Odontotyrannos - Revision history

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{{short description|Legendary creature appearing in stories of Alexander the Great}}
[[File:Thomas-de-Kent-Bnf-fr24364-fol54v-dent tyrant.jpg|thumb|300px|The Macedonians attacked by the ''dent-tyrant'' or Odontotyrrannus.<br />{{right|{{small|—14th century, ms. of [[Thomas de Kent]]'s romance.<br>Bibliothèque nationale fr. 24364}}<ref name=cary>{{cite book|last=Cary |first=George |title=The Medieval Alexander|publisher=University of Cambridge Press |year=1956 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCg9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |pages=35–36}}</ref>}}]]

'''Odontotyrannos''' ({{lang-gr|όδοντοτύραννος}}), also '''odontotyrannus''' or '''dentityrannus'''{{efn|Also ''dentes tirannus'', ''dentestyrannus''}} ("tooth-tyrant") is a mythical three-horned beast said to have attacked [[Alexander the Great]] and his men at their camp in [[India]], according to the apocryphal ''[[Epistola Alexandri ad Aristotelem|Letter from Alexander to Aristotle]]'' and other [[medieval]] romantic retellings of Alexandrian legend.<ref name=harf-lancner/>

==Descriptions==
According to the Latin ''Letter from Alexander'', the creature had a black, horse-like head with three [[Horn (anatomy)|horns]] protruding from its forehead, and exceeded the size of an elephant. It was undeterred by the sight of fire, killing twenty-six{{efn|Or thirty-six, in some variants of the legend.}} Macedonians and incapacitating fifty-two before being put down by thrusts from hunting spears. The local Indians reportedly called the beast "tooth-tyrant"{{sfnp|Stoneman|2012|p=9}} (''dentityrranus'' or ''odontatyrannus'').{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Some manuscripts and Kübler's edition read "''odontatyrannum''" with an "a".{{sfnp|Rypins|1924|p=88 n2}}<ref name="gunderson" />}}{{sfnp|Orchard|2003|pp=126–7}}

[[Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius|Valerius]]' biography of Alexander{{efn|''Res gestae Alexandri Macedonis''.}}, dated to the beginning of the 4th century, spells the beast's name as "''odontotyrannus''" and states that the strength of 300 men was required to drag its body out of the river.{{efn|Latin text reads:".. vix trecentorum hominum manus nisu extractus de flumine"}}{{sfnp|Skeat|1886|pp=221, 309n}}<ref name="gunderson" /> In the Syriac version of [[Pseudo-Callisthenes]], it is the Mashḳělath or Mashklet ({{lang-syr|ܡܫܩܠܬ}}<ref>{{harvnb|Budge|1896|p=150, n1}}
</ref><ref name="perkins-woolsey" />) which causes 26 casualties among the Macedons and requires 300 men to tug out of a ditch,{{sfnp|Budge|1889|pp=98}} and in the Armenian version 1,300 were needed for the job.{{efn|In the Armenian, the beast is called a "unicorn" or "one horned beast" (Wolohojian tr.)}}<ref name="wolohojian" /><ref name="pritchard" />

In the Ethiopic version, it is an elephant-sized beast with tusks that attacks; this creature is unnamed but corresponds to the odontotyrannus. When it is eviscerated, the Macedonians discover among its stomach contents [[scorpion]]s as well as large fish the size of an ox.{{sfnp|Budge|1896|pp=149–150}} In the 5th-century Greek writings of [[Palladius of Galatia|Palladius]]{{efn|''On the Life of the Brahmans''; one abridged recension is referred to as "Commonitorium Palladii de Bragmanis" ({{Harvnb|Stoneman|2012|pp=xxv; 113n}}).}} and the 9th-century writings of [[George Hamartolos]], the odontotyrannus (όδοντοτύραννος) is an amphibious carnivore that can devour an elephant.{{sfnp|Stoneman|2012|pp=38, 31–32}}

In ''[[Roman d'Alexandre|Li romans d'Alixandre]]'' of [[Alexandre de Bernay]], the beast is named ''tirant'',<ref name="perkins-woolsey" /> and in [[Thomas de Kent]]'s ''Roman de toute chevalerie'', the Old French name is ''dent-tyrant''.<ref name="cary" /> In the Middle English ''[[King Alisaunder]]'', the name is given as "deutyrauns".{{efn|{{harvnb|Skeat|1886|p=309n}}'s "deutyrans" appears to be a typographical error.}}<ref name="perkins-woolsey" /><ref name="weber" />

==Zoological identifications==
Many scholars have identified various large beasts in the animal kingdom as to its identity. [[E. A. Wallis Budge|Budge]] suggested it may be a [[crocodilian]] native to the [[Ganges]], and hinted the Syriac name might be a corruption of the [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|makara]], a composite creature in Hindu mythology.{{sfnp|Budge|1889|pp=98}} It may also be based on [[Ctesias]]'s description of the giant fanged [[Indus worm]].{{sfnp|Stoneman|2012|p=xxiii}} The makara theory and Ctesia's influence is also supported by Gunderson.{{sfnp|Gunderson|1980|pp=103ff}}<ref name="pritchard" /> Others proposed a [[rhinoceros]], though conceded it may just be an [[legendary creature|imaginary creature]].<ref name=rookmaaker>{{cite web|url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/132/1327191137.pdf |title=Source Book of the Rhinoceros |publisher=Rhino Resource Center |author=Dr Kees Rookmaaker |access-date=2015-09-13}}</ref>

==Reconstructed Sanskrit name==
[[Christian Lassen]] in the 19th century reconstructed the original name of this beast to be *''dantešvara'' "lord of teeth", from ''danta'' "tooth" and ''[[Ishvara|īšvara]]'' "the Lord".<ref>Lassen (1858), p. 375</ref> This unattested form was rejected by Roger Goossens,{{sfnp|Goossens|1929}} who proposed instead ''dvijarāja'' which carries the dual meaning of "king of reptiles" or "king of teeth".<ref>{{citation|last=Seldeslachts |first=Erik |title=Translated Loans and Loan Translations as Evidence of Graeco-Indian Bilingualism in Antiquity |journal=L'Antiquité classique: Revue semestrielle |volume=67 |year=1998 |page=286 |url= http://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1998_num_67_1_1320}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Jalabert |first=Louis |title=Bulletin du Byzantinisme |journal=Recherches de Science Religieuse |volume=20 |year=1930 |pages= 468–469 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncQnAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
;Citations
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=harf-lancner>{{citation|last=Harf-Lancner |first=Laurence |title=From Alexander to Marco Polo, from Text to Image: The Marvels of India |editor-last1=Maddox |editor-first1=Donald |editor-last2=Sturm-Maddox |editor-first2=Sara |work= Medieval French Alexander |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2012 |page=237 |isbn=9780791488324 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUqQbemlo80C&pg=PA237}}</ref>
<ref name=gunderson>{{citation|last=Gunderson |first=Lloyd L. |title=Alexander's letter to Aristotle about India |publisher=Hain |year=1980 |page=54 |isbn=9783445019929 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqoGAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>
<ref name="perkins-woolsey">{{citation|last1=Perkins |first1=Justin |last2=Woolsey |first2=Theodore D. |title=Notice of a Life of Alexander the Great |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=4 |year=1854 |page=379n|jstor=592285}}</ref>
<ref name=pritchard>{{citation|last=Pritchard |first= Roger Telfryn |title=The History of Alexander's Battles: Historia de Preliis, the J1 Version |publisher=PIMS |year=1992 |page=157 |isbn= 9780888442840 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYu_xwJ7S5oC&pg=PA157}}</ref>
<ref name="weber">{{citation|editor-last=Weber |editor-first=Henry William |title=Kyng Alisaunder |publisher=George Ramsay |year=1810 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXY9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA223 |at=v. 5416 (p. 223)}}</ref>
<ref name=wolohojian>{{citation|last=Wolohojian|first= Albert M. |title=The Romance of Alexander the Great by Pseudo-Callisthenes (from the Armenian) |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1969 |pages=126–7 }}</ref>
}}

;Bibliography
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Budge |editor-first=E. A. Wallis |title=The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version |publisher=The University Press |year=1889 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_14LmFqhc8QC&pg=PR73 |pages=lxxiii, 98 and n1|isbn=9781107631175 }}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Budge |editor-first=E. A. Wallis |title=The Life and Exploits of Alexander the Great, being a series of translation of the Ethiopic histories |publisher=Clay |year=1896|pages=149–150}}
*{{citation|last=Goossens |first=Roger |title=L'όδοντοτύραννος, animal de l'Inde |journal=Byzantion |volume=IV (1927–1928) |year=1929 |pages= 29–52}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Orchard |editor-first=Andy (tr.)|editor-link=Andy Orchard |title=Letter of Alexander to Aristotle |work=Pride and Prodigies: Studies in the Monsters of the Beowulf Manuscript |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2003 |isbn=9780802085832 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hU8DdkwXbDEC&pg=PA239}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Rypins |editor-first=Stanley |title=Letter of Alexander the Great to Aristotle |work=Three Old English Prose Texts in MS. Cotton Vitellius A xv |series=Early English Text Society |publisher=Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press |year=1924 |url=https://archive.org/stream/publicationsorig161earluoft#page/n9/mode/2up |pages=22, 88 and n2, 86 n10}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Skeat |editor-first=Walter William|editor-link=Walter William Skeat |title=The Wars of Alexander: An Alliterative Romance |series=Early English Text Society |publisher=N. Trübner |year=1886 |url=https://archive.org/details/warsalexanderan00skeagoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/warsalexanderan00skeagoog/page/n342 309]}}
*{{citation|editor-last=Stoneman |editor-first=Richard (tr.) |title=The Legends of Alexander the Great |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8gMKhTO5ZAC |isbn=978-1848857858}}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:Greek legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Mythological bovines]]
[[Category:Mythological caprids]]
[[Category:Mythological deer]]
[[Category:Mythological felines]]
[[Category:Horses in mythology]]
[[Category:Mythological hybrids]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:15, 14 March 2026
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	[[File:Thomas-de-Kent-Bnf-fr24364-fol54v-dent tyrant.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|The Macedonians attacked by the ''dent-tyrant'' or Odontotyrrannus.<br />{{right\|{{small\|—14th century, ms. of [[Thomas de Kent]]'s romance.<br>Bibliothèque nationale fr. 24364}}<ref name=cary>{{cite book\|last=Cary \|first=George \|title=The Medieval Alexander\|publisher=University of Cambridge Press \|year=1956 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCg9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 \|pages=35–36}}</ref>}}]]		[[File:Thomas-de-Kent-Bnf-fr24364-fol54v-dent tyrant.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|The Macedonians attacked by the ''dent-tyrant'' or Odontotyrrannus.<br />{{right\|{{small\|—14th century, ms. of [[Thomas de Kent]]'s romance.<br>Bibliothèque nationale fr. 24364}}<ref name=cary>{{cite book\|last=Cary \|first=George \|title=The Medieval Alexander\|publisher=University of Cambridge Press \|year=1956 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCg9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 \|pages=35–36}}</ref>}}]]

	'''Odontotyrannos''' ({{~~lang-gr~~\|όδοντοτύραννος}}), also '''odontotyrannus''' or '''dentityrannus'''{{efn\|Also ''dentes tirannus'', ''dentestyrannus''}} ("tooth-tyrant") is a mythical three-horned beast said to have attacked [[Alexander the Great]] and his men at their camp in [[India]], according to the apocryphal ''[[Epistola Alexandri ad Aristotelem\|Letter from Alexander to Aristotle]]'' and other [[medieval]] romantic retellings of Alexandrian legend.<ref name=harf-lancner/>		'''Odontotyrannos''' ({{langx\|el\|όδοντοτύραννος}}), also '''odontotyrannus''' or '''dentityrannus'''{{efn\|Also ''dentes tirannus'', ''dentestyrannus''}} ("tooth-tyrant") is a mythical three-horned beast said to have attacked [[Alexander the Great]] and his men at their camp in [[India]], according to the apocryphal ''[[Epistola Alexandri ad Aristotelem\|Letter from Alexander to Aristotle]]'' and other [[medieval]] romantic retellings of Alexandrian legend.<ref name=harf-lancner/>

	==Descriptions==		==Descriptions==
	According to the Latin ''Letter from Alexander'', the creature had a black, horse-like head with three [[Horn (anatomy)\|horns]] protruding from its forehead, and exceeded the size of an elephant. It was undeterred by the sight of fire, killing twenty-six{{efn\|Or thirty-six, in some variants of the legend.}} Macedonians and incapacitating fifty-two before being put down by thrusts from hunting spears. The local Indians reportedly called the beast "tooth-tyrant"{{sfnp\|Stoneman\|2012\|p=9}} (''dentityrranus'' or ''odontatyrannus'').{{Refn\|group="lower-alpha"\|Some manuscripts and Kübler's edition read "''odontatyrannum''" with an "a".{{sfnp\|Rypins\|1924\|p=88 n2}}<ref name="gunderson" />}}{{sfnp\|Orchard\|2003\|pp=126–7}}		According to the Latin ''Letter from Alexander'', the creature had a black, [[horse]]-like head with three [[Horn (anatomy)\|horns]] protruding from its forehead, and exceeded the size of an elephant. It was undeterred by the sight of fire, killing twenty-six{{efn\|Or thirty-six, in some variants of the legend.}} Macedonians and incapacitating fifty-two before being put down by thrusts from hunting spears. The local Indians reportedly called the beast "tooth-tyrant"{{sfnp\|Stoneman\|2012\|p=9}} (''dentityrranus'' or ''odontatyrannus'').{{Refn\|group="lower-alpha"\|Some manuscripts and Kübler's edition read "''odontatyrannum''" with an "a".{{sfnp\|Rypins\|1924\|p=88 n2}}<ref name="gunderson" />}}{{sfnp\|Orchard\|2003\|pp=126–7}}

	[[Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius~~\|Valerius~~]]~~' biography of Alexander{{efn\|~~''Res gestae Alexandri Macedonis''~~.}}, dated to the beginning of the 4th century~~, spells the beast's name as "''odontotyrannus''" and states that the strength of 300 men was required to drag its body out of the river.{{efn\|Latin text reads:".. vix trecentorum hominum manus nisu extractus de flumine"}}{{sfnp\|Skeat\|1886\|pp=221, 309n}}<ref name="gunderson" /> In the Syriac version of [[Pseudo-Callisthenes]], it is the Mashḳělath or Mashklet ({{~~lang-~~syr\|ܡܫܩܠܬ}}<ref>{{harvnb\|Budge\|1896\|p=150, n1}}		A fourth-century Latin translation of the ''[[Alexander Romance]]'' by [[Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius]], known as the ''[[Res gestae Alexandri Macedonis]]'', spells the beast's name as ''odontotyrannus'' and states that the strength of 300 men was required to drag its body out of the river.{{efn\|Latin text reads:".. vix trecentorum hominum manus nisu extractus de flumine"}}{{sfnp\|Skeat\|1886\|pp=221, 309n}}<ref name="gunderson" /> In the Syriac version of [[Pseudo-Callisthenes]], it is the Mashḳělath or Mashklet ({{langx\|syr\|ܡܫܩܠܬ}}<ref>{{harvnb\|Budge\|1896\|p=150, n1}}
	</ref><ref name="perkins-woolsey" />) which causes 26 casualties among the Macedons and requires 300 men to tug out of a ditch,{{sfnp\|Budge\|1889\|pp=98}} and in the Armenian version 1,300 were needed for the job.{{efn\|In the Armenian, the beast is called a "unicorn" or "one horned beast" (Wolohojian tr.)}}<ref name="wolohojian" /><ref name="pritchard" />		</ref><ref name="perkins-woolsey" />) which causes 26 casualties among the Macedons and requires 300 men to tug out of a ditch,{{sfnp\|Budge\|1889\|pp=98}} and in the Armenian version 1,300 were needed for the job.{{efn\|In the Armenian, the beast is called a "unicorn" or "one horned beast" (Wolohojian tr.)}}<ref name="wolohojian" /><ref name="pritchard" />

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	==Zoological identifications==		==Zoological identifications==
	Many scholars have identified various large beasts in the animal kingdom as to its identity. [[E. A. Wallis Budge\|Budge]] suggested it may be a [[crocodilian]] native to the [[Ganges]], and hinted the Syriac name might be a corruption of the [[Makara (Hindu mythology)\|makara]], a composite creature in Hindu mythology.{{sfnp\|Budge\|1889\|pp=98}} It may also be based on [[Ctesias]]'s description of the giant fanged [[Indus worm]].{{sfnp\|Stoneman\|2012\|p=xxiii}} The makara theory and Ctesia's influence is also supported by Gunderson.{{sfnp\|Gunderson\|1980\|pp=103ff}}<ref name="pritchard" /> Others proposed a [[rhinoceros]], though conceded it may just be an [[legendary creature\|imaginary creature]].<ref name=rookmaaker>{{cite web\|url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/132/1327191137.pdf \|title=Source Book of the Rhinoceros \|publisher=Rhino Resource Center \|author=Dr Kees Rookmaaker \|access-date=2015-09-13}}</ref>		Many scholars have identified various large beasts in the animal kingdom as to its identity. [[E. A. Wallis Budge\|Budge]] suggested it may be a [[crocodilian]] native to the [[Ganges]], and hinted the Syriac name might be a corruption of the [[Makara (Hindu mythology)\|makara]], a composite creature in Hindu mythology.{{sfnp\|Budge\|1889\|pp=98}} It may also be based on [[Ctesias]]'s description of the giant fanged [[Indus worm]].{{sfnp\|Stoneman\|2012\|p=xxiii}} The makara theory and Ctesia's influence is also supported by Gunderson.{{sfnp\|Gunderson\|1980\|pp=103ff}}<ref name="pritchard" /> Others proposed a [[rhinoceros]], though conceded it may just be an [[legendary creature\|imaginary creature]].<ref name=rookmaaker>{{cite web\|url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/132/1327191137.pdf \|title=Source Book of the Rhinoceros \|publisher=Rhino Resource Center \|author=Dr Kees Rookmaaker \|access-date=2015-09-13 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018111515/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/132/1327191137.pdf \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2022-10-18}}</ref>

	==Reconstructed Sanskrit name==		==Reconstructed Sanskrit name==
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	*{{cite book\|editor-last=Budge \|editor-first=E. A. Wallis \|title=The Life and Exploits of Alexander the Great, being a series of translation of the Ethiopic histories \|publisher=Clay \|year=1896\|pages=149–150}}		*{{cite book\|editor-last=Budge \|editor-first=E. A. Wallis \|title=The Life and Exploits of Alexander the Great, being a series of translation of the Ethiopic histories \|publisher=Clay \|year=1896\|pages=149–150}}
	*{{citation\|last=Goossens \|first=Roger \|title=L'όδοντοτύραννος, animal de l'Inde \|journal=Byzantion \|volume=IV (1927–1928) \|year=1929 \|pages= 29–52}}		*{{citation\|last=Goossens \|first=Roger \|title=L'όδοντοτύραννος, animal de l'Inde \|journal=Byzantion \|volume=IV (1927–1928) \|year=1929 \|pages= 29–52}}
	*{{cite book\|editor-last=Orchard \|editor-first=Andy (tr.)\|editor-link=Andy Orchard \|~~title~~=Letter of Alexander to Aristotle \|~~work~~=Pride and Prodigies: Studies in the Monsters of the Beowulf Manuscript \|publisher=University of Toronto Press \|year=2003 \|isbn=9780802085832 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hU8DdkwXbDEC&pg=PA239}}<!--Unauthorized copy: http://members.shaw.ca/sylviavolk/Beowulf2.htm -->		*{{cite book\|editor-last=Orchard \|editor-first=Andy (tr.)\|editor-link=Andy Orchard \|chapter=Letter of Alexander to Aristotle \|title=Pride and Prodigies: Studies in the Monsters of the Beowulf Manuscript \|publisher=University of Toronto Press \|year=2003 \|isbn=9780802085832 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hU8DdkwXbDEC&pg=PA239}}<!--Unauthorized copy: http://members.shaw.ca/sylviavolk/Beowulf2.htm -->
	*{{cite book\|editor-last=Rypins \|editor-first=Stanley \|~~title~~=Letter of Alexander the Great to Aristotle \|~~work~~=Three Old English Prose Texts in MS. Cotton Vitellius A xv \|series=Early English Text Society \|publisher=Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press \|year=1924 \|url=https://archive.org/stream/publicationsorig161earluoft#page/n9/mode/2up \|pages=22, 88 and n2, 86 n10}}		*{{cite book\|editor-last=Rypins \|editor-first=Stanley \|chapter=Letter of Alexander the Great to Aristotle \|title=Three Old English Prose Texts in MS. Cotton Vitellius A xv \|series=Early English Text Society \|publisher=Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press \|year=1924 \|url=https://archive.org/stream/publicationsorig161earluoft#page/n9/mode/2up \|pages=22, 88 and n2, 86 n10}}
	*{{cite book\|editor-last=Skeat \|editor-first=Walter William\|editor-link=Walter William Skeat \|title=The Wars of Alexander: An Alliterative Romance \|series=Early English Text Society \|publisher=N. Trübner \|year=1886 \|url=https://archive.org/details/warsalexanderan00skeagoog\|page=[https://archive.org/details/warsalexanderan00skeagoog/page/n342 309]}}		*{{cite book\|editor-last=Skeat \|editor-first=Walter William\|editor-link=Walter William Skeat \|title=The Wars of Alexander: An Alliterative Romance \|series=Early English Text Society \|publisher=N. Trübner \|year=1886 \|url=https://archive.org/details/warsalexanderan00skeagoog\|page=[https://archive.org/details/warsalexanderan00skeagoog/page/n342 309]}}
	*{{citation\|editor-last=Stoneman \|editor-first=Richard (tr.) \|title=The Legends of Alexander the Great \|publisher=I.B.Tauris \|year=2012 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8gMKhTO5ZAC \|isbn=978-1848857858}}		*{{citation\|editor-last=Stoneman \|editor-first=Richard (tr.) \|title=The Legends of Alexander the Great \|publisher=I.B.Tauris \|year=2012 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8gMKhTO5ZAC \|isbn=978-1848857858}}
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	[[Category:Greek legendary creatures]]		[[Category:Greek legendary creatures]]
	[[Category:~~Mythological~~ bovines]]		[[Category:Legendary bovines]]
	[[Category:Mythological caprids]]		[[Category:Mythological caprids]]
	~~[[Category:Mythological deer]]~~
	[[Category:Mythological felines]]		[[Category:Mythological felines]]
	[[Category:~~Horses in mythology~~]]		[[Category:Legendary horses]]
	[[Category:Mythological hybrids]]		[[Category:Mythological hybrids]]