\|Raghavan\|Shorey\|2002\|p=80}} a close cadre of Paresh Baruah. Some army personnel were also killed in landmine explosions.{{sfn\|Pattnaik\|Kabi\|2015\|p=67}} A total of fourteen landmines exploded on the day of the entry of the army, but there are no confirmed official records available about army casualties.{{sfn\|Pisharoty\|2019\|loc=chpt. 6}}		With a few junior ULFA cadres left in the camps of Lakhipathar and Charaipung, the army faced gunfights for a few days and captured the camps of Lakhipathar and Charaipung. The army had to lose some of their ''[[jawans]]'' including Vijay Singh and Swarn Singh, while ULFA lost Krishna Chetia,{{sfn\|Raghavan\|Shorey\|2002\|p=80}} a close cadre of Paresh Baruah. Some army personnel were also killed in landmine explosions.{{sfn\|Pattnaik\|Kabi\|2015\|p=67}} A total of fourteen landmines exploded on the day of the entry of the army, but there are no confirmed official records available about army casualties.{{sfn\|Pisharoty\|2019\|loc=chpt. 6}}

	During the operation, the ULFA-LTTE link was also exposed as an [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam\|LTTE]] militant Dinesh Kumar visited the Lakhipathar camp,{{sfn\|IDSA\|1995\|p=1374}} and the landmines found in Lakhipathar were similar to those used by LTTE during that period.{{sfn\|Datta\|1993\|p=51}} The LTTE facilitated ULFA with guerrilla training in [[Jaffna]], in early 1990 and provided weapons and explosives.<ref>{{cite news \|title=ULFA-LTTE links come to light \|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2009/oct/21/ulfa-ltte-links-come-to-light-96722.html \|access-date=18 August 2022 \|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] \|date=21 October ~~2022~~}}</ref>{{sfn\|Karim\|1993\|p=65}}		During the operation, the ULFA-LTTE link was also exposed as an [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam\|LTTE]] militant Dinesh Kumar visited the Lakhipathar camp,{{sfn\|IDSA\|1995\|p=1374}} and the landmines found in Lakhipathar were similar to those used by LTTE during that period.{{sfn\|Datta\|1993\|p=51}} The LTTE facilitated ULFA with guerrilla training in [[Jaffna]], in early 1990 and provided weapons and explosives.<ref>{{cite news \|title=ULFA-LTTE links come to light \|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2009/oct/21/ulfa-ltte-links-come-to-light-96722.html \|access-date=18 August 2022 \|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] \|date=21 October 2009}}</ref>{{sfn\|Karim\|1993\|p=65}}

	A [[mass grave]] of more than fifty bodies was found in the Lakhipathar camp{{sfn\|LCSS\|1992\|p=15}} of persons who were executed by the ULFA in the camp as capital punishment. One of those bodies was of [[All Tai Ahom Students Union\|All Tai Ahom Student Union]] (ATASU) leader Dimbeswar Gogoi. Some other bodies were of Congress(I) member Rana Goswami, and [[Special Branch#India\|Special branch]]'s [[Inspector#India\|Inspector of police]] Giausddin Ahmed.{{sfn\|Gogoi\|2016\|p=171}}{{sfn\|Pisharoty\|2019\|loc=chpt. 6}}		A [[mass grave]] of more than fifty bodies was found in the Lakhipathar camp{{sfn\|LCSS\|1992\|p=15}} of persons who were executed by the ULFA in the camp as capital punishment. One of those bodies was of [[All Tai Ahom Students Union\|All Tai Ahom Student Union]] (ATASU) leader Dimbeswar Gogoi. Some other bodies were of Congress(I) member Rana Goswami, and [[Special Branch#India\|Special branch]]'s [[Inspector#India\|Inspector of police]] Giausddin Ahmed.{{sfn\|Gogoi\|2016\|p=171}}{{sfn\|Pisharoty\|2019\|loc=chpt. 6}}

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{{Short description|First Indian military operation against United Liberation Front of Asom}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Bajrang
| partof = Indian [[military operation]]s against [[Northeast India|North-eastern]] militants
| image = Op-Bajrang-Img.jpg
| caption = Army Aviation helicopter during the operation
| date = {{Start and end dates|1990|11|28|1991|04|20|df=yes}}
| place = [[Assam]]
| casus =
| territory =
| result = Operation was not successful{{sfn|Baruah|2009|pp=951–974}}{{sfn|PKA|1995|p=143}}{{sfn|UCP|2001|p=873}}{{sfn|Behera|2008|p=70}}
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Indian Army]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|22px]] [[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Lieutenant general]] [[Ajai Singh]]{{sfn|Alagappa|2001|p=100}}{{sfn|Sinha|2007|p=296}}
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|22px]] [[Paresh Baruah]]
| strength1 = 30,000{{sfn|Ghosh|2001|p=146}}{{sfn|UCP|2001|p=76}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Yadav |first=Anil |title=Book excerpt: The ULFA tea estate extortion that led to Operation Bajrang in 1990 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/book-excerpt-the-ulfa-tea-estate-extortion-that-led-to-operation-bajrang-in-1990/story-BcG3Co17v7aI006WpN1npO.html |access-date=1 June 2022 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=30 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
| strength2 = 1,250{{sfn|Kumar|2014|p=211}}
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| notes =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.7214|95.1569|display=title}}
}}

'''Operation Bajrang''' (28 November 1990 – 20 April 1991) was a [[military operation]], conducted by the [[Indian Army|Indian army]], in [[Assam]], against the militant organization, [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] (ULFA).

Its primary objective was to flush out ULFA militants. It was launched without good intelligence, specific knowledge of the terrain, and other geographic advantages of the state. The army started the operation from the ULFA camps, but it wasn't successful, as the camps were deserted. Thus the operation did not succeed, and it was suspended after six months.

During the operation, there were numerous instances of army atrocities, including rape, torture, and killing of civilians, which was unearthed by several human rights organizations. The main outcome of the operation was that it forced the ULFA to leave their Central Headquarter (CHQ) and their General Headquarter (GHQ).

==Background==
During the [[Assam Movement]], there was an uprising of nationalism in Assam with the outcome of the formation of several militant outfits including ULFA. The ULFA emerged as a powerful militant organization in [[Northeast India|North-east India]] within a decade of its formation in 1979. It also came to light that the organization was getting support from the then State Home Minister [[Bhrigu Phukan]].{{sfn|Ghosh|1997|p=77}} Enjoying a soft-eye of the [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]] government (1985-1990), the organization became strong with a large recruitment drive and the killing of many [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leaders, police officers, and civilians.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rajeev |date=21 May 2022 |title=Assam 'Moles' Killed: ULFA & Security Forces Have a History of 'Spy Games' |work=[[The Quint]] |url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/assam-moles-killed-ulfa-security-forces-have-a-history-of-spy-games#read-more}}</ref> The organization also killed former state Chief Minister and Governor of [[Mizoram]] Hiteswar Saikia's brother Rohiteswar Saikia along with his security personnel and the driver on 23 July 1990.{{sfn|Kumar|1991|p=141}} The organization gunned down the [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of police]] of [[Dibrugarh district]] Daulat Singh Negi on 29 July 1990, which lowered the morale of the police.{{sfn|LivingMedia|1990|p=31}} ULFA also developed its connection with the Sri-Lankan militant outfit Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).<ref>{{cite web |title=LTTE not only armed, trained ULFA too: Former rebel |url=https://www.army.lk/news/ltte-not-only-armed-trained-ulfa-too-former-rebel |website=[[Sri Lanka Army]] |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818132435/https://www.army.lk/news/ltte-not-only-armed-trained-ulfa-too-former-rebel |archive-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> The killing of Surrendra Paul,{{sfn|Khullar|2014|p=103}} brother of Lord [[Swraj Paul, Baron Paul|Swraj Paul]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Pankar Kumar |last2=Saha |first2=Sambit |title=Ulfa chief acquitted in Surrendra Paul case |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/ulfa-chief-acquitted-in-surrendra-paul-case/cid/420449 |access-date=25 May 2022 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=25 May 2022}}</ref> created massive pressure on [[Janata Dal]] government led by Prime Minister [[Chandra Shekhar]]. The Asom Gana Parishad led state government was held responsible for the poor law and order situation.{{sfn|Bhūshaṇa|2004|p=240}} The then BJP president and MP [[L. K. Advani|L K Advani]] demanded the dismissal of the Assam government and sought Army action against the ULFA in parliament debate.{{sfn|Kiruṣṇā Ān̲ant|2010|p=372, 373}}{{sfn|PLSN|1992|p=126}} The Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar had to take the decision to dismiss the Assam government and order Army action against the ULFA.{{sfn|Gogoi|2016|loc=Chpt. 10}}{{sfn|PST|2000|p=343}}

On 27 November 1990 the [[Government of India]] dismissed the AGP led [[Government of Assam]] under [[Article 35A of the Constitution of India|Article 356 of the Indian constitution]], imposed [[President's rule|President's Rule]] on Assam. The Indian government also banned the militant outfit ULFA classifying it as a terrorist organisation and launched Operation Bajrang against the ULFA.{{sfn|Ghosh|1995|p=247}}{{sfn|Das|2007|p=24}}{{sfn|Baruah|1994|pp=863–877}}

The Indian government also imposed [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act]] (AFSPA), [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act|Terrorists and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act]] (TADA), and Assam Disturbed Areas Act, which gave complete power to the army.{{sfn|Medhi|1996|p=26}}{{sfn|ICM|1999|p=113}}

==The operation==
The operation was started on the night of 27 November 1990. The army started the operation in the dense forest of Lakhipathar (in [[Tinsukia district]]) where the ULFA had their Central Headquarter (CHQ) and General Headquarter (GHQ) in the forests of Charaipung (in [[Sivasagar district]]),{{sfn|Baweja|Yusufzai|2002|p=84}} and continued operation in all districts of Assam.{{sfn|IuMS|1997|p=114}} In the operation, 15 brigades of the army were used,{{sfn|Kartha|1999|p=257}} but the army started the operation without proper intelligence and planning.{{sfn|Sarkar|1998|p=108}}{{sfn|Chima|2015|p=50}} In the operation, the Army Aviation helicopters were also used to reconnoiter the dense forests of Lakhpathar and Charaipung.{{sfn|Gates|Roy|2016|p=53}} But the information about the operation was leaked to the ULFA [[Commander-in-chief]] [[Paresh Baruah]], who had a strong intelligence network.{{sfn|Narahari|2002|p=69}} Baruah then ordered to evacuate all the camps two days before the operation was started.{{sfn|Kaur|2013|p=365}} The ULFA made a setup for the army with [[Land mine|landmines]] and [[Booby trap|booby traps]] in the camps of Lakhipathar and Charaipung before the camps were emptied and left with a few junior cadres to strike back.{{sfn|ICM|1999|p=4}}

With a few junior ULFA cadres left in the camps of Lakhipathar and Charaipung, the army faced gunfights for a few days and captured the camps of Lakhipathar and Charaipung. The army had to lose some of their ''[[jawans]]'' including Vijay Singh and Swarn Singh, while ULFA lost Krishna Chetia,{{sfn|Raghavan|Shorey|2002|p=80}} a close cadre of Paresh Baruah. Some army personnel were also killed in landmine explosions.{{sfn|Pattnaik|Kabi|2015|p=67}} A total of fourteen landmines exploded on the day of the entry of the army, but there are no confirmed official records available about army casualties.{{sfn|Pisharoty|2019|loc=chpt. 6}}

During the operation, the ULFA-LTTE link was also exposed as an [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] militant Dinesh Kumar visited the Lakhipathar camp,{{sfn|IDSA|1995|p=1374}} and the landmines found in Lakhipathar were similar to those used by LTTE during that period.{{sfn|Datta|1993|p=51}} The LTTE facilitated ULFA with guerrilla training in [[Jaffna]], in early 1990 and provided weapons and explosives.<ref>{{cite news |title=ULFA-LTTE links come to light |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2009/oct/21/ulfa-ltte-links-come-to-light-96722.html |access-date=18 August 2022 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=21 October 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Karim|1993|p=65}}

A [[mass grave]] of more than fifty bodies was found in the Lakhipathar camp{{sfn|LCSS|1992|p=15}} of persons who were executed by the ULFA in the camp as capital punishment. One of those bodies was of [[All Tai Ahom Students Union|All Tai Ahom Student Union]] (ATASU) leader Dimbeswar Gogoi. Some other bodies were of Congress(I) member Rana Goswami, and [[Special Branch#India|Special branch]]'s [[Inspector#India|Inspector of police]] Giausddin Ahmed.{{sfn|Gogoi|2016|p=171}}{{sfn|Pisharoty|2019|loc=chpt. 6}}

* As per the [[Indian Army]] claim, 48 ULFA militants were arrested, 174 weapons seized, and one [[Maruti Suzuki Gypsy|Maruti Gypsy car]] and one [[Motorcycle]] recovered during the operation.{{sfn|Das|1994|p=79}}
* As per the [[India Today]] report, in the operation, 15 activists (including sympathizers and civilians) were killed, seized 1208 weapons, and {{INRConvert|50|lk=c|m}}, and over 2000 suspected militants were arrested.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Farzand |date=15 October 1991 |title=Various army operations launched against ULFA |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19911015-various-army-operations-launched-against-ulfa-814916-1991-10-15}}</ref> In another report, [[India Today]] stated that between November 1990 and March 1991, the ULFA killed 97 people including Assam Pradesh Congress(I) Committee's General Secretary Manabendra Sarma. The report also cited that a team of the Committee for the Protection of Democratic Rights (CPDR), visiting the state, found clear evidence of 58 atrocities, including rape and torture.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Farzand |title=Three months after army moved in, Operation Bajrang makes little headway and ULFA remains potent force |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19910331-three-months-after-army-moved-in-operation-bajrang-makes-little-headway-and-ulfa-remains-potent-force-814242-1991-03-31 |access-date=2 June 2022 |work=India Today |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=31 March 1991 |language=en}}</ref>
* According to journalist [[B. G. Verghese]], {{INRConvert|50|lk=c|m}} and 32 gold bars were recovered during Operation Bajrang.{{sfn|Verghese|1996|p=59}}
* According to author Ved Prakash, in Operation Bajrang 209 militants were captured, and the army recovered cash of ₹48 million and huge quantities of arms.{{sfn|Prakash|2008|p=119}}
* Scholar and author [[Hiren Gohain]], visiting the areas of operation, cited the army's actions as brutalization.{{sfn|Gohain|2006|p=4537}}

Though ULFA had to lose their Lakhipathar and Charaipung camps,{{sfn|Datta|1993|p=54}} the army failed to nab any of the top leaders of ULFA, resulting in the operation as failed with the army's atrocities.{{sfn|EPW|1993|pp=193,194}}{{sfn|Das|2003|p=46}}

On 8 January 1991, the then [[List of governors of Assam|Governor of Assam]] [[Devi Das Thakur]] announced that the Indian government is open for a lateral talk with the ULFA. Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar too announced the same in Rajya Sabha, and, in February 1991, the ULFA declared a unilateral ceasefire.{{sfn|Pisharoty|2019|loc=chpt. 6}}{{sfn|Deka|1994|p=183}}

As the state election was in the door, ULFA assured that they won't disrupt the election, and Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar suspended the operation.{{sfn|Szajkowski|Terranova|2004|p=172}}{{sfn|LoR|1992|p=38615}} On 20 April, Operation Bajrang was called off and the army was returned to barracks,{{sfn|Sinha|2007|p=296}} and the army was withdrawn on May 16.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 1991 |title=The army and after |pages=8 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2n1lAAAAIBAJ&q=Operation+Bajrang&pg=PA8}}</ref> The operation was finally suspended with effect from June 26.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 June 1991 |title=Operation Bajrang suspended |page=9 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2JlAAAAIBAJ&dq=Operation+Bajrang+suspended&pg=PA9&article_id=742,342178}}</ref>

==Human rights violation by Indian Army==

===Rapes===
Human Rights organization [[Amnesty International]] asserted that, during operation Bajrang, villagers of Assam were terrorized as the Indian army committed violence of rape, murder, and illegal arrests.{{sfn|Amnesty|1993|p=25}} Numerous rape cases by the Indian army were reported during Operation Bajrang.{{sfn|Dobhal|Jacob|2012|p=126}}{{sfn|Chadha|2005|p=248}}{{sfn|LDC|1991|p=36}} There were also parliamentary debates in the [[Rajya Sabha]] of India about the rapes committed by the [[Indian Army]] during Operation Bajrang.{{sfn|CSSRSS|1991|p=75}} But no army personnel ever had to face any trial as the ''Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act'' provides the power to the army as "''Army officers have legal immunity for their actions. There can be no prosecution, suit or any other legal proceeding against anyone acting under that law. Nor is the government's judgment on why an area is found to be disturbed subject to judicial review.''"{{sfn|PMFA|2001|p=210}}{{sfn|Roy|2001|p=25}}

=== Killing and arrest of civilians ===
Amnesty International also asserted that a total of 12 civilians were killed in army custody,{{sfn|Amnesty1992|p=48}} over 100 [[Habeas corpus]] petitions were filed at the [[Gauhati High Court]] between 27 November 1990 to March 1991 seeking the whereabouts of the people who were illegally detained by the Army, and 1846 people were arrested by the army and more than 1000 people were arrested by the police in suspect of ULFA militants.{{sfn|Amnesty1992|p=25}} Mumbai based human rights organisation the Committee for Protection of Human Rights (CPDR) also found army atrocity evidence by visiting 6 districts of the state.{{sfn|Sathyamurthy|1994|p=120}}

==Aftermath==
After Operation Bajrang was called off, the [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam Legislative Assembly election]] was held, Congress(I) won the election and [[Hiteswar Saikia]] became the Chief Minister of the state.{{sfn|Jagmohan|2008|p=64}}{{sfn|Prakash|2008|p=142}}

Following the suspension of Operation Bajrang, the state government announced a "surrender scheme" that offered Rs 50,000 cash, loans up to Rs 2 Lakh, and jobs for the qualified.{{sfn|Raghavan|2013|p=142}} Also, following political controversy over Operation Bajrang, Governor Devi Das Thakur resigned in March and [[Loknath Mishra]] took charge as the Governor of Assam.{{sfn|LoR|1993|p=38615}}

During the operation, most of the senior leaders escaped to their [[Bangladesh]]'s camp in [[Sherpur District|Sherpur]], but [[Sunil Nath]] and Paresh Baruah stayed in Assam to continue the militancy activities.{{sfn|Marwah|1997|p=307}} After the suspension of Operation Bajrang, the ULFA started revamping the organization with killing, extortion, and kidnapping.{{sfn|Hazarika|1995|p=211}}{{sfn|Sinha|2007|p=295}}

In 2013, [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill|KPS Gill]], who served as the [[Director general of police]] of Assam and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], opined that Operation Bajrang was not necessary as it created mistrust between Security forces and civil society and also took lives of many innocent people.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tezpur |first1=HT Correspondent |title=Operation Bluestar was not necessary: Gill |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/operation-bluestar-was-not-necessary-gill/story-c5JbtatUdRrpY7HqpC8HML.html |access-date=1 June 2022 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 November 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Malik |first1=Aman |last2=Roche |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Verma |first3=Ragini |title=The army mishandled Operation Blue Star: KPS Gill |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/N7NHO3RV2Vn5cwU63bDodL/The-army-mishandled-the-Operation-Blue-Star-KPS-Gill.html |access-date=1 June 2022 |work=Mint |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=2 June 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
=== Books ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pisharoty |first=Sangeeta Barooah |title=Assam: The Accord, The Discord |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |year=2019 |isbn=978-93-5305-622-3 |location=[India] |author-link=Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |title=India: Torture, Rape & Deaths in Custody |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |year=1992 |isbn=9780862102098 |location=London, U.K. |ref={{harvid|Amnesty|1992}} |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |title=Human Rights in India: The Updated Amnesty International Report |publisher=Vistaar Publications in association with Amnesty International Publications |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-703-6325-5 |location=New Delhi |ref={{harvid|Amnesty|1993}} |language=en}}
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* {{Cite book |last1=Dobhal |first1=Harsh |title=Rugged Road to Justice: A Social Audit of State Human Rights Commissions in India |last2=Jacob |first2=Mathew |publisher=Human Rights Law Network |year=2012 |isbn=9788189479831 |volume=1 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chima |first=Jugdep S. |title=Ethnic Subnationalist Insurgencies in South Asia: Identities, Interests and Challenges to State Authority |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-55706-7 |location=New York, NY, Abingdon, Oxon |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chadha |first=Vivek |title=Low Intensity Conflicts in India: An Analysis |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-321-0201-4 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Sarmah |editor1-first=Bhupen |editor2-last=Jana |editor2-first=Arun K. |title=Class, Ideology and Political Parties in India |year=2002 |publisher=International Academic Publishers |location=Colorado Springs, CO |isbn=9781588681713}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gates |first1=Scott |title=Unconventional Warfare in South Asia : Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency |last2=Roy |first2=Kaushik |publisher=[[Routledge]], [[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4094-3706-2 |location=London ; New York |author1-link=Scott Gates (academic) |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Gogoi |first=Dilip |title=Unheeded Hinterland: Identity and sovereignty in Northeast India |year=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781138100091 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pattnaik |first1=Dr. S N |last2=Kabi |first2=Dr KH |title=Media, conflict and peace in Northeast India |year=2015 |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=9789384464752 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Das |first=Samir Kumar |title=ULFA: United Liberation Front of Assam: a Political Analysis |publisher=Ajanta Publications |year=1994 |isbn=9788120204072 |location=Delhi |language=en}}
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* {{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Subir |title=Frontier Travails: Northeast, the Politics of a Mess |year=2001 |publisher=MacMillan |location=New Delhi |isbn=9780333936016 |language=en}}
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* {{cite book |title=States in armed conflict |year=1990 |publisher=Dept. of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University |location=Uppsala, Sweden |ref={{harvid|DPCU|1990}} |language=English}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Das |first=Samir Kumar |title=Ethnicity, Nation, and Security, Essays on Northeastern India |publisher=South Asian Publishers |year=2003 |isbn=9788170032700 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}
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* {{cite book |last=Karim |first=Afsir |title=Transnational Terrorism: The Danger in the South |year=1993 |publisher=Lancer Papers |location=New Delhi; London |isbn=978-1-897829-35-6 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Verghese |first=B. G. |title=India's Northeast Resurgent: Ethnicity, Insurgency, Governance, Development |publisher=Konark Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=9788122004557 |location=Delhi |author-link=B. G. Verghese |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Prakash |first=Ved |title=Terrorism in India's north-east: A gathering storm |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |year=2008 |isbn=9788178356624 |location=Delhi |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |author=Jagmohan |title=Shaping India's New Destiny |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-8424-330-7 |location=New Delhi |author-link=Jagmohan |language=en}}
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* {{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Arun |title=The Tenth Round: Story of Indian Elections 1991 |year=1991 |publisher=Rupa & Co |location=Calcutta |isbn=9788171670727 |language=en}}

{{refend}}
=== Journals ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Baruah |first=Sanjib |author-link=Sanjib Baruah |title=Separatist Militants and Contentious Politics in Assam, India: The Limits of Counterinsurgency |journal=Asian Survey |date=2009 |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=951–974 |doi=10.1525/as.2009.49.6.951 |jstor=10.1525/as.2009.49.6.951 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2009.49.6.951 |access-date=22 May 2022 |issn=0004-4687|via=JSTOR}}
* {{Cite journal |date=1994 |last=Baruah |first=Sanjib |author-link=Sanjib Baruah |title=The State and Separatist Militancy in Assam: Winning a Battle and Losing the War? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644966 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=863–877 |doi=10.2307/2644966 |issn=0004-4687 |jstor=2644966}}
* {{cite journal |date=2006 |last=Gohain |first=Hiren |author-link=Hiren Gohain |title=Post-Colonial Trauma? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418856 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=41 |issue=43/44 |page=4537 |jstor=4418856 |issn=0012-9976 |via=JSTOR}}
* {{cite journal |date=2001 |title=Asian survey |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2012.52.2.fm|volume=34 |issue=2 |publisher=University of California Press |doi=10.1525/as.2012.52.2.fm |jstor=10.1525/as.2012.52.2.fm |issn=0004-4687 |via=JSTOR |access-date=28 May 2022 |ref={{harvid|UCP|2001}} |language=English}}
* {{cite journal |date=1995 |title=Pakistan defence review|journal=Pakistan Defence Review |publisher=Pakistan Army |volume=7 |oclc=22834819 |ref={{harvid|PKA|1995}}|language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |date=2000 |title=Parliamentary debates, House of the People: official report |journal=Parliamentary Debates, House of the People: Official Report |publisher=Parliament Secretariat |issn=0445-6769 |ref={{harvid|PST|2000}} |language=en}}
* {{cite journal |date=1990 |title=India Today |journal=India Today |volume=15 |publisher=Living Media India Pvt. Limited |location=New Delhi |issn=0971-4537 |ref={{harvid|LivingMedia|1990}} |language=en}}
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* {{Cite journal |date=1999 |title=Faultlines |journal=Faultlines |publisher=Institute for Conflict Management |volume=8-11 |issn=0972-1290 |ref={{harvid|ICM|1999}} |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |date=1997 |title=Defence Journal |journal=Defence Journal |publisher=Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal |place=Karachi, Pakistan |volume=7 |issue=1–3 |oclc=40335640 |ref={{harvid|IuMS|1997}} |language=en}}
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* {{Cite journal |date=1993 |title=In New Role |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4399352 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=193–194 |jstor=4399352 |issn=0012-9976 |via=JSTOR |ref={{harvid|EPW|1993}} |language=en}}
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* {{Cite journal |date=1991 |title=Parliamentary debates: official report |journal=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report |publisher=Council of States Secretariat, Rajya Sabha Secretariat |place=New Delhi |volume=156 |issue=6–10 |pages=75 |issn=0537-0167 |ref={{harvid|CSSRSS|1991}}|language=en}}

{{refend}}

{{History of Assam}}
{{India separatist movements}}
{{Ongoing military conflicts}}
[[Category:Insurgency in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Assam]]
[[Category:History of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Military operations involving India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1990]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1991]]
[[Category:1990 in India]]
[[Category:1991 in India]]