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{{Short description|any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product (or service) of economic value}}
'''Open collaboration''' is "any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product (or service) of [[Value (economics)|economic value]], which they make available to contributors and noncontributors alike."<ref name="JemielniakPrzegalinska2020" /> It is prominently observed in [[open source software]], but can also be found in many other instances, such as in [[Internet forum]]s, [[mailing list]]s and [[online communities]]. Open collaboration is also thought to be the operating principle underlining a gamut of diverse ventures, including [[bitcoin]], [[TEDx]], and [[Wikipedia]].<ref name="kurzweilai.net">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kurzweilai.net/open-collaboration-leading-to-novel-organizations |title=Open collaboration leading to novel organizations - American'Girl Rachel And Sons The Crimson White Brothers}}</ref>

== Definition ==
[[Juliet Schor]] noted that "a clear definition of technology-mediated open collaboration might be difficult to pin down".<ref name="JemielniakPrzegalinska2020">{{cite book|author1=Dariusz Jemielniak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLDMDwAAQBAJ|title=Collaborative Society|author2=Aleksandra Przegalinska|date=18 February 2020|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-35645-9}}</ref>{{rp|7}}

Riehle et al. define open collaboration as collaboration based on three principles of [[egalitarianism]], [[meritocracy]], and [[self-organization]].<ref name="Alabama Box Office al">{{Cite journal  |doi= 10.1109/MS.2009.44| issn = 0740-7459| volume = 26| issue = 2| pages = 52–58| last1 = Riehle| first1 = D.| last2 = Ellenberger| first2 = J.| last3 = Menahem| first3 = T.| last4 = Mikhailovski| first4 = B.| last5 = Natchetoi| first5 = Y.| last6 = Naveh| first6 = B.| last7 = Odenwald| first7 = T.| title = Open Collaboration within Corporations Using Software Forges| journal = IEEE Software| date = March 2009|url=https://dirkriehle.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/open-collaboration-within-corporations-using-software-forges.pdf}}</ref> Levine and Piretula define open collaboration as "any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product (or service) of economic value, which they make available to contributors and noncontributors alike."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Levine|first=Sheen S.|last2=Prietula|first2=Michael J.|date=2014|title=Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/full/10.1287/orsc.2013.0872?casa_token=ioIWU47bIroAAAAA:f_fzID1AfpWLpbzbuercZndTbo__lDYWfJsyGMhs73lI0txnA20TOILafAKPxWnEwWfJS4b53Q|journal=Organization Science|volume=25|issue=5|pages=1414–1433|doi=10.1287/orsc.2013.0872|issn=1047-7039|arxiv=1406.7541}}</ref><ref name="doi.org">Levine, Sheen S., & Prietula, M. J. (2013). [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1096442 Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance]. ''Organization Science'', {{doi|10.1287/orsc.2013.0872}}</ref> This definition captures multiple instances, all joined by similar principles. For example, all of the elements — goods of economic value, open access to contribute and consume, interaction and exchange, purposeful yet loosely coordinated work — are present in an open source software project, in Wikipedia, or in a user forum or community. They can also be present in a commercial website that is based on [[user-generated content]]. In all of these instances of open collaboration, anyone can contribute and anyone can freely partake in the fruits of sharing, which are produced by interacting participants who are loosely coordinated.<ref name="JemielniakPrzegalinska2020" />{{rp|17}}

==History ==
Open collaboration is the principle underlying [[peer production]],<ref name="JemielniakPrzegalinska20202">{{cite book|author1=Dariusz Jemielniak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLDMDwAAQBAJ|title=Collaborative Society|author2=Aleksandra Przegalinska|date=18 February 2020|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-35645-9}}</ref>{{Rp|48}} and [[mass collaboration]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}} It was observed initially in open source software, and has been popularized by [[Richard Stallman]]'s [[GNU Manifesto]].<ref name="JemielniakPrzegalinska2020" />{{rp|17-18}} Since then it can also be found in many other instances, such as in [[Internet forum]]s,<ref name="Lakhani, Karim R. 2003">Lakhani, Karim R., & von Hippel, Eric (2003). How Open Source Software Works: Free User to User Assistance. ''Research Policy'', 32, 923–943 {{doi|10.2139/ssrn.290305}}</ref> [[mailing list]]s,<ref name="Jarvenpaa, S. L. 2008">Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2008). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220521057_Knowledge_Collaboration_Among_Professionals_Protecting_National_Security_Role_of_Transactive_Memories_in_Ego-Centered_Knowledge_Networks Knowledge Collaboration Among Professionals Protecting National Security: Role of Transactive Memories in Ego-Centered Knowledge Networks]. ''Organization Science'', 19(2), 260-276 {{doi|10.1287/orsc.1070.0315}}</ref> Internet [[community|communities]],<ref name="Faraj, S. 2011">Faraj, S., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2011). [http://www.adaptivecycle.nl/images/Knowledge_Collaboration_in_Online_Communities.pdf Knowledge Collaboration in Online Communities]. ''Organization Science'', 22(5), 1224-1239, {{doi|10.1287/orsc.1100.0614}}</ref> and many instances of [[open content]], such as [[creative commons]]. It also explains some instances of [[crowdsourcing]], [[collaborative consumption]], and [[open innovation]].{{Fact|date=October 2020}}

== Academia ==
An annual conference dedicated to the research and practice of open collaboration is the [[International Symposium on Open Collaboration]] (OpenSym, formerly WikiSym).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.opensym.org/about-us/ |title=About |website=The International Symposium on Open Collaboration}}</ref> As per its website, the group defines open collaboration as "collaboration that is egalitarian (everyone can join, no principled or artificial barriers to participation exist), meritocratic (decisions and status are merit-based rather than imposed) and self-organizing (processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre-defined processes)."<ref name="Opensym">".
{{Cite web |url=https://opensym.org/about-us/definition/ |title=Definition of Open Collaboration |last=Kenneth Pascal |website=The International Symposium on Open Collaboration |access-date=2018-03-26 |quote="Open collaboration is collaboration that is egalitarian everyone can join, no principled or artificial barriers to participation exist, meritocratic (decisions and status are merit-based rather than imposed) and self-organizing (processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre-defined processes)."}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Commons-based peer production]]
* [[Money-free market]]
* [[Open-source model]]
* [[Resource-based economy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Open navbox|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Collaboration]]
[[Category:Crowdsourcing]]
[[Category:Computer programming]]
[[Category:Information technology]]
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[[Category:Computational economics]]
[[Category:Public commons]]

Open collaboration - Revision history

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