86.91.100.161: /* Status */Typo

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Status: Typo

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	==Status==		==Status==
	~~Önge~~ used to be spoken throughout Little Andaman as well as in smaller islands to the north - and possibly in the southern tip of [[South Andaman]] island. Since the middle of the 19th century, with the arrival of the British in the [[Andaman Islands\|Andamans]], and, after [[Partition of India\|Indian independence]], the massive inflow of Indian settlers from the mainland, the number of Onge speakers has steadily declined, although a moderate increase has been observed in recent years.<ref>{{Citation\|url=http://www.combatlaw.org/information.php?article_id=23&issue_id=9\|title=The Colonisation of Little Andaman Island\|access-date=2008-06-23}}</ref> Currently, there are only 94 native speakers of Onge,<ref>{{Citation\|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=oon\|title=''Önge language'' - The Ethnologue}}</ref> confined to a single settlement in the northeast of Little Andaman island (see map below), making it an [[endangered language]].		Onge used to be spoken throughout Little Andaman as well as in smaller islands to the north - and possibly in the southern tip of [[South Andaman]] island. Since the middle of the 19th century, with the arrival of the British in the [[Andaman Islands\|Andamans]], and, after [[Partition of India\|Indian independence]], the massive inflow of Indian settlers from the mainland, the number of Onge speakers has steadily declined, although a moderate increase has been observed in recent years.<ref>{{Citation\|url=http://www.combatlaw.org/information.php?article_id=23&issue_id=9\|title=The Colonisation of Little Andaman Island\|access-date=2008-06-23}}</ref> Currently, there are only 94 native speakers of Onge,<ref>{{Citation\|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=oon\|title=''Önge language'' - The Ethnologue}}</ref> confined to a single settlement in the northeast of Little Andaman island (see map below), making it an [[endangered language]].

	=== Demographic troubles ===		=== Demographic troubles ===

imported>SUM1: Adding local short description: "Ongan language of Little Andaman Island", overriding Wikidata description "language" (Shortdesc helper)

2021-08-30T23:55:27Z

Adding local short description: "Ongan language of Little Andaman Island", overriding Wikidata description "language" (Shortdesc helper)

New page

{{Short description|Ongan language of Little Andaman Island}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Onge
| nativename = ''Öñge'' ॳङे
| pronunciation = {{IPA-all|ˈəŋɡe|}}
| states = [[India]]
| region = South [[Andaman Islands]], Dugong Creek and South Bay islands.
| ethnicity = 101 [[Onge people]] (2011 census)
| speakers = 94, 93% of ethnic population
| date = 2006
| ref = <ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=156}}</ref>
| speakers2 = Mainly [[monolingual]]. Speakers reserved toward outsiders.<ref name=e18>{{e18|oon|Öñge}}</ref>
| familycolor = Andamanese
| fam1 = [[Ongan languages|Ongan]]
| iso3 = oon
| map = Schematic Map of Andamanese Languages & Tribes.png
| mapcaption = A map of tribal and language divisions in the Andaman Islands prior to the 1850s
| notice = IPA
| glotto = onge1236
| glottorefname = Onge
}}

The '''Onge language''' (also spelled ''Öñge'', ''Ongee, Eng,'' or ''Ung'') is one of two known [[Ongan languages]] within the [[Andaman languages|Andaman]] family. It is spoken by the [[Onge]] people in [[Little Andaman Island]] in [[India]].

== History ==
[[File:Andamanese comparative distribution.png|thumb|left|200px|Distribution of Andamanese tribes in early 1800s and 2004; the Onge areas are in blue.]]
In the 18th century the Onge were distributed across [[Little Andaman Island]] and the nearby islands, with some territory and camps established on [[Rutland Island]] and the southern tip of [[South Andaman Island]]. Originally restive, they were pacified by [[Maurice Vidal Portman|M. V. Portman]] in the 1890s.{{clarify|reason=In what way were they 'restive'? What does it mean that they were 'pacified'? These terms seem like obscure euphemisms for some kind of violent conflict.|date=August 2013}}<ref name="weber">George Weber, ''[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm the Tribes]''. Chapter 8 in ''[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/text-group-BodyChapters.htm The andamanese]''. Accessed on 2012-07-03.</ref><ref name="portman"/> By the end of the 19th century they sometimes visited the [[South Brother Island, India|South]] and [[North Brother Island, India|North Brother Island]]s to catch [[sea turtle]]s; at the time, those islands seemed to be the boundary between their territory and the range of the [[Great Andamanese people]] further north.<ref name="portman">M. V. Portman (1899), ''[http://booksnow2.scholarsportal.info/ebooks/oca2/22/historyofourrela02portuoft/historyofourrela02portuoft_bw.pdf A history of our Relations with the Andamanese]'', Volume II. Office of the Government Printing, Calcutta, India.</ref> Today, the surviving members (less than 100) are confined to two reserve camps on Little Andaman, Dugong Creek in the northeast and South Bay.

The Onge were semi-nomadic and fully dependent on [[Hunter-gatherer|hunting and gathering]] for food.

The Onge are one of the aboriginal peoples ([[adivasi]]) of India. Together with the other Andamanese tribes and a few other isolated groups elsewhere in [[Oceania]], they comprise the [[Negrito]] peoples, believed to be remnants of a very early migration out of [[Africa]].

==Status==
Önge used to be spoken throughout Little Andaman as well as in smaller islands to the north - and possibly in the southern tip of [[South Andaman]] island. Since the middle of the 19th century, with the arrival of the British in the [[Andaman Islands|Andamans]], and, after [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], the massive inflow of Indian settlers from the mainland, the number of Onge speakers has steadily declined, although a moderate increase has been observed in recent years.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.combatlaw.org/information.php?article_id=23&issue_id=9|title=The Colonisation of Little Andaman Island|access-date=2008-06-23}}</ref> Currently, there are only 94 native speakers of Onge,<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=oon|title=''Önge language'' - The Ethnologue}}</ref> confined to a single settlement in the northeast of Little Andaman island (see map below), making it an [[endangered language]].

=== Demographic troubles ===
The Onge are one of the least fertile people in the world. About 40% of the married couples are sterile. Onge women rarely become pregnant before the age of 28.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPX6wiuZ3ikC&pg=PA44 | title=Andaman and Nicobar Tribes Restudied: Encounters and Concerns| isbn=9788183240109| last1=Mann| first1=Rann Singh| date=January 2005}}</ref> Infant and child mortality is in the range of 40%.<ref>D. Venkatesan (Winter 1990; posted online 2 March 2010), [https://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/ecocide-or-genocide-the-onge-andaman-islands "Ecocide or Genocide? The Onge in the Andaman Islands"]. ''[[Cultural Survival Quarterly]]'' 14.4. [https://archive.today/2012.08.02-162059/http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/ecocide-or-genocide-the-onge-andaman-islands Archived] 2 August 2012 at [[archive.today]].</ref> The Onge's [[net reproductive index]] is 0.91.<ref name="gob">A. N. Sharma (2003), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WEztW7c0CqQC&pg=PA64 Tribal Development in the Andaman Islands]'', page 64. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi.</ref> The net reproductive index among the Great Andamanese is 1.40.<ref>A. N. Sharma (2003), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WEztW7c0CqQC&pg=PA72 Tribal Development in the Andaman Islands]'', page 72. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi.</ref>

[[image:Onge people depicted in Kolkata Museum.jpg|thumb|A depiction of Onge people in Kolkata Museum]]

====Population<ref>[https://archive.today/2014.07.26-075301/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1609/16090710.htm "Little Andaman: a chronology"]. ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'' 16.9 (April-May 1999). Archived from [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1609/16090710.htm the original] 26 July 2014 at [[archive.today]].</ref>====

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==Phonology==

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
!
! ALIGN="center" | '''[[Front vowel|Front]]'''
! ALIGN="center" | '''[[Central vowel|Central]]'''
! ALIGN="center" | '''[[Back vowel|Back]]'''
|-
! '''[[High vowel|High]]'''
| ALIGN="center" | {{IPA|i}}
|
| ALIGN="center" | {{IPA|u}}
|-
! '''[[Mid vowel|Mid]]'''
| ALIGN="center" | {{IPA|e}}
| ALIGN="center" | {{IPA|ə}}
| ALIGN="center" | {{IPA|o}}
|-
! '''[[Low vowel|Low]]'''
|
| ALIGN="center" | {{IPA|a}}
|
|}

There is some [[vowel harmony]]: 1p pl. prefix et- becomes [ot-] when the vowel in the next syllable is /u/, e.g. ''et-eɟale'' 'our faces' but ''ot-oticule'' 'our heads'.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=161">{{Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=161}}</ref>

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan=2 | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=2 | [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan=2 | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan=2 | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! '''[[Stop consonant|Stops]]'''
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA|kʷ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|b}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA|t}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|d}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA|c}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|ɟ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA|k}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
! '''[[Nasal stop|Nasals]]'''
| style="border-right-width: 0;" |   || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|m}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" |   || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|n}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" |   || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|ɲ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" |   || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
! '''[[Approximant consonant|Approximants]]'''
|   || {{IPA|w}}
|   || {{IPA|l}} (/r/)
|   || {{IPA|j}}
| colspan=2 |  
|}

/ʔ/? (c.f. Blevins (2007:161))

Blevins (2007:160-161) states that /c, ɟ/ are actually affricates, and that retroflexes may or may not be phonemic.

/kʷ/ delabializes to /k/ before /u, o/.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=161" />

Phonemic /d/ surfaces as [r] intervocalically, while arguably some words have phonemic /r/ which alternates with surface [r, l, j].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|pp=161–162}}</ref>

===Phonotactics===
Words may be monosyllabic or longer, even in [[content word]]s (unlike in the closely related [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]]).<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=161" /> Words may begin with consonants or vowels, and maximal syllables are of the form CVC.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=161" /> All Onge words end in vowels, except for imperatives, e.g. ''kaʔ'' 'give'.

Consonant-final stems in Jarawa often have cognates with final ''e'' in Onge, e.g. Jarawa ''iŋ'', Onge ''iŋe'' 'water'; Jarawa ''inen'', Onge ''inene'' 'foreigner'; Jarawa ''dag'', Onge ''dage'' 'coconut'.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=161" /> Historically these vowels must have been excrescent, as nonetymological word-final e doesn't surface when number markers are suffixed, and the definite article (-''gi'' after etymological consonants, -''i'' after etymological vowels, due to lenition) appears as -''i'' after etymological ''e'' but as -''gi'' after excrescent ''e'', e.g. ''daŋe'' → ''daŋe-gi'' 'tree; dugout'; ''kue'' → ''kue-i'' 'pig'.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|pp=162–163}}</ref>

NC clusters sometimes optionally reduce to single C, e.g. {{IPA|iɲɟo-}}~{{IPA|iɟo-}} 'to drink' (c.f. Jarawa {{IPA|-iɲɟo}}).<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=163">{{Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=163}}</ref>

Voiced obstruents may optionally nasalize in syllable onset when the coda is nasal, e.g. ''bone''/''mone'' 'resin, resin torch' (c.f. Jarawa ''pone'' 'resin, resin torch').<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=163" />

===Morphophonemics===
Clusters across morpheme boundaries simplify to homorganic sequences, including [[geminate]]s, which may occur after word final -e drops, e.g. ''daŋe'' 'tree, dugout canoe' → ''dandena'' 'two canoes'; ''umuge'' 'pigeon' → ''umulle'' 'pigeons'.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=161" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Citation
|last=Blevins |first=Juliette
|year=2007 |title=A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands
|journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=46
|issue=1 |pages=154–198
|doi=10.1353/ol.2007.0015|s2cid=143141296
}}

{{Andamanese languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Onge language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Ongan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Endangered languages]]

Onge language - Revision history

86.91.100.161: /* Status */Typo

imported>SUM1: Adding local short description: "Ongan language of Little Andaman Island", overriding Wikidata description "language" (Shortdesc helper)