Old Western Rājasthāni - Revision history

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	{{Short description\|Ancestor of the modern Gujarati and Rajasthani languages}}		{{Short description\|Ancestor of the modern Gujarati and Western Rajasthani languages}}
	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\| name = Old Western Rājasthāni		\| name = Old Western Rājasthāni
	\| nativename =		\| nativename =
	\| pronunciation =		\| pronunciation =
	\| era = Developed around the 8th century and gave rise to the [[Rajasthani languages]] and [[~~Middle Gujarati language\|~~Middle Gujarati]] by the 14th century		\| era = Developed around the 8th century and gave rise to the Western [[Rajasthani languages]] and [[Middle Gujarati]] by the 14th century
	\| familycolor = Indo-European		\| familycolor = Indo-European
	\| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages\|Indo-Iranian]]		\| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages\|Indo-Iranian]]
	\| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages\|Indo-Aryan]]		\| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages\|Indo-Aryan]]
	\| fam4 = [[Western Indo-Aryan languages\|Western]]<ref>[http://homepages.fh-giessen.de/kausen/klassifikationen/Indogermanisch.doc Ernst Kausen, 2006. ''Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen''] ([[Microsoft Word]], 133 KB)</ref>		\| fam4 = [[Western Indo-Aryan languages\|Western]]<ref>[http://homepages.fh-giessen.de/kausen/klassifikationen/Indogermanisch.doc Ernst Kausen, 2006. ''Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen''] ([[Microsoft Word]], 133 KB)</ref>
	\| fam5 =		\| fam5 =
	\| ancestor = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]		\| ancestor = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]
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	\| glotto = none		\| glotto = none
	}}		}}
	[[File:Upadesamala2.jpg\|thumb\|Updeshmala, Manuscript in Jain Prakrit and Old Gujarati on paper, Rupnagar, Rajasthan, India, 1666, 76 ff. (−16 ff.), 11x25 cm, single column, (10x22 cm), 4 lines main text, 2–4 lines of interlinear commentary for each text line, in Jain Devanagari book script, filled with red and yellow, 17 paintings in colours mostly of [[~~Svetambara~~]] [[Jain]] monks, influenced by the [[Mughal painting\|Mughal style]].<br><br>The text is a Prakrit didactic work of how best to live a proper Jain life, aimed probably at the laity. The ~~Svetambara~~ pontiff, Sri Dharmadasagaî, lived in the mid-6th century. The Old Gujarati prose commentary was written in 1487. The colophon gives the place, date, and the name of the religious leader, Sri Nandalalaji, on whose order the work was transcribed.]]		[[File:Upadesamala2.jpg\|thumb\|Updeshmala, Manuscript in Jain Prakrit and Old Gujarati on paper, Rupnagar, Rajasthan, India, 1666, 76 ff. (−16 ff.), 11x25 cm, single column, (10x22 cm), 4 lines main text, 2–4 lines of interlinear commentary for each text line, in Jain Devanagari book script, filled with red and yellow, 17 paintings in colours mostly of [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Jain]] monks, influenced by the [[Mughal painting\|Mughal style]].<br><br>The text is a Prakrit didactic work of how best to live a proper Jain life, aimed probably at the laity. The Śvetāmbara pontiff, Sri Dharmadasagaî, lived in the mid-6th century. The Old Gujarati prose commentary was written in 1487. The colophon gives the place, date, and the name of the religious leader, Sri Nandalalaji, on whose order the work was transcribed.]]
	'''Old Western Rājasthāni''' (also known as '''Maru-Gurjari''', '''Old Gujarātī''') is the ancestor of the modern [[Gujarati language\|Gujarati]] and [[Rajasthani languages\|Rajasthani]] languages which developed from [[Sanskrit]] and the [[Prakrit]] [[Apabhraṃśa\|Apabhraṃśas]], and was spoken around 8-14th centuries in Western India.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Verbeke \|first=Saartje \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63iC56LeJ_MC \|title=Alignment and Ergativity in New Indo-Aryan Languages \|date=2013-03-22 \|publisher=Walter de Gruyter \|isbn=978-3-11-029267-1 \|pages=212 \|language=en \|quote=Note that Gujarati is in many respects similar to Rajasthani because they share the same ancestor (Old Western Rajasthani; cf. Tessitori 1914), whereas Punjabi displays more similarities with Hindi.}}</ref><ref name="Dalby">{{Harvnb\|Dalby\|1998\|p=237}}</ref> The literary form of Old Western Rājasthāni, the [[Dingal\|Dingala]] language was in use as early as the 12th century.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Mayaram \|first=Shail \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FP_MWtoPIcoC \|title=Against History, Against State \|date=2006 \|publisher=Permanent Black \|isbn=978-81-7824-152-4 \|pages=43 \|language=en \|quote=The lok gathā (literally, folk narrative) was a highly developed tradition in the Indian subcontinent, especially after the twelfth century, and was simultaneous with the growth of apabhransa, the literary languages of India that derived from Sanskrit and the Prakrits. This developed into the desa bhāṣā, or popular languages, such as Old Western Rajasthani (OWR) or Marubhasa, Bengali, Gujarati, and so on. The traditional language of Rajasthani bards is Dingal (from ding, or arrogance), a literary and archaic form of old Marwari. It was replaced by the more popular Rajasthani (which Grierson calls old Gujarati) that detached itself from western apabhransa about the thirteenth century. This language was the first of all the bhasas of northern India to possess a literature. The Dingal of the Rajasthani bards is the literary form of that language and the ancestor of the contemporary Marvari and Gujarati.}}</ref> While the spoken Old Western Rajasthani gave way to medieval forms of Rajasthani and Gujarati, it flourished in its literary form as [[Dingal\|Dingala]] till the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ault \|first=Dr Cecil Thomas Jr. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kYiDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Old+Western+Rajasthani%22&pg=PT254 \|title=Folk Theatre of Rajasthan: Introducing Three Marwari Khyal Plays Translated into English \|date=2017-02-09 \|publisher=Partridge Publishing \|isbn=978-1-4828-8816-4 \|language=en}}</ref>		'''Old Western Rājasthāni''' (also known as '''Maru-Gurjari''', '''Old Gujarātī''') is the common ancestor of the modern [[Gujarati language\|Gujarati]] and [[Rajasthani languages\|Western Rajasthani]]<ref>{{cite book\|quote=it has been found out that W. Rājasthānī and Gujaräti are derived from the one and same source-dialect, to which the name 'Old Western Räjasthänt' has been given\|first=Suniti Kumar\|last=Chatterji\|title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language\|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Origin_and_Development_of_the_Bengal/u2L7EAAAQBAJ?hl=en}}</ref> languages which developed from [[Sanskrit]] and the [[Prakrit]] [[Apabhraṃśa\|Apabhraṃśas]], and was spoken around 8-14th centuries in Western India.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Verbeke \|first=Saartje \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63iC56LeJ_MC \|title=Alignment and Ergativity in New Indo-Aryan Languages \|date=2013-03-22 \|publisher=Walter de Gruyter \|isbn=978-3-11-029267-1 \|pages=212 \|language=en \|quote=Note that Gujarati is in many respects similar to Rajasthani because they share the same ancestor (Old Western Rajasthani; cf. Tessitori 1914), whereas Punjabi displays more similarities with Hindi.}}</ref><ref name="Dalby">{{Harvnb\|Dalby\|1998\|p=237}}</ref> The literary form of Old Western Rājasthāni, the [[Dingal\|Dingala]] language was in use as early as the 12th century.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Mayaram \|first=Shail \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FP_MWtoPIcoC \|title=Against History, Against State \|date=2006 \|publisher=Permanent Black \|isbn=978-81-7824-152-4 \|pages=43 \|language=en \|quote=The lok gathā (literally, folk narrative) was a highly developed tradition in the Indian subcontinent, especially after the twelfth century, and was simultaneous with the growth of apabhransa, the literary languages of India that derived from Sanskrit and the Prakrits. This developed into the desa bhāṣā, or popular languages, such as Old Western Rajasthani (OWR) or Marubhasa, Bengali, Gujarati, and so on. The traditional language of Rajasthani bards is Dingal (from ding, or arrogance), a literary and archaic form of old Marwari. It was replaced by the more popular Rajasthani (which Grierson calls old Gujarati) that detached itself from western apabhransa about the thirteenth century. This language was the first of all the bhasas of northern India to possess a literature. The Dingal of the Rajasthani bards is the literary form of that language and the ancestor of the contemporary Marvari and Gujarati.}}</ref> While the spoken Old Western Rajasthani gave way to medieval forms of Western Rajasthani and Gujarati, it flourished in its literary form as [[Dingal\|Dingala]] till the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ault \|first=Dr Cecil Thomas Jr. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kYiDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Old+Western+Rajasthani%22&pg=PT254 \|title=Folk Theatre of Rajasthan: Introducing Three Marwari Khyal Plays Translated into English \|date=2017-02-09 \|publisher=Partridge Publishing \|isbn=978-1-4828-8816-4 \|language=en}}</ref>

	Early texts of the language display characteristic features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs.<ref name="M2">{{Harvnb\|Mistry\|2003\|p=115}}</ref> It had three [[Grammatical gender\|gender]]s, as Gujarati does today, and by ~~around~~ the ~~time of 1300 CE~~, a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. The belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender was based on the incorrect conclusion that the [ũ] that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine [o] after a [[nasal stop\|nasal consonant]] was analogous to Gujarati's neuter [ũ].<ref>Smith, J.D. (2001) "Rajasthani." ''Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present''. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates. pp. 591-593.</ref> A formal grammar, ''Prakrita Vyakarana'', of the precursor to this language, [[Gurjar Apabhraṃśa]], was written by [[Jainism\|Jain]] monk and eminent scholar [[Hemachandra\|Acharya Hemachandra Suri]] in the reign of [[Chaulukya dynasty\|Chaulukya]] king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] of [[Anhilwara]] (Patan).<ref name="Kothari2014">{{cite book\|author=Rita Kothari\|title=Translating India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-xQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73\|access-date=5 August 2014\|date=8 April 2014\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-317-64216-9\|pages=73–74}}</ref>		Early texts of the language display characteristic features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs.<ref name="M2">{{Harvnb\|Mistry\|2003\|p=115}}</ref> It had three [[Grammatical gender\|gender]]s, as Gujarati does today, and by about the 14th century, a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. The belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender was based on the incorrect conclusion that the [ũ] that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine [o] after a [[nasal stop\|nasal consonant]] was analogous to Gujarati's neuter [ũ].<ref>Smith, J.D. (2001) "Rajasthani." ''Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present''. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates. pp. 591-593.</ref> A formal grammar, ''Prakrita Vyakarana'', of the precursor to this language, [[Gurjar Apabhraṃśa]], was written by [[Jainism\|Jain]] monk and eminent scholar [[Hemachandra\|Acharya Hemachandra Suri]] in the reign of [[Chaulukya dynasty\|Chaulukya]] king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] of [[Anhilwara]] (Patan).<ref name="Kothari2014">{{cite book\|author=Rita Kothari\|title=Translating India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-xQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73\|access-date=5 August 2014\|date=8 April 2014\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-317-64216-9\|pages=73–74}}</ref>

	==Literature==		==Literature==
	Major works were written in various genres, for the most part in verse form, such as:<ref name="CardonaSuthar661">{{Harvnb\|Cardona\|Suthar\|2003\|p=661}}</ref>		Major works were written in various genres, for the most part in verse form, such as:<ref name="CardonaSuthar661">{{Harvnb\|Cardona\|Suthar\|2003\|p=661}}</ref>
	*''[[Rasa (literary form)\|rāsa]]'', predominantly [[didacticism\|didactic]] narrative, of which the earliest known is Śālibhadrasūri's ''Bhārateśvarabāhubali'' (1185).		*''[[Rasa (literary form)\|rāsa]]'', predominantly [[didacticism\|didactic]] narrative, of which the earliest known is Śālibhadrasūri's ''Bhārateśvarabāhubali'' (1185).
	*''[[Fagu\|phāgu]]'', in which springtime is celebrated, of which the earliest is Jinapadmasūri's ''Sirithūlibadda'' (c. 1335). The most famous is the ''[[Vasantavilas\|Vasantavilāsa]]'', of unknown authorship, which is undeterminedly dated to somewhere in 14th or 15th century, or possibly earlier.		*''[[Fagu\|phāgu]]'', in which springtime is celebrated, of which the earliest is Jinapadmasūri's ''Sirithūlibadda'' (c. 1335). The most famous is the ''[[Vasantavilas\|Vasantavilāsa]]'', of unknown authorship, which is undeterminedly dated to somewhere in 14th or 15th century, or possibly earlier.
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	*''[[Akhyana\|ākhyāna]]'', in which sections are each in a single metre.		*''[[Akhyana\|ākhyāna]]'', in which sections are each in a single metre.

	[[Narsinh Mehta]] (c. 1414–1480) is traditionally viewed as the father of modern Gujarati [[poetry]]. By virtue of its early age and good editing, an important [[prose]] work is the 14th-century commentary of Taruṇaprabha, the ''Ṣaḍāvaśyakabālabodhavr̥tti''.<ref name="CardonaSuthar661"/>		[[Narsinh Mehta]] (c. 1414–1480) is traditionally viewed as the father of modern Gujarati [[poetry]]. By virtue of its early age and good editing, an important [[prose]] work is the 14th-century commentary of Taruṇaprabha, the ''Ṣaḍāvaśyakabālabodhavr̥tti''.<ref name="CardonaSuthar661"/>

	~~==Phonology==~~
	The [[retroflex lateral flap]] (ḷ) is generally absent, which is however rather common in Modern Gujarati. This may indicate that it was a later re-introduction, perhaps under the influence of Marathi with the [[Maratha Empire\|Maratha rule]].

	==References==		==References==
Line 39:		Line 36:

	===Works cited===		===Works cited===
	* {{citation \|last1=Cardona \|first1=George \|year=2003 \|authorlink1=George Cardona \|last2=Suthar \|first2=Babu \|authorlink2=Babu Suthar \|chapter=Gujarati \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&dq=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA659 \|editor1-last=Cardona \|editor1-first=George \|editor2-last=Jain \|editor2-first=Dhanesh \|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5}}		* {{citation \|last1=Cardona \|first1=George \|year=2003 \|authorlink1=George Cardona \|last2=Suthar \|first2=Babu \|authorlink2=Babu Suthar \|chapter=Gujarati \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&dq=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA659 \|editor1-last=Cardona \|editor1-first=George \|editor2-last=Jain \|editor2-first=Dhanesh \|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Dalby \|first=Andrew \|title=Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages \|year=1998 \|publisher=Columbia University Press \|isbn=0-231-11568-7 \|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflang00dalb}}		* {{cite book \|last=Dalby \|first=Andrew \|title=Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages \|year=1998 \|publisher=Columbia University Press \|isbn=0-231-11568-7 \|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflang00dalb}}
	* {{citation \|last=Mistry \|first=P.J. \|year=2003 \|chapter=Gujarati \|editor-last=Frawley \|editor-first=William \|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics \|edition=2nd \|place=Oxford \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|volume=2}}		* {{citation \|last=Mistry \|first=P.J. \|year=2003 \|chapter=Gujarati \|editor-last=Frawley \|editor-first=William \|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics \|edition=2nd \|place=Oxford \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|volume=2}}
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	[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]		[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
	[[Category:Cultural history of Gujarat]]		[[Category:Cultural history of Gujarat]]
	[[Category:Rajasthani ~~language~~]]		[[Category:Rajasthani languages]]

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article

2023-08-23T07:05:15Z

Created a new article

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{{Short description|Ancestor of the modern Gujarati and Rajasthani languages}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Old Western Rājasthāni
| nativename =
| pronunciation =
| era = Developed around the 8th century and gave rise to the [[Rajasthani languages]] and [[Middle Gujarati language|Middle Gujarati]] by the 14th century
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western]]<ref>[http://homepages.fh-giessen.de/kausen/klassifikationen/Indogermanisch.doc Ernst Kausen, 2006. ''Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen''] ([[Microsoft Word]], 133 KB)</ref>
| fam5 =
| ancestor = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]
| ancestor2 = [[Classical Sanskrit]]
| ancestor3 = [[Shauraseni Prakrit]]
| ancestor4 = [[Gurjar Apabhraṃśa]]
| script = {{hlist|[[Devanagari]]|[[Mahajani]]}}
| isoexception = historical
| glotto = none
}}
[[File:Upadesamala2.jpg|thumb|Updeshmala, Manuscript in Jain Prakrit and Old Gujarati on paper, Rupnagar, Rajasthan, India, 1666, 76 ff. (−16 ff.), 11x25 cm, single column, (10x22 cm), 4 lines main text, 2–4 lines of interlinear commentary for each text line, in Jain Devanagari book script, filled with red and yellow, 17 paintings in colours mostly of [[Svetambara]] [[Jain]] monks, influenced by the [[Mughal painting|Mughal style]].<br><br>The text is a Prakrit didactic work of how best to live a proper Jain life, aimed probably at the laity. The Svetambara pontiff, Sri Dharmadasagaî, lived in the mid-6th century. The Old Gujarati prose commentary was written in 1487. The colophon gives the place, date, and the name of the religious leader, Sri Nandalalaji, on whose order the work was transcribed.]]
'''Old Western Rājasthāni''' (also known as '''Maru-Gurjari''', '''Old Gujarātī''') is the ancestor of the modern [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] languages which developed from [[Sanskrit]] and the [[Prakrit]] [[Apabhraṃśa|Apabhraṃśas]], and was spoken around 8-14th centuries in Western India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verbeke |first=Saartje |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63iC56LeJ_MC |title=Alignment and Ergativity in New Indo-Aryan Languages |date=2013-03-22 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-029267-1 |pages=212 |language=en |quote=Note that Gujarati is in many respects similar to Rajasthani because they share the same ancestor (Old Western Rajasthani; cf. Tessitori 1914), whereas Punjabi displays more similarities with Hindi.}}</ref><ref name="Dalby">{{Harvnb|Dalby|1998|p=237}}</ref> The literary form of Old Western Rājasthāni, the [[Dingal|Dingala]] language was in use as early as the 12th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayaram |first=Shail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FP_MWtoPIcoC |title=Against History, Against State |date=2006 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-152-4 |pages=43 |language=en |quote=The lok gathā (literally, folk narrative) was a highly developed tradition in the Indian subcontinent, especially after the twelfth century, and was simultaneous with the growth of apabhransa, the literary languages of India that derived from Sanskrit and the Prakrits. This developed into the desa bhāṣā, or popular languages, such as Old Western Rajasthani (OWR) or Marubhasa, Bengali, Gujarati, and so on. The traditional language of Rajasthani bards is Dingal (from ding, or arrogance), a literary and archaic form of old Marwari. It was replaced by the more popular Rajasthani (which Grierson calls old Gujarati) that detached itself from western apabhransa about the thirteenth century. This language was the first of all the bhasas of northern India to possess a literature. The Dingal of the Rajasthani bards is the literary form of that language and the ancestor of the contemporary Marvari and Gujarati.}}</ref> While the spoken Old Western Rajasthani gave way to medieval forms of Rajasthani and Gujarati, it flourished in its literary form as [[Dingal|Dingala]] till the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ault |first=Dr Cecil Thomas Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kYiDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Old+Western+Rajasthani%22&pg=PT254 |title=Folk Theatre of Rajasthan: Introducing Three Marwari Khyal Plays Translated into English |date=2017-02-09 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-8816-4 |language=en}}</ref>

Early texts of the language display characteristic features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs.<ref name="M2">{{Harvnb|Mistry|2003|p=115}}</ref> It had three [[Grammatical gender|gender]]s, as Gujarati does today, and by around the time of 1300 CE, a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. The belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender was based on the incorrect conclusion that the [ũ] that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine [o] after a [[nasal stop|nasal consonant]] was analogous to Gujarati's neuter [ũ].<ref>Smith, J.D. (2001) "Rajasthani." ''Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present''. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates. pp. 591-593.</ref> A formal grammar, ''Prakrita Vyakarana'', of the precursor to this language, [[Gurjar Apabhraṃśa]], was written by [[Jainism|Jain]] monk and eminent scholar [[Hemachandra|Acharya Hemachandra Suri]] in the reign of [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] of [[Anhilwara]] (Patan).<ref name="Kothari2014">{{cite book|author=Rita Kothari|title=Translating India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-xQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|access-date=5 August 2014|date=8 April 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-64216-9|pages=73–74}}</ref>

==Literature==
Major works were written in various genres, for the most part in verse form, such as:<ref name="CardonaSuthar661">{{Harvnb|Cardona|Suthar|2003|p=661}}</ref>
*''[[Rasa (literary form)|rāsa]]'', predominantly [[didacticism|didactic]] narrative, of which the earliest known is Śālibhadrasūri's ''Bhārateśvarabāhubali'' (1185).
*''[[Fagu|phāgu]]'', in which springtime is celebrated, of which the earliest is Jinapadmasūri's ''Sirithūlibadda'' (c. 1335). The most famous is the ''[[Vasantavilas|Vasantavilāsa]]'', of unknown authorship, which is undeterminedly dated to somewhere in 14th or 15th century, or possibly earlier.
*''bārmāsī'', describing natural beauty during each of the twelve months.
*''[[Akhyana|ākhyāna]]'', in which sections are each in a single metre.

[[Narsinh Mehta]] (c. 1414–1480) is traditionally viewed as the father of modern Gujarati [[poetry]]. By virtue of its early age and good editing, an important [[prose]] work is the 14th-century commentary of Taruṇaprabha, the ''Ṣaḍāvaśyakabālabodhavr̥tti''.<ref name="CardonaSuthar661"/>

==Phonology==
The [[retroflex lateral flap]] (ḷ) is generally absent, which is however rather common in Modern Gujarati. This may indicate that it was a later re-introduction, perhaps under the influence of Marathi with the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha rule]].

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
* {{citation |last1=Cardona |first1=George |year=2003 |authorlink1=George Cardona |last2=Suthar |first2=Babu |authorlink2=Babu Suthar |chapter=Gujarati |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&dq=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA659 |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-77294-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |title=Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages |year=1998 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-11568-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflang00dalb}}
* {{citation |last=Mistry |first=P.J. |year=2003 |chapter=Gujarati |editor-last=Frawley |editor-first=William |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics |edition=2nd |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=2}}

==Further reading==

*Bender, E. (1992) ''The Salibhadra-Dhanna-Carita: A Work in Old Gujarati Critically Edited and Translated, with a Grammatical Analysis and Glossary''. [[American Oriental Society]]: New Haven, Conn. {{ISBN|0-940490-73-0}}
*{{Citation
| last= Brown
| first= W.N.
| title= An Old Gujarati Text of the Kalaka Story
| journal= Journal of the American Oriental Society
|volume= 58
|issue= 1
| year= 1938
| pages= 5–29
| jstor= 594192
| doi= 10.2307/594192
}}.
*Dave, T.N. (1935) ''A Study of the Gujarati Language in the XVth Century''. The Royal Asiatic Society. {{ISBN|0-947593-30-6}}
*Tessitori, L.P. (1914–1916) "Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani." ''Indian Antiquary''. 43–45.
* Cardona, George and [[Babu Suthar|Suthar, Babu]]. 2003. Gujarati. In Cardona, George and Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages, 659-697. London: Routledge.
{{Gujarati language}}

[[Category:Gujarati language]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rajasthani language]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:59, 22 March 2026
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	\| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages\|Indo-Aryan]]		\| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages\|Indo-Aryan]]
	\| fam4 = [[Western Indo-Aryan languages\|Western]]~~<~~ref~~>~~[http://homepages.fh-giessen.de/kausen/klassifikationen/Indogermanisch.doc Ernst Kausen, 2006. ''Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen''] ([[Microsoft Word]], 133 KB)~~<~~/ref~~>~~		\| fam4 = [[Western Indo-Aryan languages\|Western]]<ref>[http://homepages.fh-giessen.de/kausen/klassifikationen/Indogermanisch.doc Ernst Kausen, 2006. ''Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen''] ([[Microsoft Word]], 133 KB)</ref>
	\| fam5 =		\| fam5 =
	\| ancestor = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]		\| ancestor = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]
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	[[File:Upadesamala2.jpg\|thumb\|Updeshmala, Manuscript in Jain Prakrit and Old Gujarati on paper, Rupnagar, Rajasthan, India, 1666, 76 ff. (−16 ff.), 11x25 cm, single column, (10x22 cm), 4 lines main text, 2–4 lines of interlinear commentary for each text line, in Jain Devanagari book script, filled with red and yellow, 17 paintings in colours mostly of [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Jain]] monks, influenced by the [[Mughal painting\|Mughal style]].~~<~~br~~><~~br~~>~~The text is a Prakrit didactic work of how best to live a proper Jain life, aimed probably at the laity. The Śvetāmbara pontiff, Sri Dharmadasagaî, lived in the mid-6th century. The Old Gujarati prose commentary was written in 1487. The colophon gives the place, date, and the name of the religious leader, Sri Nandalalaji, on whose order the work was transcribed.]]		[[File:Upadesamala2.jpg\|thumb\|Updeshmala, Manuscript in Jain Prakrit and Old Gujarati on paper, Rupnagar, Rajasthan, India, 1666, 76 ff. (−16 ff.), 11x25 cm, single column, (10x22 cm), 4 lines main text, 2–4 lines of interlinear commentary for each text line, in Jain Devanagari book script, filled with red and yellow, 17 paintings in colours mostly of [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Jain]] monks, influenced by the [[Mughal painting\|Mughal style]].<br><br>The text is a Prakrit didactic work of how best to live a proper Jain life, aimed probably at the laity. The Śvetāmbara pontiff, Sri Dharmadasagaî, lived in the mid-6th century. The Old Gujarati prose commentary was written in 1487. The colophon gives the place, date, and the name of the religious leader, Sri Nandalalaji, on whose order the work was transcribed.]]
	'''Old Western Rājasthāni''' (also known as '''Maru-Gurjari''', '''Old Gujarātī''') is the common ancestor of the modern [[Gujarati language\|Gujarati]] and [[Rajasthani languages\|Western Rajasthani]]~~<~~ref~~>~~{{cite book\|quote=it has been found out that W. Rājasthānī and Gujaräti are derived from the one and same source-dialect, to which the name 'Old Western Räjasthänt' has been given\|first=Suniti Kumar\|last=Chatterji\|title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language\|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Origin_and_Development_of_the_Bengal/u2L7EAAAQBAJ?hl=en}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~ languages which developed from [[Sanskrit]] and the [[Prakrit]] [[Apabhraṃśa\|Apabhraṃśas]], and was spoken around 8-14th centuries in Western India.~~<~~ref~~>~~{{Cite book \|last=Verbeke \|first=Saartje \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63iC56LeJ_MC \|title=Alignment and Ergativity in New Indo-Aryan Languages \|date=2013-03-22 \|publisher=Walter de Gruyter \|isbn=978-3-11-029267-1 \|pages=212 \|language=en \|quote=Note that Gujarati is in many respects similar to Rajasthani because they share the same ancestor (Old Western Rajasthani; cf. Tessitori 1914), whereas Punjabi displays more similarities with Hindi.}}~~<~~/ref~~><~~ref name="Dalby"~~>~~{{Harvnb\|Dalby\|1998\|p=237}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~ The literary form of Old Western Rājasthāni, the [[Dingal\|Dingala]] language was in use as early as the 12th century.~~<~~ref~~>~~{{Cite book \|last=Mayaram \|first=Shail \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FP_MWtoPIcoC \|title=Against History, Against State \|date=2006 \|publisher=Permanent Black \|isbn=978-81-7824-152-4 \|pages=43 \|language=en \|quote=The lok gathā (literally, folk narrative) was a highly developed tradition in the Indian subcontinent, especially after the twelfth century, and was simultaneous with the growth of apabhransa, the literary languages of India that derived from Sanskrit and the Prakrits. This developed into the desa bhāṣā, or popular languages, such as Old Western Rajasthani (OWR) or Marubhasa, Bengali, Gujarati, and so on. The traditional language of Rajasthani bards is Dingal (from ding, or arrogance), a literary and archaic form of old Marwari. It was replaced by the more popular Rajasthani (which Grierson calls old Gujarati) that detached itself from western apabhransa about the thirteenth century. This language was the first of all the bhasas of northern India to possess a literature. The Dingal of the Rajasthani bards is the literary form of that language and the ancestor of the contemporary Marvari and Gujarati.}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~ While the spoken Old Western Rajasthani gave way to medieval forms of Western Rajasthani and Gujarati, it flourished in its literary form as [[Dingal\|Dingala]] till the 19th century.~~<~~ref~~>~~{{Cite book \|last=Ault \|first=Dr Cecil Thomas Jr. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kYiDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Old+Western+Rajasthani%22&pg=PT254 \|title=Folk Theatre of Rajasthan: Introducing Three Marwari Khyal Plays Translated into English \|date=2017-02-09 \|publisher=Partridge Publishing \|isbn=978-1-4828-8816-4 \|language=en}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~		'''Old Western Rājasthāni''' (also known as '''Maru-Gurjari''', '''Old Gujarātī''') is the common ancestor of the modern [[Gujarati language\|Gujarati]] and [[Rajasthani languages\|Western Rajasthani]]<ref>{{cite book\|quote=it has been found out that W. Rājasthānī and Gujaräti are derived from the one and same source-dialect, to which the name 'Old Western Räjasthänt' has been given\|first=Suniti Kumar\|last=Chatterji\|title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language\|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Origin_and_Development_of_the_Bengal/u2L7EAAAQBAJ?hl=en}}</ref> languages which developed from [[Sanskrit]] and the [[Prakrit]] [[Apabhraṃśa\|Apabhraṃśas]], and was spoken around 8-14th centuries in Western India.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Verbeke \|first=Saartje \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63iC56LeJ_MC \|title=Alignment and Ergativity in New Indo-Aryan Languages \|date=2013-03-22 \|publisher=Walter de Gruyter \|isbn=978-3-11-029267-1 \|pages=212 \|language=en \|quote=Note that Gujarati is in many respects similar to Rajasthani because they share the same ancestor (Old Western Rajasthani; cf. Tessitori 1914), whereas Punjabi displays more similarities with Hindi.}}</ref><ref name="Dalby">{{Harvnb\|Dalby\|1998\|p=237}}</ref> The literary form of Old Western Rājasthāni, the [[Dingal\|Dingala]] language was in use as early as the 12th century.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Mayaram \|first=Shail \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FP_MWtoPIcoC \|title=Against History, Against State \|date=2006 \|publisher=Permanent Black \|isbn=978-81-7824-152-4 \|pages=43 \|language=en \|quote=The lok gathā (literally, folk narrative) was a highly developed tradition in the Indian subcontinent, especially after the twelfth century, and was simultaneous with the growth of apabhransa, the literary languages of India that derived from Sanskrit and the Prakrits. This developed into the desa bhāṣā, or popular languages, such as Old Western Rajasthani (OWR) or Marubhasa, Bengali, Gujarati, and so on. The traditional language of Rajasthani bards is Dingal (from ding, or arrogance), a literary and archaic form of old Marwari. It was replaced by the more popular Rajasthani (which Grierson calls old Gujarati) that detached itself from western apabhransa about the thirteenth century. This language was the first of all the bhasas of northern India to possess a literature. The Dingal of the Rajasthani bards is the literary form of that language and the ancestor of the contemporary Marvari and Gujarati.}}</ref> While the spoken Old Western Rajasthani gave way to medieval forms of Western Rajasthani and Gujarati, it flourished in its literary form as [[Dingal\|Dingala]] till the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ault \|first=Dr Cecil Thomas Jr. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kYiDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Old+Western+Rajasthani%22&pg=PT254 \|title=Folk Theatre of Rajasthan: Introducing Three Marwari Khyal Plays Translated into English \|date=2017-02-09 \|publisher=Partridge Publishing \|isbn=978-1-4828-8816-4 \|language=en}}</ref>

	Early texts of the language display characteristic features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs.~~<~~ref name="M2"~~>~~{{Harvnb\|Mistry\|2003\|p=115}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~ It had three [[Grammatical gender\|gender]]s, as Gujarati does today, and by about the 14th century, a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. The belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender was based on the incorrect conclusion that the [ũ] that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine [o] after a [[nasal stop\|nasal consonant]] was analogous to Gujarati's neuter [ũ].~~<~~ref~~>~~Smith, J.D. (2001) "Rajasthani." ''Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present''. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates. pp. 591-593.~~<~~/ref~~>~~ A formal grammar, ''Prakrita Vyakarana'', of the precursor to this language, [[Gurjar Apabhraṃśa]], was written by [[Jainism\|Jain]] monk and eminent scholar [[Hemachandra\|Acharya Hemachandra Suri]] in the reign of [[Chaulukya dynasty\|Chaulukya]] king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] of [[Anhilwara]] (Patan).~~<~~ref name="Kothari2014"~~>~~{{cite book\|author=Rita Kothari\|title=Translating India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-xQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73\|access-date=5 August 2014\|date=8 April 2014\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-317-64216-9\|pages=73–74}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~		Early texts of the language display characteristic features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs.<ref name="M2">{{Harvnb\|Mistry\|2003\|p=115}}</ref> It had three [[Grammatical gender\|gender]]s, as Gujarati does today, and by about the 14th century, a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. The belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender was based on the incorrect conclusion that the [ũ] that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine [o] after a [[nasal stop\|nasal consonant]] was analogous to Gujarati's neuter [ũ].<ref>Smith, J.D. (2001) "Rajasthani." ''Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present''. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates. pp. 591-593.</ref> A formal grammar, ''Prakrita Vyakarana'', of the precursor to this language, [[Gurjar Apabhraṃśa]], was written by [[Jainism\|Jain]] monk and eminent scholar [[Hemachandra\|Acharya Hemachandra Suri]] in the reign of [[Chaulukya dynasty\|Chaulukya]] king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] of [[Anhilwara]] (Patan).<ref name="Kothari2014">{{cite book\|author=Rita Kothari\|title=Translating India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-xQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73\|access-date=5 August 2014\|date=8 April 2014\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-317-64216-9\|pages=73–74}}</ref>

	==Literature==		==Literature==
	Major works were written in various genres, for the most part in verse form, such as:~~<~~ref name="CardonaSuthar661"~~>~~{{Harvnb\|Cardona\|Suthar\|2003\|p=661}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~		Major works were written in various genres, for the most part in verse form, such as:<ref name="CardonaSuthar661">{{Harvnb\|Cardona\|Suthar\|2003\|p=661}}</ref>
	*''[[Rasa (literary form)\|rāsa]]'', predominantly [[didacticism\|didactic]] narrative, of which the earliest known is Śālibhadrasūri's ''Bhārateśvarabāhubali'' (1185).		*''[[Rasa (literary form)\|rāsa]]'', predominantly [[didacticism\|didactic]] narrative, of which the earliest known is Śālibhadrasūri's ''Bhārateśvarabāhubali'' (1185).
	*''[[Fagu\|phāgu]]'', in which springtime is celebrated, of which the earliest is Jinapadmasūri's ''Sirithūlibadda'' (c. 1335). The most famous is the ''[[Vasantavilas\|Vasantavilāsa]]'', of unknown authorship, which is undeterminedly dated to somewhere in 14th or 15th century, or possibly earlier.		*''[[Fagu\|phāgu]]'', in which springtime is celebrated, of which the earliest is Jinapadmasūri's ''Sirithūlibadda'' (c. 1335). The most famous is the ''[[Vasantavilas\|Vasantavilāsa]]'', of unknown authorship, which is undeterminedly dated to somewhere in 14th or 15th century, or possibly earlier.
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	*''[[Akhyana\|ākhyāna]]'', in which sections are each in a single metre.		*''[[Akhyana\|ākhyāna]]'', in which sections are each in a single metre.

	[[Narsinh Mehta]] (c. 1414–1480) is traditionally viewed as the father of modern Gujarati [[poetry]]. By virtue of its early age and good editing, an important [[prose]] work is the 14th-century commentary of Taruṇaprabha, the ''Ṣaḍāvaśyakabālabodhavr̥tti''.~~<~~ref name="CardonaSuthar661"/~~>~~		[[Narsinh Mehta]] (c. 1414–1480) is traditionally viewed as the father of modern Gujarati [[poetry]]. By virtue of its early age and good editing, an important [[prose]] work is the 14th-century commentary of Taruṇaprabha, the ''Ṣaḍāvaśyakabālabodhavr̥tti''.<ref name="CardonaSuthar661"/>

	==References==		==References==