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{{Short description|Dyeing technique originating in India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Odisha Ikat
| image = Sambalpuri sari DSC 0496.JPG
| image_size =
| alt = Odisha Ikat from Sambalpur, Orissa
| caption = Sambalpuri Bandha (Ikat) from Sambalpur, Odisha
| alternative names =
| description = 
| type = Silk
| area = [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 2007
| material =
| official website =
}}

'''Odisha Ikat''', is a kind of {{lang|id|[[ikat]]}} known as ''Bandhakala'' and ''Bandha'', a [[resist dyeing]] technique, originating from Indian state of [[Orissa, India|Odisha]]. Traditionally known as ''"Bandhakala"', ''"Bandha"'', '"Bandha of Odisha"'', it is a [[List of Geographical Indications in India|geographically tagged]] product of Odisha since 2007.<ref name=Textile>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orissatourism.org/textiles-of-orissa.html|title= Textiles of Odisha (Orissa)|access-date= 30 January 2016|publisher=Official web site of Tourism Department of Orissa}}</ref> It is made through a process of [[Tie-dye|tie-dyeing]] the [[warp and weft]] threads to create the design on the loom prior to weaving. It is unlike any other {{lang|id|[[ikat]]}} woven in the rest of the country because of its design process, which has been called "poetry on the loom".{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=15}} This design is in vogue only at the western and eastern regions of Odisha; similar designs are produced by community groups called the Bhulia, Kostha Asani, and Patara.<ref name="Textile" />{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=27, 32}} The fabric gives a striking curvilinear appearance. [[Sari]]s made out of this fabric feature bands of [[brocade]] in the borders and also at the ends, called ''anchal'' or ''pallu''. Its forms are purposefully feathered, giving the edges a "hazy and fragile" appearance.<ref name=Univer>{{Cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=tsaconf|title= Color and Pattern: Tribal and Contemporary Ikats of India and Laos|date=1 January 2010|access-date=30 January 2016|publisher=University of Nebraska}}</ref> There are different kinds of bandha saris made in Odisha, notably [[Khandua]], [[Sambalpuri sari|Sambalpuri]], [[Pasapali sari|Pasapali]], Kataki and Manibandhi.<ref name="LyntonSingh1995">{{cite book|author1=Linda Lynton|author2=Sanjay K. Singh|title=The sari: styles, patterns, history, techniques|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqHpAAAAMAAJ|access-date=27 June 2012|date=October 1995|publisher=H.N. Abrams|isbn=978-0-8109-4461-9}}</ref>

This silk has been registered for protection under the Geographical indication of the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. In 2007, it was listed as "Odisha Ikat" under the GI Act 1999 of the Government of India, with registration confirmed by the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks under Classes 23, 24 and 25 as Yarn and Threads Tied and Dyed for Textile use, Textile and Textile Goods, and Clothing respectively vide application number 22.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://commerce.nic.in/pressrelease/pressrelease_detail.asp?id=1840 |title=28 Products Registered As Geographical Indications |date=9 November 2006 |access-date=30 January 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Commerce and Industry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404204206/http://commerce.nic.in/pressrelease/pressrelease_detail.asp?id=1840 |archive-date=4 April 2016 }}</ref><ref name=Deva>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/29.pdf|title=Journal 29 – Controller General of Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks|date=19 March 2009|access-date=30 January 2016|publisher=Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks|page=16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003703/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/29.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

== Location ==
The villages where this art is practiced are Mankedia in [[Balasore district|Balasore]] or [[Mayurbhanj district]]. In the [[Western Odisha]], it is woven in [[Barpali]], [[Remunda]], Jhiliminda, Mahalakata, Singhapali, Sonepur, Patabhadi, Sagarpali, [[Tarabha]], [[Birmaharajpur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Biramaharajpur]], [[Subalaya]], Kendupali, Jaganathpali, and Kamalapur of [[Bargarh district]] and Sonepur district. In the [[Cuttack district]] it is made in the villages of Badamba, [[Nuapatna]], Maniabadha, Narashinpur, [[Tigiria]].{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=27}}

== History ==
The history of this silk art is linked to the [[Lord Jagannath]] worship practice which is a tradition in Odisha. Every colour used in the fabric reflects a symbolic concept of Jagannath worship: the four primary colours used in keeping with this tradition are white, black, yellow, and red, with green added at a later date. These colours are said to denote the past, present, and future, to the [[Vedas]] and the Gods.{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=29}} It is also inferred that the Ikat silk art came into existence by copying the temple architecture which existed much earlier.{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=31}}

== Process ==
[[File:Sambalpuri_Ikat_weaving_loom_(Tanta)_from_Odisha.jpg|right|thumb|Double Ikat weaving loom in Sambalpur, Orissa]]
The pattern on the silk fabric evolves through a process of dyeing the warp and weft threads (yarns of very fine quality) prior to the weaving process.{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=28}} This differs from other methods in which yarns of various colours are woven, or in which patterns are printed on the fabric. To create the coloured design, other cloth is affixed to the yarns at specific locations on the loom. The dye is absorbed by the cloth which, when it is removed from the loom, leaves the yarn dyed at the places where it touched the yarn. A single dyeing will leave the yarn spotty in colour. More detailed designs are produced through an eight-stage process of tying and dyeing the yarn, which requires a high degree of skill and time. It is also the practice to tie the weft threads and occasionally the warp threads to transfer colour to the untied part. More colours are added by repeating the process of tying and dyeing on previously coloured parts; in this way, many colours are added to give the fabric a very bright and distinctive shade.{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=28}}

Another notable feature in this Ikat is that it depicts the same colourful design motif on both its front and back sides. No additional yarn is required to produce this effect. The designs evolve during the tying and dyeing process according to the imagination of the craftsman, who does not follow any predesigned pattern but creates the design as he works.{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=28}}

The designs developed on the Ikat are generally of birds, various animals, [[rudraksh]] beads, geometric designs, dice, temple towers, and pinnacles.<ref name=Textile /><ref name=Univer /> The silk fabric made at [[Nuapatna]] in the Cuttack district is woven with Ikat yarn as hymns from the [[Gitagovinda]], and this fabric adorns the idols at the [[Jagannath Temple]] daily.<ref name=Textile />{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=30}} The Ikat produced by Bhullas from Western Odisha is considered superior in both the use of the fabric and pattern (which include double Ikat) compared to the product from Eastern Odisha.{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=32}}

The process of making a sari of Ikat by hand takes about seven months and involves two craftsmen, as the production goes through 14 stages of creation.<ref name=Utsav>{{Cite web|url=http://www.utsavpedia.com/textiles/orissa-ikat-an-expression/|title= Ikat or Ikkat|date= 27 July 2013|access-date=30 January 2016|publisher= utsavpedia.com}}</ref> In addition to saris, Odisha Ikat is used to produce bolts of fabric, bed linens, tablecloths, and [[dupatta]] scarves.<ref name=Univer/>

==See also==
*[[Patola sari|Patola]], Ikat textile from Gujarat
*[[Pochampally sari|Pochampally]], Ikat textile from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh
*[[Puttapaka Saree|Puttapaka]], Ikat textile from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

'''Bibliography'''
* {{cite book|last1= Ghosh |first1=G. K. |last2= Ghosh |first2=Shukla |title=Ikat Textiles of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOrTw0gPSVYC&pg=PR15|date=1 January 2000|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-167-0}}

{{Odisha}}
{{Odia culture}}

[[Category:Geographical indications in Odisha]]
[[Category:Economy of Odisha]]
[[Category:Textile arts of India]]
[[Category:Ikat]]

Odisha Ikat - Revision history

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