Onge - Revision history

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	== Genetics ==		== Genetics ==
	A genome-wide study by Reich et al. (2009) found that the Onge Andamanese are most closely related to other Negrito populations in [[Malaysia]] and the [[Philippines]]. The study further showed that while the Onge are related to modern Indian people, they have none of the admixture from [[Neolithic]] Iranian farmers or [[~~Yamnaya_culture~~\|steppe pastoralists]] which is widespread on the mainland. From this, they conclude that the Onge are solely descended from one of the ancient populations which contributed to the genetics of modern Indians.<ref name="Reich">{{cite journal\|last=Reich\|first=David\|author2=Kumarasamy Thangaraj \|author3=Nick Patterson \|author4=Alkes L. Price \|author5=Lalji Singh \|title=Reconstructing Indian Population History\|journal=Nature\|date=24 September 2009\|volume=461\|issue=7263\|pages=489–494\|doi=10.1038/nature08365\|pmid=19779445\|pmc=2842210\|bibcode=2009Natur.461..489R}}</ref> According to Chaubey and Endicott (2013) Overall, the Andamanese are more closely related to Southeast Asians (as well as Melanesians and Southeast Asian Negritos) than they are to present-day South Asians.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Endicott\|first1=Phillip\|last2=Chaubey\|first2=Gyaneshwer\|date=June 2013\|title=The Andaman Islanders in a Regional Genetic Context: Reexamining the Evidence for an Early Peopling of the Archipelago from South Asia\|journal=Human Biology\|volume=85\|issue=1/3\|pages=153–173\|doi=10.3378/027.085.0307\|pmid=24297224\|s2cid=7774927\|issn=0018-7143\|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/7}}</ref> According to Basu et al. (2016), the populations of the [[Andaman Islands]] archipelago form a distinct ancestry, which is "coancestral to [[Oceania\|Oceanic]] populations".{{sfn\|Basu\|2016\|p=1594}}		A genome-wide study by Reich et al. (2009) found that the Onge Andamanese are most closely related to other Negrito populations in [[Malaysia]] and the [[Philippines]]. The study further showed that while the Onge are related to modern Indian people, they have none of the admixture from [[Neolithic]] Iranian farmers or [[Yamnaya culture\|steppe pastoralists]] which is widespread on the mainland. From this, they conclude that the Onge are solely descended from one of the ancient populations which contributed to the genetics of modern Indians.<ref name="Reich">{{cite journal\|last=Reich\|first=David\|author2=Kumarasamy Thangaraj \|author3=Nick Patterson \|author4=Alkes L. Price \|author5=Lalji Singh \|title=Reconstructing Indian Population History\|journal=Nature\|date=24 September 2009\|volume=461\|issue=7263\|pages=489–494\|doi=10.1038/nature08365\|pmid=19779445\|pmc=2842210\|bibcode=2009Natur.461..489R}}</ref> According to Chaubey and Endicott (2013) Overall, the Andamanese are more closely related to Southeast Asians (as well as Melanesians and Southeast Asian Negritos) than they are to present-day South Asians.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Endicott\|first1=Phillip\|last2=Chaubey\|first2=Gyaneshwer\|date=June 2013\|title=The Andaman Islanders in a Regional Genetic Context: Reexamining the Evidence for an Early Peopling of the Archipelago from South Asia\|journal=Human Biology\|volume=85\|issue=1/3\|pages=153–173\|doi=10.3378/027.085.0307\|pmid=24297224\|s2cid=7774927\|issn=0018-7143\|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/7}}</ref> According to Basu et al. (2016), the populations of the [[Andaman Islands]] archipelago form a distinct ancestry, which is "coancestral to [[Oceania\|Oceanic]] populations".{{sfn\|Basu\|2016\|p=1594}}

	Analysis of paternal lineages indicates that all Onge carry the Y-DNA [[Haplogroup D-M174\|Haplogroup D]].<ref>Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Lalji Singh, Alla G. Reddy, V.Raghavendra Rao, Subhash C. Sehgal, Peter A. Underhill, Melanie Pierson, Ian G. Frame, [[Erika Hagelberg]]（2003）；[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982202013362 Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population] ；Current Biology　Volume 13, Issue 2, 21 January 2003, Pages 86–93　doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2</ref> Maternally, the Onge also exclusively belong to the [[haplogroup M (mtDNA)\|M]] clade, bearing the M2 and M4 subclades.<ref name="endicott2003">{{cite journal \|title=The Genetic Origins of the Andaman Islanders \|author1=M. Phillip Endicott \|author2=Thomas P. Gilbert \|author3=Chris Stringer \|author4=Carles Lalueza-Fox \|author5=Eske Willerslev \|author6=Anders J. Hansen \|author7=Alan Cooper \|year=2003 \|access-date=8 July 2021 \|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82677986.pdf\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307014229/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82677986.pdf\|archive-date=7 March 2019\|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics \|volume=72 \|issue=1 \|pages=178–184 \|quote=The HVR‑1 data separate them into two lineages, identified on the Indian mainland ... as M4 and M2 ... The Andamanese M2 contains two haplotypes ... developed in situ, after an early colonization ... Alternatively, it is possible that the haplotypes have become extinct in India or are present at a low frequency and have not yet been sampled, but, in each case, an early settlement of the Andaman Islands by an M2‑bearing population is implied ... The Andaman M4 haplotype ... is still present among populations in India, suggesting it was subject to the late Pleistocene population expansions.... \|pmid=12478481 \|doi=10.1086/345487 \|pmc=378623 }}</ref~~><ref name="Reich"/~~><ref name="Moorjani">{{cite journal \|last=Moorjani \|first=Priya \|author2=Kumarasamy Thangaraj \|author3=Nick Patterson \|author4=Alkes L. Price \|author5=Lalji Singh \|author6=David Reich \|title=Genetic Evidence for Recent Population Mixture in India \|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics \|volume=93 \|issue=3 \|pages=422–438 \|date=5 September 2013 \|pmid=23932107 \|pmc=3769933 \|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006}}</ref> A 2017 study suggests that the Onge are derived from a lineage that trifurcated from [[East Asian]]s and [[Australasia]]ns in ancient time.<ref name="LipsonReich2017">{{cite journal\|last1=Lipson\|first1=Mark\|last2=Reich\|first2=David\|year=2017\|title=working model of the deep relationships of diverse modern human genetic lineages outside of Africa\|url= \|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution\|volume=34\|issue=4\|pages=889–902\|doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293\|pmid=28074030\|issn=0737-4038\|pmc=5400393}}</ref>		Analysis of paternal lineages indicates that all Onge carry the Y-DNA [[Haplogroup D-M174\|Haplogroup D]].<ref>Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Lalji Singh, Alla G. Reddy, V.Raghavendra Rao, Subhash C. Sehgal, Peter A. Underhill, Melanie Pierson, Ian G. Frame, [[Erika Hagelberg]]（2003）；[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982202013362 Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population] ；Current Biology　Volume 13, Issue 2, 21 January 2003, Pages 86–93　doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2</ref> Maternally, the Onge also exclusively belong to the [[haplogroup M (mtDNA)\|M]] clade, bearing the M2 and M4 subclades.<ref name="Reich"/><ref name="endicott2003">{{cite journal \|title=The Genetic Origins of the Andaman Islanders \|author1=M. Phillip Endicott \|author2=Thomas P. Gilbert \|author3=Chris Stringer \|author4=Carles Lalueza-Fox \|author5=Eske Willerslev \|author6=Anders J. Hansen \|author7=Alan Cooper \|year=2003 \|access-date=8 July 2021 \|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82677986.pdf\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307014229/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82677986.pdf\|archive-date=7 March 2019\|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics \|volume=72 \|issue=1 \|pages=178–184 \|quote=The HVR‑1 data separate them into two lineages, identified on the Indian mainland ... as M4 and M2 ... The Andamanese M2 contains two haplotypes ... developed in situ, after an early colonization ... Alternatively, it is possible that the haplotypes have become extinct in India or are present at a low frequency and have not yet been sampled, but, in each case, an early settlement of the Andaman Islands by an M2‑bearing population is implied ... The Andaman M4 haplotype ... is still present among populations in India, suggesting it was subject to the late Pleistocene population expansions.... \|pmid=12478481 \|doi=10.1086/345487 \|pmc=378623 }}</ref><ref name="Moorjani">{{cite journal \|last=Moorjani \|first=Priya \|author2=Kumarasamy Thangaraj \|author3=Nick Patterson \|author4=Alkes L. Price \|author5=Lalji Singh \|author6=David Reich \|title=Genetic Evidence for Recent Population Mixture in India \|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics \|volume=93 \|issue=3 \|pages=422–438 \|date=5 September 2013 \|pmid=23932107 \|pmc=3769933 \|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006}}</ref> A 2017 study suggests that the Onge are derived from a lineage that trifurcated from [[East Asian]]s and [[Australasia]]ns in ancient time.<ref name="LipsonReich2017">{{cite journal\|last1=Lipson\|first1=Mark\|last2=Reich\|first2=David\|year=2017\|title=working model of the deep relationships of diverse modern human genetic lineages outside of Africa\|url= \|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution\|volume=34\|issue=4\|pages=889–902\|doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293\|pmid=28074030\|issn=0737-4038\|pmc=5400393}}</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==

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{{Short description|Ethnic group of Andaman Islands}}
{{otheruses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Onge
| native_name = en-iregale
| native_name_lang = oon
| image = A young Onge mother with her baby.jpg
| image_caption = A young Onge mother with child taken by [[Alfred Radcliffe-Brown|Radcliffe Brown]] in 1905
| population = 101<ref>http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A11_Appendix/ST-35-PCA-A11-APPENDIX.xlsx</ref>
| total_year = 2011 census
| regions = {{flag|India}}<br/>western side of [[Little Andaman Island]]
| languages = [[Önge language|Önge]], one of the [[Ongan languages]]
| religions = [[traditional religion|traditional]] folk religion (animism)
| related_groups = other [[Andamanese people]]s, particularly [[Jarawa (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]]
}}
[[File:Onge people depicted in Kolkata Museum.jpg|thumb|A depiction of Onge people in Kolkata Museum]]
The '''Onge''' (also '''Önge''', '''Ongee''', and '''Öñge''') are an indigenous people of [[Little Andaman]], one of the [[Andaman Islands]] in India. Traditionally [[hunter-gatherers]], they are one of the [[Andamanese peoples]] and are designated as a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=27 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Andamanese comparative distribution.png|thumb|left|200px|Distribution of Andamanese tribes in early 1800s and 2004; the Onge areas are in blue.]]
In the 18th century the Onge, or Madhumitha, were distributed across [[Little Andaman Island]] and the nearby islands, with some territory and camps established on [[Rutland Island]] and the southern tip of [[South Andaman Island]]. After they encountered British colonial officers, friendly relations were established with the [[British Empire]] in the 1800s through Lieutenant [[Archibald Blair]]. British naval officer [[Maurice Vidal Portman|M. V. Portman]] described them as the "mildest, most timid, and inoffensive" group of Andamanese people he had encountered.<ref name="weber">{{cite web|first=George|last=Weber|url=http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/app-a/a-portman.htm|title=Maurice Vidal Portman (1861–1935)|work=The Andamanese (Appendix A – Pioneer Biographies of the British Period to 1947)|access-date=2012-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805204050/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/app-a/a-portman.htm|archive-date=5 August 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="portman"/> By the end of the 19th century they sometimes visited the [[South Brother Island, India|South]] and [[North Brother Island, India|North Brother Islands]] to catch [[sea turtle]]s; at the time, those islands seemed to be the boundary between their territory and the range of the [[Great Andamanese people]] further north.<ref name="portman">M. V. Portman (1899), ''[http://booksnow2.scholarsportal.info/ebooks/oca2/22/historyofourrela02portuoft/historyofourrela02portuoft_bw.pdf A history of our Relations with the Andamanese]'', Volume II. Office of the Government Printing, Calcutta, India.</ref> Today, the surviving members are confined to two reserve camps on Little Andaman, Dugong Creek in the northeast, and South Bay.

The Onge were semi-nomadic and fully dependent on [[Hunter-gatherer|hunting and gathering]] for food.

The Onge are one of the indigenous people of the [[Andaman Islands]]. Together with the other Andamanese tribes and a few other isolated groups elsewhere in [[Southeast Asia]], they comprise the [[Negrito]] peoples.

=== Population ===
Onge population numbers were substantially reduced in the aftermath of colonisation and settlement, from 672 in 1901 to barely 100.<ref name="Pandya1993">{{cite book |last=Pandya |first=Vishvajit |title=Above the Forest: A Study of Andamanese Ethnoanemology, Cosmology, and the Power of Ritual |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562971-2}}</ref>{{rp|51}}<ref name="bbc2004a">{{cite news |title=अंडमान में जनजातियों को ख़तरा |trans-title=Tribes endangered in the Andamans |work=BBC News |date=30 December 2004 |language=hi |access-date=25 November 2008 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/regionalnews/story/2004/12/041230_tsunami_aborigins.shtml |quote=जारवा के 100, ओन्गी के 105, ग्रेट एंडमानिस के 40–45 और सेन्टेलीज़ के क़रीब 250 लोग नेगरीटो कबीले से हैं, जो दक्षिण एशिया की प्राचीनतम जनजाति है {{bracket|100 of the Jarawa, 105 of the Onge, 40–45 of the Great Andamanese, and about 250 of the Sentinelese belong to the Negrito group which is South Asia's oldest tribal affiliation}}.}}</ref>

A major cause of the decline in Onge population is the changes in their food habits brought about by their contact with the outside world.<ref>Devi, L. Dilly (1987). "Sociological Aspects of Food and Nutrition among the Onges of the Little Andaman Island". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Delhi, Delhi</ref> The Onge are one of the least fertile people in the world. About 40% of the married couples are sterile. Onge women rarely become pregnant before the age of 28.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPX6wiuZ3ikC&pg=PA44 |title=Andaman and Nicobar Tribes Restudied |isbn=978-81-8324-010-9 |last=Mann |first=Rann Singh |date=2005}}</ref> Infant and child mortality is in the range of 40%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/ecocide-or-genocide-the-onge-andaman-islands |title=Ecocide or Genocide? The Onge in the Andaman Islands |work=Cultural Survival |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> The Onge's [[net reproductive index]] is 0.91.<ref name="gob">A. N. Sharma (2003), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WEztW7c0CqQC&pg=PA64 Tribal Development in the Andaman Islands]'', page 64. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi.</ref> The net reproductive index among the Great Andamanese is 1.40.<ref>A. N. Sharma (2003), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WEztW7c0CqQC&pg=PA72 Tribal Development in the Andaman Islands]'', page 72. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi.</ref>

In 1901, there were 672 Onge; 631 in 1911, 346 in 1921, 250 in 1931, and 150 in 1951.<ref name="jsr1976">{{cite journal |title=Journal of Social Research |publisher=Council of Social and Cultural Research, Ranchi University Department of Anthropology, Bihar |date=1976 |volume=19 |access-date=25 November 2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIQrAAAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Frontline1999">{{cite journal |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1609/16090710.htm |title=Little Andaman: a chronology |journal=Frontline |date=1999 |location=Chennai, India |volume=16 |issue=9 |issn=0970-1710}}</ref>
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== Tsunami ==
The semi-nomadic Onge have a traditional story that tells of the ground shaking and a great wall of water destroying the land. Taking heed of this story, all 96 tribesmen of the Onge survived the [[tsunami]] caused by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] by taking shelter in the highlands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/mariana-budjeryn/and-then-came-tsunami-disaster-brings-atte |title=And Then Came the Tsunami: Disaster Brings Attention and New Challenges to Asia's Indigenous Peoples |access-date=22 February 2010 |last=Budjeryn |first=Mariana |publisher=[[Cultural Survival Quarterly]]}}</ref>

== Poisoning incident ==
In December 2008, eight male tribal members died after drinking a toxic liquid{{spnd}}identified as [[methanol]] by some sources{{spnd}}that they had apparently mistaken for [[ethanol|drinking alcohol]].<ref name="alcerr">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7772952.stm |title=Alcohol error hits Andamans tribe |access-date=10 December 2008 |last=Bhaumik |first=Subir |date=9 December 2008 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> The liquid apparently came from a container that had washed ashore at Dugong Creek near their settlement on the island, but Port Blair authorities ordered an investigation into whether it had originated elsewhere. A further 15 Onge were taken to hospital with at least one critically ill.<ref name=bottle>{{cite web |author=Buncombe, Andrew |date=12 December 2008 |title=Washed-up poison bottle kills eight members of island tribe |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/washedup-poison-bottle-kills-eight-members-of-island-tribe-1062908.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212223232/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/washedup-poison-bottle-kills-eight-members-of-island-tribe-1062908.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 December 2008 |format=online edition |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |location=London |access-date=12 December 2008}}</ref>

With their population estimated at only around 100 before the incident, the director of [[Survival International]] described the mass poisoning as a "calamity for the Onge", and warned that any more deaths could "put the survival of the entire tribe in serious danger". Alcohol and drug addiction have in recent years developed into a serious problem for the Onge, adding to the threats to their continued survival posed by outside influences.<ref name="bottle"/>

[[Bhopinder Singh]], the [[List of lieutenant governors of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Lieutenant Governor of the Andaman Islands]], ordered an inquiry into the incident.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200812111313.htm |title=Inquiry ordered into death of Onge tribesmen |access-date=13 December 2008 |date=11 December 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103151921/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200812111313.htm |archive-date=3 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Language ==
The Onge speak the [[Önge language]]. It is one of two known [[Ongan languages]] (South [[Andamanese languages]]). Önge used to be spoken throughout Little Andaman as well as in smaller islands to the north, and possibly in the southern tip of [[South Andaman]] island. Since the middle of the 19th century, with the arrival of the British in the [[Andaman Islands|Andamans]], and, after [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], the massive inflow of Indian settlers from the mainland, the number of Onge speakers has steadily declined. However, a moderate increase has been observed in recent years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.combatlaw.org/information.php?article_id=23&issue_id=9 |title=The Colonisation of Little Andaman Island |access-date=23 June 2008 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{As of|2006}}, there were 94 Onge speakers<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite book |editor1-first=M. Paul |editor1-last=Lewis |editor2-first=Gary F. |editor2-last=Simons |editor3-first=Charles D. |editor3-last=Fennig |year=2013 |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |chapter=Öñge |edition=17th |location=Dallas, Texas |publisher=SIL International |chapter-url=http://www.ethnologue.com/17/language/oon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309160836/http://www.ethnologue.com/17/language/oon/ |archive-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> confined to a single settlement in the northeast of Little Andaman Island (see map above), making it an [[endangered language]].

== Genetics ==
A genome-wide study by Reich et al. (2009) found that the Onge Andamanese are most closely related to other Negrito populations in [[Malaysia]] and the [[Philippines]]. The study further showed that while the Onge are related to modern Indian people, they have none of the admixture from [[Neolithic]] Iranian farmers or [[Yamnaya_culture|steppe pastoralists]] which is widespread on the mainland. From this, they conclude that the Onge are solely descended from one of the ancient populations which contributed to the genetics of modern Indians.<ref name="Reich">{{cite journal|last=Reich|first=David|author2=Kumarasamy Thangaraj |author3=Nick Patterson |author4=Alkes L. Price |author5=Lalji Singh |title=Reconstructing Indian Population History|journal=Nature|date=24 September 2009|volume=461|issue=7263|pages=489–494|doi=10.1038/nature08365|pmid=19779445|pmc=2842210|bibcode=2009Natur.461..489R}}</ref> According to Chaubey and Endicott (2013) Overall, the Andamanese are more closely related to Southeast Asians (as well as Melanesians and Southeast Asian Negritos) than they are to present-day South Asians.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Endicott|first1=Phillip|last2=Chaubey|first2=Gyaneshwer|date=June 2013|title=The Andaman Islanders in a Regional Genetic Context: Reexamining the Evidence for an Early Peopling of the Archipelago from South Asia|journal=Human Biology|volume=85|issue=1/3|pages=153–173|doi=10.3378/027.085.0307|pmid=24297224|s2cid=7774927|issn=0018-7143|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/7}}</ref> According to Basu et al. (2016), the populations of the [[Andaman Islands]] archipelago form a distinct ancestry, which is "coancestral to [[Oceania|Oceanic]] populations".{{sfn|Basu|2016|p=1594}}

Analysis of paternal lineages indicates that all Onge carry the Y-DNA [[Haplogroup D-M174|Haplogroup D]].<ref>Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Lalji Singh, Alla G. Reddy, V.Raghavendra Rao, Subhash C. Sehgal, Peter A. Underhill, Melanie Pierson, Ian G. Frame, [[Erika Hagelberg]]（2003）；[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982202013362 Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population] ；Current Biology　Volume 13, Issue 2, 21 January 2003, Pages 86–93　doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2</ref> Maternally, the Onge also exclusively belong to the [[haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M]] clade, bearing the M2 and M4 subclades.<ref name="endicott2003">{{cite journal |title=The Genetic Origins of the Andaman Islanders |author1=M. Phillip Endicott |author2=Thomas P. Gilbert |author3=Chris Stringer |author4=Carles Lalueza-Fox |author5=Eske Willerslev |author6=Anders J. Hansen |author7=Alan Cooper |year=2003 |access-date=8 July 2021 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82677986.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307014229/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82677986.pdf|archive-date=7 March 2019|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=178–184 |quote=The HVR‑1 data separate them into two lineages, identified on the Indian mainland ... as M4 and M2 ... The Andamanese M2 contains two haplotypes ... developed in situ, after an early colonization ... Alternatively, it is possible that the haplotypes have become extinct in India or are present at a low frequency and have not yet been sampled, but, in each case, an early settlement of the Andaman Islands by an M2‑bearing population is implied ... The Andaman M4 haplotype ... is still present among populations in India, suggesting it was subject to the late Pleistocene population expansions.... |pmid=12478481 |doi=10.1086/345487 |pmc=378623 }}</ref><ref name="Reich"/><ref name="Moorjani">{{cite journal |last=Moorjani |first=Priya |author2=Kumarasamy Thangaraj |author3=Nick Patterson |author4=Alkes L. Price |author5=Lalji Singh |author6=David Reich |title=Genetic Evidence for Recent Population Mixture in India |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=422–438 |date=5 September 2013 |pmid=23932107 |pmc=3769933 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006}}</ref> A 2017 study suggests that the Onge are derived from a lineage that trifurcated from [[East Asian]]s and [[Australasia]]ns in ancient time.<ref name="LipsonReich2017">{{cite journal|last1=Lipson|first1=Mark|last2=Reich|first2=David|year=2017|title=working model of the deep relationships of diverse modern human genetic lineages outside of Africa|url= |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=34|issue=4|pages=889–902|doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293|pmid=28074030|issn=0737-4038|pmc=5400393}}</ref>

== References ==
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{{Negritos}}

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[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]