Hembram Bakhul: Created page with "{{short description|alphabetic script for santali people}} {{Infobox writing system | name = Ol Chiki | languages = Santali language | type = Alphabet | unico..."

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Created page with "{{short description|alphabetic script for santali people}} {{Infobox writing system | name = Ol Chiki | languages = Santali language | type = Alphabet | unico..."

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{{short description|alphabetic script for santali people}}
{{Infobox writing system
| name = Ol Chiki
| languages = [[Santali language]]
| type = Alphabet
| unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1C50.pdf U+1C50–U+1C7F]
| iso15924 = Olck
| sample = Ol Chiki.svg
| imagesize = 180px
}}
{{Contains special characters
| special = uncommon [[Unicode]] characters
| fix = Help:Multilingual support#Ol Chiki
| image = Replacement character.svg
| link = Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character
| alt = <?>
| compact = yes
}}
The '''Ol Chiki''' ({{lang|sat|ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ}}) script, also known as '''Ol Cemetʼ''' (Santali: ''ol'' 'writing', ''cemet{{'}}'' 'learning'), '''Ol Ciki''', '''Ol''', and sometimes as the '''Santali alphabet''', is the official writing system for [[Santali language|Santali]], an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language recognized as an official regional language in [[India]]. It has 30 letters, the forms of which are intended to evoke natural shapes. The script is written from left to right.

{{Quote|text=The shapes of the letters are not arbitrary, but reflect the names for the letters, which are words, usually the names of objects or actions representing conventionalized form in the pictorial shape of the characters.|sign=Norman Zide|source=<ref name="portal"/>}}

==History==
The Ol Chiki script was created in 1925 by [[Raghunath Murmu]] for the [[Santali language]], and publicized first in 1939 at a [[Mayurbhanj State]] exhibition.<ref name="Hembram">{{cite book|last1=Hembram|first1=Phatik Chandra|title=Santhali, a Natural Language|date=2002|publisher=U. Hembram|page=165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIlkAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref>

Previously, Santali had been written with the [[Santali Latin alphabet|Latin script]]. However, Santali is not an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language and Indic scripts did not have letters for all of Santali's [[phonemes]], especially its [[stop consonant]]s and [[vowels]], which made writing the language accurately in an unmodified Indic script difficult. The detailed analysis was given by [[Byomkes Chakrabarti]] in his "Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali". Missionary and linguist [[Paul Olaf Bodding]], a Norwegian, introduced the Latin script, which is better<ref name="P. O Bodding book">{{cite book |last1=Bodding |first1=P. O |title=Materials for a Santali grammar. |date=1922 |publisher=Santal Mission of the Northern Churches |language=en|oclc=14036654 }}</ref>at representing Santali stops, phonemes and nasal sounds with the use of diacritical marks and accents. Unlike most Indic scripts, Ol Chiki is not an [[abugida]], with [[vowels]] given equal representation with [[consonants]]. Additionally, it was designed specifically for the language, but one letter could not be assigned to each phoneme because the sixth vowel in Ol Chiki is still problematic.

==Letters==
The values of the letters are as follows:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan=2 | Letter !! rowspan=2 | Name !! rowspan=2 | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<ref name="WWS"/> !! colspan=5 | Transliteration !! rowspan=2 | Shape<ref name="portal">{{cite web | title = Ol Chiki Script | work = A portal for Santals | date = 2002 | url = http://wesanthals.tripod.com/id45.html | access-date = 2017-09-12}}</ref>
|-
! [[ALA-LC romanization|ALA-LC]]<ref name="ALALC">{{cite web | title = Santali (in Ol script) | work = [[ALA-LC romanization|ALA-LC]] Romanization Tables | publisher = [[Library of Congress]] | url = https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/santali.pdf | access-date = 2017-09-12}}</ref> !! [[Norman Zide|Zide]]<ref name="WWS">{{cite book | title=The World's Writing Systems | year=1996 | editor1-first=Peter T. | editor1-last=Daniels | editor1-link=Peter T. Daniels | editor2-last=Bright | editor2-first=William | editor2-link=William Bright | author-first=Norman | author-last=Zide | author-link=Norman Zide | publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc | isbn=978-0195079937 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/614 614-615] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/614 }}</ref> !! [[Devanagari|Deva.]]<ref name="L205243"/> !! [[Bengali alphabet|Beng.]]<ref name="L205243"/> !! [[Odia alphabet|Odia]]<ref name="L205243"/>
|-
| {{huge|ᱚ}} || la || /ɔ/ || a || ọ || {{large|अ}} || {{large|অ}} || {{large|ଅ}} || align=left | burning fire
|-
| {{huge|ᱛ}} || at || /t/ || t || t || {{large|त}} || {{large|ত}} || {{large|ତ୍}} || align=left | the Earth
|-
| {{huge|ᱜ}} || ag || /k’/, /g/ || g || k’ || {{large|ग}} || {{large|গ}} || {{large|ଗ୍}} || align=left | vomiting mouth which produces the same sound as the name of the letter
|-
| {{huge|ᱝ}} || ang || /ŋ/ || ṃ || ṅ || {{large|ं}} || {{large|ং}} || {{large|ଂ}} || align=left | blowing air
|-
| {{huge|ᱞ}} || al || /l/ || l || l || {{large|ल}} || {{large|ল}} || {{large|ଲ୍}} || align=left | writing
|-
| {{huge|ᱟ}} || laa || /a/ || ā || a || {{large|आ}} || {{large|আ}} || {{large|ଆ}} || align=left | working in the field with a spade
|-
| {{huge|ᱠ}} || aak || /k/ || k || k || {{large|क}} || {{large|ক}} || {{large|କ୍}} || align=left | bird (sound of a swan)
|-
| {{huge|ᱡ}} || aaj || /c’/, /j/ || j || c’ || {{large|ज}} || {{large|জ}} || {{large|ଜ୍}} || align=left | person pointing towards a third person with the right hand (saying he)
|-
| {{huge|ᱢ}} || aam || /m/ || m || m || {{large|म}} || {{large|ম}} || {{large|ମ୍}} || align=left | person pointing towards a second person with the left hand (saying you)
|-
| {{huge|ᱣ}} || aaw || /w/, /v/ || w || w || {{large|व}} || {{large|ওয়}} || {{large|ୱ୍}} || align=left | opening lips
|-
| {{huge|ᱤ}} || li || /i/ || i || i || {{large|इ}} || {{large|ই}} || {{large|ଇ}} || align=left | bending tree
|-
| {{huge|ᱥ}} || is || /s/ || s || s || {{large|स}} || {{large|স}} || {{large|ସ୍}} || align=left | plow
|-
| {{huge|ᱦ}} || ih || /ʔ/, /h/ || ẖ || h || {{large|ह}} || {{large|হ}} || {{large|ହ୍}} || align=left | hands up
|-
| {{huge|ᱧ}} || iny || /ɲ/ || ñ || ñ || {{large|ञ}} || {{large|ঞ}} || {{large|ଞ୍}} || align=left | person pointing towards himself/herself with the left hand
|-
| {{huge|ᱨ}} || ir || /r/ || r || r || {{large|र}} || {{large|র}} || {{large|ର୍}} || align=left | sickle used for cutting or reaping
|-
| {{huge|ᱩ}} || lu || /u/ || u || u || {{large|उ}} || {{large|উ}} || {{large|ଉ}} || align=left | vessel used for preparing food
|-
| {{huge|ᱪ}} || uch || /c/ || c || c || {{large|च}} || {{large|চ}} || {{large|ଚ୍}} || align=left | peak of a mountain which is usually high
|-
| {{huge|ᱫ}} || ud || /t’/, /d/ || d || t’ || {{large|द}} || {{large|দ}} || {{large|ଦ୍}} || align=left | mushroom
|-
| {{huge|ᱬ}} || unn || /ɳ/ || ṇ || ṇ || {{large|ण}} || {{large|ণ}} || {{large|ଣ୍}} || align=left | picture of a flying bee (which makes this sound)
|-
| {{huge|ᱭ}} || uy || /j/ || y || y || {{large|य}} || {{large|য়}} || {{large|ୟ୍}} || align=left | a man bending towards ground to cut something
|-
| {{huge|ᱮ}} || le || /e/ || e || e || {{large|ए}} || {{large|এ}} || {{large|ଏ}} || align=left | overflowing rivers changing course
|-
| {{huge|ᱯ}} || ep || /p/ || p || p || {{large|प}} || {{large|প}} || {{large|ପ୍}} || align=left | person receiving with both hands
|-
| {{huge|ᱰ}} || edd || /ɖ/ || ḍ || ḍ || {{large|ड}} || {{large|ড}} || {{large|ଡ୍}} || align=left | a man with two legs stretching towards his chest and mouth
|-
| {{huge|ᱱ}} || en || /n/ || n || n || {{large|न}} || {{large|ন}} || {{large|ନ୍}} || align=left | thrashing grains with two legs
|-
| {{huge|ᱲ}} || err || /ɽ/ || ṛ || ṛ || {{large|ड़}} || {{large|ড়}} || {{large|ଡ଼୍}} || align=left | a path that turns to avoid an obstruction or a danger
|-
| {{huge|ᱳ}} || lo || /o/ || o || o || {{large|ओ}} || {{large|ও}} || {{large|ଓ}} || align=left | a mouth when sounding this letter
|-
| {{huge|ᱴ}} || ott || /ʈ/ || ṭ || ṭ || {{large|ट}} || {{large|ট}} || {{large|ଟ୍}} || align=left | camel hump
|-
| {{huge|ᱵ}} || ob || /p’/, /b/ || b || p’ || {{large|ब}} || {{large|ব}} || {{large|ବ୍}} || align=left | curly hair
|-
| {{huge|ᱶ}} || ov || /w̃/ || ṅ || w̃ || {{large|ङ}} || {{large|ঙ}} || {{large|ଙ୍}} || align=left | nasalized
|-
| {{huge|ᱷ}} || oh || /ʰ/ || h || ([[Consonant|C]])h || {{large|ह}} || {{large|হ}} || {{large|ହ୍}} || align=left | a man throwing something with one hand
|}

Aspirated consonants are written as digraphs with the letter {{large|ᱷ}}:<ref name="TUS"/><ref name="L205243">{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2005/05243r-n2984-ol-chiki.pdf | title=L2/05-243R: Final proposal to encode the Ol Chiki script in the UCS | date=2005-09-05 | first=Michael | last=Everson | author-link=Michael Everson}}</ref> {{large|ᱛᱷ}} /tʰ/, {{large|ᱜᱷ}} /gʱ/, {{large|ᱠᱷ}} /kʰ/, {{large|ᱡᱷ}} /jʱ/, {{large|ᱪᱷ}} /cʰ/, {{large|ᱫᱷ}} /dʱ/, {{large|ᱯᱷ}} /pʰ/, {{large|ᱰᱷ}} /ɖʱ/, {{large|ᱲᱷ}} /ɽʱ/, {{large|ᱴᱷ}} /ʈʰ/, and {{large|ᱵᱷ}} /bʱ/.

== Other marks ==
Ol Chiki employs several marks which are placed after the letter they modify (there are no combining characters):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mark !! Name !! Description
|-
| align=center | {{huge|ᱹ}} || găhlă ṭuḍăg || This baseline dot is used to extend three vowel letters for the Santal Parganas dialect of Santali:<ref name="TUS">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/ch13.pdf#G29195|title=The Unicode Standard, Chapter 13.10: Ol Chiki|publisher=Unicode Consortium|date=March 2020}}</ref> {{large|ᱚᱹ}} ŏ /ɔ/, {{large|ᱟᱹ}} ă /ə/, and {{large|ᱮᱹ}} ĕ /ɛ/. The phonetic difference between {{large|ᱚ}} and {{large|ᱚᱹ}} is not clearly defined and there may be only a marginal phonemic difference between the two. {{large|ᱚᱹ}} is rarely used. ALA-LC transliterates {{large|ᱚᱹ}} as "ạ̄".<ref name="ALALC"/>
|-
| align=center | {{huge|ᱸ}} || mũ ṭuḍăg || This raised dot indicates [[nasalization]] of the preceding vowel: {{large|ᱚᱸ}} /ɔ̃/, {{large|ᱟᱸ}} /ã/, {{large|ᱤᱸ}} /ĩ/, {{large|ᱩᱸ}} /ũ/, {{large|ᱮᱸ}} /ẽ/, and {{large|ᱳᱸ}} /õ/. ALA-LC transliteration uses "m̐" after the affected vowel.<ref name="ALALC"/>
|-
| align=center | {{huge|ᱺ}} || mũ găhlă ṭuḍăg || This colon-like mark is used to mark a nasalized extended vowel. It is a combination of ''mũ ṭuḍăg'' and ''găhlă ṭuḍăg'': {{large|ᱚᱺ}} /ɔ̃/, {{large|ᱟᱺ}} /ə̃/, and {{large|ᱮᱺ}} /ɛ̃/.
|-
| align=center | {{huge|ᱻ}} || relā || This tilde-like mark indicates the prolongation of any oral or nasalized vowel. Compare {{large|ᱮ}} /e/ with {{large|ᱮᱻ}} /eː/. It comes after the ''găhlă ṭuḍăg'' for extended vowels: {{large|ᱮᱹᱻ}} /ɛː/. It is omitted in ALA-LC transliteration.<ref name="ALALC"/>
|-
| align=center | {{huge|ᱽ}} || ahad || This special letter indicates the deglottalization of a consonant in the word-final position. It preserves the [[Morphophonology|morphophonemic]] relationship between the [[Glottalization|glottalized]] ([[Ejective consonant|ejective]]) and [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] equivalents of consonants.<ref name="TUS"/> For example, {{large|ᱜ}} represents a voiced /g/ when word initial but an ejective /k’/ when in the word-final position. A voiced /g/ in the word-final position is written as {{large|ᱜᱽ}}. The ''ahad'' is used with {{large|ᱜ}}, {{large|ᱡ}}, {{large|ᱦ}}, {{large|ᱫ}}, and {{large|ᱵ}} which can form cursive ligatures with {{large|ᱽ}} in handwriting (but not usually in printed text).<ref name="L205243"/> ALA-LC transliteration uses an apostrophe (’) to represent an ''ahad''.<ref name="ALALC"/>
|-
| align=center | {{huge|ᱼ}} || phārkā || This hyphen-like mark serves as a glottal protector (the opposite function as the ''ahad''.) It preserves the ejective sound, even in the word-initial position. Compare {{large|ᱜᱚ}} /gɔ/ with {{large|ᱜᱼᱚ}} /k’ɔ/. The ''phārkā'' is only used with {{large|ᱜ}}, {{large|ᱡ}}, {{large|ᱫ}}, and {{large|ᱵ}}. It is omitted in ALA-LC transliteration.<ref name="ALALC"/>
|}

== Digits ==
Ol Chiki has its own set of digits:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Digit !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9
|-
| '''Ol Chiki''' || {{large|᱐}} || {{large|᱑}} || {{large|᱒}} || {{large|᱓}} || {{large|᱔}} || {{large|᱕}} || {{large|᱖}} || {{large|᱗}} || {{large|᱘}} || {{large|᱙}}
|-
| '''Bengali''' || {{large|০}} || {{large|১}} || {{large|২}} || {{large|৩}} || {{large|৪}} || {{large|৫}} || {{large|৬}} || {{large|৭}} || {{large|৮}} || {{large|৯}}
|-
| '''Devanagari''' || {{large|०}} || {{large|१}} || {{large|२}} || {{large|३}} || {{large|४}} || {{large|५}} || {{large|६}} || {{large|७}} || {{large|८}} || {{large|९}}
|-
| '''Odia''' || {{large|୦}} || {{large|୧}} || {{large|୨}} || {{large|୩}} || {{large|୪}} || {{large|୫}} || {{large|୬}} || {{large|୭}} || {{large|୮}} || {{large|୯}}
|-
| '''Persian''' || {{large|۰}} || {{large|۱}} || {{large|۲}} || {{large|۳}} || {{large|۴}} || {{large|۵}} || {{large|۶}} || {{large|۷}} || {{large|۸}} || {{large|۹}}
|-
|}

== Punctuation ==
Some Western-style punctuation marks are used with Ol Chiki: comma (,), exclamation mark (!), question mark (?), and quotation marks (“ and ”).

Period (.) is not used because it is visually confusable with the găhlă ṭuḍăg mark (ᱹ).<ref name="L205243"/> Instead of periods the script uses two [[danda]]s:
* {{large|᱾}} (mucăd) marks a minor break
* {{large|᱿}} (double mucăd) marks a major break

==Computing==

=== Unicode ===

{{Main|Ol Chiki (Unicode block)}}

Ol Chiki script was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in April, 2008 with the release of version 5.1.

The Unicode block for Ol Chiki is U+1C50–U+1C7F:
{{Unicode chart Ol Chiki}}

=== Fonts ===

* Google's [[Noto fonts | Noto ]] Sans Ol Chiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Noto Sans Ol Chiki |url=https://www.google.com/get/noto/#sans-olck |website=Google Noto Fonts |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref>

* [[Microsoft]]'s font family [[Nirmala UI]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nirmala UI font family - Typography |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/font-list/nirmala-ui |website=docs.microsoft.com |access-date=5 June 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Byomkes Chakrabarti]] (a Bengali research worker on ethnic languages)
* [[Santali Latin alphabet]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{list of writing systems}}

[[Category:Alphabets]]
[[Category:Santhal]]
[[Category:Munda scripts]]
[[Category:1925 introductions]]
[[Category:Santali language]]

Olchiki Script - Revision history

Hembram Bakhul: Created page with "{{short description|alphabetic script for santali people}} {{Infobox writing system | name = Ol Chiki | languages = Santali language | type = Alphabet | unico..."