ImportMaster: robot: import pages using Special:Import

2022-05-17T17:28:22Z

robot: import pages using Special:Import

New page

{{Short description|Names of inhabited places in parts of Asia}}
[[Oikonym]]s in [[Western Asia|Western]], [[Central Asia|Central]], [[South Asia|South]], and [[Southeast Asia]] can be grouped according to various components, reflecting common linguistic and cultural histories.{{sfn|Husain Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=65}}
[[toponymy|Toponymic]] study is not as extensive as it is for placenames in Europe and Anglophone parts of the world, but the origins of many placenames can be determined with a fair degree of certainty.{{sfn|Husain Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=67}}{{sfn|Mohd Siddiqi|1982|p=332}}
One complexity to the study when discussing it in English is that the [[Romanization]] of names, during British rule and otherwise, from other languages has not been consistent.{{sfn|Husain Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=67}}
{{TOCright}}

==Common affixes==
Common [[affix]]es used in South Asian oikonyms can be grouped based on their linguistic origin: (with examples from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, and elsewhere such as in [[Sanskrit]]-influenced [[Indonesia]]):

* [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]:
*;''wal'', ''wali'', ''wala'', ''vli'', and ''vali'':[[hamlet (place)|hamlet]]{{sfn|Southworth|1995|p=271}} — e.g. [[Dombivli]]; [[Kasan Wala]]; [[Sandhilianwali]]
*[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]:
*;''[[-desh|Desh]]'': an Indo-Aryan word for "[[country]]".<ref name="auto3">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1988 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA281 |publisher=New Age International |page=281 |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNkBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22-desh%22+%22country%22+%22suffix%22 |title=Samagra Savarkar Wangmaya |last=Prantik |first=Maharashtra |publisher=Hindusabha |page=436 |year=1963 |access-date=21 July 2017 |via=Google Books}}</ref> In [[Indonesia]] it becomes [[Villages of Indonesia#Types of villages|''Desa'']] which is another [[bahasa Indonesia|Indonesian]] word for "village".
*;''Nagar'':city,{{sfn|Husain Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=74}} from Sanskrit नगर (nagara) — e.g. [[Ahmednagar]]. In [[bahasa Indonesia|Indonesian]], the word ''Negara'' means "[[country]]" and the word ''[[Nagari (settlement)|Nagari]]'' is a term used in [[West Sumatra]] referring to "village".
*;''Pur'':town,{{sfn|Husain Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=74}} ultimately from Sanskrit पुर (pura) — e.g. [[Jamalpur, Bangladesh|Jamalpur]]; [[Kanpur]]; [[Khanpur, Rahim Yar Khan|Khanpur]]; [[Janakpur]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Jaipur]], [[Udaipur]]. In [[Southeast Asia]]n countries, it is known as ''pura'', e.g. [[Singapore|Singapura]], and [[Indonesia]]n cities such as [[Jayapura]], [[Siak Sri Indrapura]], [[Amlapura]], [[Bawean|Sangkapura]], [[Semarapura]], etc. In Indonesia, ''[[Balinese temple|pura]]'' also refers to a Hindu temple.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2019/08/24/things-you-should-know-before-visiting-temples-in-bali.html|title=Things you should know before visiting temples in Bali|publisher=The Jakarta Post}}</ref>
*;''Pind'':literally "lump" or a small altar of sand{{sfn|Husain Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=74}}
*;''Ganj'', ''gunj'', ''gunge'': [[Marketplace|market]]{{sfn|Husain Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=74}} — e.g. [[Nepalgunj]]; [[Robertsganj]]
*;''Garh'': [[fort]]ress{{sfn|Husain Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|pp=74–75}} — [[Chandigarh]]
*;''Kot'': fort{{sfn|Husain Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=74}}{{sfn|Southworth|1995|p=271}} — [[Pathankot]]; [[Sialkot]]
*;''Patnam'', ''patham'', ''pattana'':city, or "city of"{{sfn|Christie|1887|p=153|loc=PATAM}} — e.g. [[Visakhapatnam]]
*[[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Arabic language|Arabic]]:
*;''Abad'' ({{lang|fa|آباد}}):"dwelling of" or "town of", combined with a person's or group's name (usually the founder or primary inhabitant(s)){{sfn|Husain Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=74}}{{sfn|Christie|1887|p=2|loc=ABAD}} — e.g. [[Ahmedabad]]; [[Ordubad]]; [[Shirabad, Uzbekistan|Shirabad]]; [[Islamabad]]; [[Khorramabad]]; [[Mirza Abad]]. See also [[abadi (settlement)]].
*;''Mazar'':(in various languages) shrine, grave, tomb, etc. (from [[wikt:مزار]]), cf. "[[Mazar (mausoleum)]]". The placename usually refers to a grave of a saint, ruler, etc.: [[Mazar-i-Sharif]]; see {{intitle|Mazar}}
*;''Mazra'' or ''Majra'':hamlet,{{sfn|Mohd Siddiqi|1982|p=335}} also "farm" ([[wikt:مزرعة]], /maz.ra.ʕa/), "field" ([[wikt:مزرع]], /maz.raʕ/)
*;''Shahr, shehr'':city{{sfn|Husain Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=74}} — e.g. [[Bulandshahr]]
*;''[[Kale (disambiguation)|Kale]]'', ''[[Kaleh (disambiguation)|Kaleh]]'', ''[[Qala (disambiguation)|Qala]]'', ''[[Qalat (disambiguation)|Qalat]]'', ''[[Qila (disambiguation)|Qila]]'':fort, fortres, castle;{{sfn|Husain Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=74}} see also "[[Qalat (fortress)]]"
*;''Basti'':a granted habitat, also sanctuary from the Persian suffix, ''bastī''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BASTI English Definition and Meaning {{!}} Lexico.com |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/basti |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English |language=en}}</ref> ''— e.g.'' [[Basti Babbar]], [[Azam Basti]]
*;''Nahri'':(irrigation) canal{{sfn|Husain Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=74}}
*;''Nahr'': [[wikt:نهر]], river, e.g., [[Nahr-e Mian]]; see {{intitle|Nahr-e}}
*;''Dera'':tent{{sfn|Husain Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=75}} — e.g. [[Dera Ghazi Khan]], [[Dera Ismail Khan]]
*;''[[-stan]], -estan'': "a place abounding in...", "place of..."<ref name="hayyim-dictionary">{{citation|last=Hayyim|first=Sulayman|title=New Persian-English Dictionary|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/steingass_query.py?qs=%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86&searchhws=yes|chapter=ستان|page=30|volume=2|location=Tehran|publisher= Librairie imprimerie Béroukhim}} Quote= ستان (p. V2-0030) ستان (۲) Suffix meaning 'a place abounding in'. Ex. گلستان a flower or rose-garden. Syn. زار See گازار Note. This suffix is pronounced stan or setan after a vowel, as in بوستان boostan, a garden, and هندوستان hendoostan, India; and estan after a consonant. Ex. گلستان golestan, and ترکستان torkestan. However, for poetic license, after a consonant also, it may be pronounced setan. Ex. گلستان golsetan</ref> — e.g. [[Afghanistan]]; [[Pakistan]]

==See also==
*[[Glossary of Arabic toponyms]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Geographical Etymology: A Dictionary of Place-names Giving Their Derivations|author1-first=Christina|author1-last=Blackie|edition=3rd|publisher=John Murray|year=1887}}
* {{cite journal|title=Urban Place Names in Pakistan: A Reflection of Cultural Characteristics|author1-first=Akhtar Husain|author1-last=Siddiqi|author2-first=Robert W.|author2-last=Bastian|oclc=500207327|journal=Names|volume=29|issue=1|pages=65–84|year=1985|url=https://ans-names.pitt.edu/ans/article/download/937/936}}
* {{cite conference|title=Significance of technical terms in place names—a case-study of Aligarh District|author1-first=Jamal Mohd|author1-last=Siddiqi|conference=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=43|year=1982|pages=332–341|jstor=44141245}}
* {{cite book|title=The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity|volume=1|series=Indian philology and South Asian studies|issn=0948-1923|editor1-first=George|editor1-last=Erdosy|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1995|isbn=9783110144475|author1-first=Franklin C.|author1-last=Southworth|chapter=Reconstructing social context from language: Indo-Aryan and Dravidian pre-history|author1-link=Franklin Southworth}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia|author1-link=Franklin Southworth|author1-first=Franklin C.|author1-last=Southworth|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=9781134317776}}
{{refend}}

{{Glossaries of science and engineering}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Western and South Asia, Oikonyms in}}
[[Category:Toponymy]]
[[Category:Place name element etymologies|*]]
[[Category:Geography-related lists|Oikonyms]]

Oikonyms in Western and South Asia - Revision history

ImportMaster: robot: import pages using Special:Import