Odia language - Revision history

CRVMargarette: improve structure and added references for accuracy

2026-04-29T09:42:39Z

improve structure and added references for accuracy

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:12, 29 April 2026
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	==History==		==History==
	Odia is an [[Eastern Indo-Aryan language]] belonging to the Indo-Aryan language family. It descends from Odra Prakrit which itself evolved from [[Magadhi Prakrit]].<ref name="harvcol\|Toulmin\|2006\|p=306">{{harvcol\|Toulmin\|2006\|p=306}}</ref> The latter was spoken in east India over 1,500 years ago, and is the primary language used in early [[Jainism\|Jain]] and Buddhist texts.<ref name="The Harvard Lecture">Misra, Bijoy (11 April 2009). [http://www.odia.org/articles/harvardLecture.pdf Oriya Language and Literature] (PDF) (Lecture). Languages and Literature of India. Harvard University.</ref> Odia appears to have had relatively little influence from [[Persian language\|Persian]] and [[Arabic language\|Arabic]], compared to other major Indo-Aryan languages.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Odia Language \|url=https://www.odishatourism.net/odisha-language/ \|website=Odisha Tourism \|access-date=8 February 2021 \|archive-date=10 October 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010094555/https://www.odishatourism.net/odisha-language/ }}</ref>		Odia is an [[Eastern Indo-Aryan language]] belonging to the Indo-Aryan language family. It descends from Odra Prakrit which itself evolved from [[Magadhi Prakrit]].<ref name="harvcol\|Toulmin\|2006\|p=306">{{harvcol\|Toulmin\|2006\|p=306}}</ref> The latter was spoken in east India over 1,500 years ago, and is the primary language used in early [[Jainism\|Jain]] and Buddhist texts.<ref name="The Harvard Lecture">Misra, Bijoy (11 April 2009). [http://www.odia.org/articles/harvardLecture.pdf Oriya Language and Literature] (PDF) (Lecture). Languages and Literature of India. Harvard University.</ref> Odia appears to have had relatively little influence from [[Persian language\|Persian]] and [[Arabic language\|Arabic]], compared to other major Indo-Aryan languages.

	[[File:East magadhan proto-languages - en.svg\|upright=1.5\|thumb\|The proto-languages of eastern [[Magadhan]]; the split and descent of Proto-Odra (Odra Prakrit), the ancestor of the modern Odia language, from Proto-Magadhan (Magadhi Prakrit)<ref name="harvcol\|Toulmin\|2006\|p=306"/>]]		[[File:East magadhan proto-languages - en.svg\|upright=1.5\|thumb\|The proto-languages of eastern [[Magadhan]]; the split and descent of Proto-Odra (Odra Prakrit), the ancestor of the modern Odia language, from Proto-Magadhan (Magadhi Prakrit)<ref name="harvcol\|Toulmin\|2006\|p=306"/>]]
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	According to the 2011 census, there are 37.52 million [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India\|Odia speakers in India]], making up 3.1% of the country's population. Among these, 93% reside in Odisha.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Number of Odia speaking people declines: Census report \|url=https://sambadenglish.com/number-of-odia-speaking-people-declines-census-report/ \|website=sambad \|date=18 July 2018 \|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|author=James Minahan \|title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA233 \|year=2012 \|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|isbn=978-1-59884-659-1 \|page=233}}</ref> Odia is also spoken in neighbouring states such as [[Chhattisgarh]] (913,581), [[Jharkhand]] (531,077), [[Andhra Pradesh]] (361,471), and [[West Bengal]] (162,142), as of 2011 Census.<ref name=Census2011MT/>		According to the 2011 census, there are 37.52 million [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India\|Odia speakers in India]], making up 3.1% of the country's population. Among these, 93% reside in Odisha.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Number of Odia speaking people declines: Census report \|url=https://sambadenglish.com/number-of-odia-speaking-people-declines-census-report/ \|website=sambad \|date=18 July 2018 \|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|author=James Minahan \|title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA233 \|year=2012 \|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|isbn=978-1-59884-659-1 \|page=233}}</ref> Odia is also spoken in neighbouring states such as [[Chhattisgarh]] (913,581), [[Jharkhand]] (531,077), [[Andhra Pradesh]] (361,471), and [[West Bengal]] (162,142), as of 2011 Census.<ref name=Census2011MT/>

	Due to worker migration as [[Tea-garden community\|tea garden workers]] in colonial India, northeastern states [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]] have a sizeable Odia-speaking population,<ref name=Census2011MT/> particularly in [[Sonitpur district\|Sonitpur]], [[Tinsukia district\|Tinsukia]], [[Udalguri district\|Udalguri]], [[Sivasagar district\|Sivasagar]], [[Golaghat district\|Golaghat]], [[Dibrugarh district\|Dibrugarh]], [[Cachar district\|Cachar]], [[Nagaon district\|Nagaon]], [[Karimganj district\|Karimganj]], [[Karbi Anglong district\|Karbi Anglong]], [[Jorhat district\|Jorhat]], [[Lakhimpur district\|Lakhimpur]], [[Baksa district\|Baksa]], [[Kamrup Metropolitan district\|Kamrup Metropolitan]], [[Hailakandi district]] of Assam and [[West Tripura district\|West Tripura]], [[Dhalai district\|Dhalai]], [[North Tripura district\|North Tripura]] district of Tripura. Similarly, due to ~~increasing~~ migration ~~due to economic pursuits~~ in modern India, the western states [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] also have a significant Odia speaking population.<ref name="The Times of India 2003">{{cite web \| title=A Little Orissa in the heart of Surat – Ahmedabad News \| website=The Times of India \| date=18 May 2003 \| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/A-Little-Orissa-in-the-heart-of-Surat/articleshow/46707510.cms \| access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> Additionally, due to economic pursuits, significant numbers of Odia speakers can be found in Indian cities such as [[Vishakhapatnam]], [[Hyderabad, India\|Hyderabad]], [[Pondicherry (city)\|Pondicherry]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Goa]], [[Mumbai]], [[Raipur]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Vadodara]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[New Delhi]], [[Guwahati]], [[Shillong]], [[Pune]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Jammu]] and [[Silvassa]].<ref>{{cite book\|author1=Danesh Jain\|author2=George Cardona\|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA445\|year=2007\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9\|page=445}}</ref>		Due to worker migration as [[Tea-garden community\|tea garden workers]] in colonial India, northeastern states [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]] have a sizeable Odia-speaking population,<ref name=Census2011MT/> particularly in [[Sonitpur district\|Sonitpur]], [[Tinsukia district\|Tinsukia]], [[Udalguri district\|Udalguri]], [[Sivasagar district\|Sivasagar]], [[Golaghat district\|Golaghat]], [[Dibrugarh district\|Dibrugarh]], [[Cachar district\|Cachar]], [[Nagaon district\|Nagaon]], [[Karimganj district\|Karimganj]], [[Karbi Anglong district\|Karbi Anglong]], [[Jorhat district\|Jorhat]], [[Lakhimpur district\|Lakhimpur]], [[Baksa district\|Baksa]], [[Kamrup Metropolitan district\|Kamrup Metropolitan]], [[Hailakandi district]] of Assam and [[West Tripura district\|West Tripura]], [[Dhalai district\|Dhalai]], [[North Tripura district\|North Tripura]] district of Tripura. Similarly, due to economic migration in modern India, the western states [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] also have a significant Odia speaking population.<ref name="The Times of India 2003">{{cite web \| title=A Little Orissa in the heart of Surat – Ahmedabad News \| website=The Times of India \| date=18 May 2003 \| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/A-Little-Orissa-in-the-heart-of-Surat/articleshow/46707510.cms \| access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> Additionally, due to economic pursuits, significant numbers of Odia speakers can be found in Indian cities such as [[Vishakhapatnam]], [[Hyderabad, India\|Hyderabad]], [[Pondicherry (city)\|Pondicherry]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Goa]], [[Mumbai]], [[Raipur]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Vadodara]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[New Delhi]], [[Guwahati]], [[Shillong]], [[Pune]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Jammu]] and [[Silvassa]].<ref>{{cite book\|author1=Danesh Jain\|author2=George Cardona\|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA445\|year=2007\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9\|page=445}}</ref>

	===Foreign countries===		===Foreign countries===
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	\|}		\|}

	Odia retains the [[voiced retroflex lateral approximant]] {{IPAblink\|ɭ}},<ref name=":0" /> among the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages. The [[Voiced velar nasal\|velar nasal]] {{IPAblink\|ŋ}} is given phonemic status in some analyses, as it also occurs as a terminal sound, e.g. ଏବଂ- ebaṅ /ebɔŋ/<ref>{{cite book\|author1=Danesh Jain\|author2=George Cardona\|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA445\|year=2007\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9\|page=490}}</ref> Nasals assimilate for [[place of articulation\|place]] in nasal–stop clusters. {{IPA\|/ɖ ɖʱ/}} have the near-allophonic intervocalic<ref>Masica (1991:147)</ref> [[flap consonant\|flap]]s {{IPA\|[ɽ ɽʱ]}} in [[intervocalic]] position and in final position (but not at [[morpheme]] boundaries). Stops are sometimes [[aspiration (phonetics)\|deaspirated]] between {{IPA\|/s/}} and a vowel or an [[open syllable]] {{IPA\|/s/}}+vowel and a vowel. Some speakers distinguish between single and [[geminate consonant]]s.<ref>{{harvcoltxt\|Ray\|2003\|pp=490–491}}</ref>		Odia retains the [[voiced retroflex lateral approximant]] {{IPAblink\|ɭ}},<ref name=":0" /> among the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages. The [[Voiced velar nasal\|velar nasal]] {{IPAblink\|ŋ}} is given phonemic status in some analyses, as it also occurs as a terminal sound, e.g. ଏବଂ- ebaṅ /ebɔŋ/<ref>{{cite book\|author1=Danesh Jain\|author2=George Cardona\|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA445\|year=2007\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9\|page=490}}</ref> Nasals assimilate for [[place of articulation\|place]] in nasal–stop clusters. {{IPA\|/ɖ ɖʱ/}} have the near-allophonic intervocalic<ref>Masica (1991:147)</ref> [[flap consonant\|flap]]s {{IPA\|[ɽ ɽʱ]}} in intervocalic position and in final position (but not at [[morpheme]] boundaries). Stops are sometimes [[aspiration (phonetics)\|deaspirated]] between {{IPA\|/s/}} and a vowel or an [[open syllable]] {{IPA\|/s/}}+vowel and a vowel. Some speakers distinguish between single and [[geminate consonant]]s.<ref>{{harvcoltxt\|Ray\|2003\|pp=490–491}}</ref>

	==Grammar==		==Grammar==
	{{Main\|Odia grammar}}		{{Main\|Odia grammar}}

	Odia retains most of the [[Grammatical case\|cases]] of [[Sanskrit]], though the [[Nominative case\|nominative]] and [[Vocative case\|vocative]] have merged (both without a separate marker), as have the accusative and dative. There are ~~three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter) and~~ two [[grammatical number]]s (singular and plural). ~~The~~ usage of gender is semantic (a bit like in English), i.e. to differentiate male members of a class from female members.<ref name="Jain Cardona 2007 p. 450">{{cite book \| last1=Jain \| first1=D. \| last2=Cardona \| first2=G. \| title=The Indo-Aryan Languages \| publisher=Taylor & Francis \| series=Routledge language family series \| year=2007 \| isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA450 \| access-date=1 August 2020 \| page=450}}</ref> There are three tenses coded via affixes (i.e., present, past and future), others being expressed via auxiliaries.		Odia retains most of the [[Grammatical case\|cases]] of [[Sanskrit]], though the [[Nominative case\|nominative]] and [[Vocative case\|vocative]] have merged (both without a separate marker), as have the accusative and dative.{{Citation needed\|date=April 2026}} <!-- Were they really retained, or were they re-innovated? Also, the source says there are 3 cases, unlike Sanskrit's 8. --> There are two [[grammatical number]]s (singular and plural). There is no [[grammatical gender]], and usage of gender is semantic (a bit like in English), i.e. to differentiate male members of a class from female members.<ref name="Jain Cardona 2007 p. 450">{{cite book \| last1=Jain \| first1=D. \| last2=Cardona \| first2=G. \| title=The Indo-Aryan Languages \| publisher=Taylor & Francis \| series=Routledge language family series \| year=2007 \| isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA450 \| access-date=1 August 2020 \| page=450}}</ref> There are three tenses coded via affixes (i.e., present, past and future), others being expressed via auxiliaries.

	==Writing system==		==Writing system==
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	{{wikivoyage\|Odia phrasebook\|Odia\|a phrasebook}}		{{wikivoyage\|Odia phrasebook\|Odia\|a phrasebook}}
	*{{commons category-inline}}		*{{commons category-inline}}
	* [[w:or:Main page\|Odia ~~Bharatpedia~~]]		* [[w:or:Main page\|Odia Wikipedia]]
	* Praharaj, G.C. [https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/praharaj/ Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805184601/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/praharaj/ \|date=5 August 2020 }} (Odia-English dictionary). Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931–1940.		* Praharaj, G.C. [https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/praharaj/ Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805184601/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/praharaj/ \|date=5 August 2020 }} (Odia-English dictionary). Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931–1940.
	* [https://books.google.com/books?id=b7tmlF2a7fcC&q=oriya A Comprehensive English-Oriya Dictionary (1916–1922)]		* [https://books.google.com/books?id=b7tmlF2a7fcC&q=oriya A Comprehensive English-Oriya Dictionary (1916–1922)]

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2026-03-18T04:42:06Z

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2021-12-30T15:39:31Z

Major varieties or dialects

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	* [[Phulbani Odia]]: spoken in [[Kandhamal]] and in parts of [[Boudh district]].		* [[Phulbani Odia]]: spoken in [[Kandhamal]] and in parts of [[Boudh district]].
	* [[Kalahandia\|Kalahandia Odia]]: Variant of Odia spoken in [[Kalahandi district\|Kalahandi]] and [[Nuapada district]]s and neighbouring districts of [[Chhattisgarh]].		* [[Kalahandia\|Kalahandia Odia]]: Variant of Odia spoken in [[Kalahandi district\|Kalahandi]] and [[Nuapada district]]s and neighbouring districts of [[Chhattisgarh]].
	* Debagadia Odia: Variant of Odia spoken in [[Debagarh district]] and the adjoining [[Rairakhol]],[[~~Athmallick~~]] area. It is known as Debgadia or Deogarhia.		* Debagadia Odia: Variant of Odia spoken in [[Debagarh district]] and the adjoining [[Rairakhol]],[[Athmallik]] area. It is known as Debgadia or Deogarhia.

	===Major Tribal and Community dialects/Sociolects===		===Major Tribal and Community dialects/Sociolects===

2409:4062:2D1E:D798:0:0:E689:5D0F: /* Major varieties or dialects */

2021-12-27T18:12:42Z

Major varieties or dialects

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	* [[Phulbani Odia]]: spoken in [[Kandhamal]] and in parts of [[Boudh district]].		* [[Phulbani Odia]]: spoken in [[Kandhamal]] and in parts of [[Boudh district]].
	* [[Kalahandia\|Kalahandia Odia]]: Variant of Odia spoken in [[Kalahandi district\|Kalahandi]] and [[Nuapada district]]s and neighbouring districts of [[Chhattisgarh]].		* [[Kalahandia\|Kalahandia Odia]]: Variant of Odia spoken in [[Kalahandi district\|Kalahandi]] and [[Nuapada district]]s and neighbouring districts of [[Chhattisgarh]].
	* Debagadia Odia: Variant of Odia spoken in [[Debagarh district]] and the adjoining [[Rairakhol]] area. It is known as Debgadia or Deogarhia.		* Debagadia Odia: Variant of Odia spoken in [[Debagarh district]] and the adjoining [[Rairakhol]],[[Athmallick]] area. It is known as Debgadia or Deogarhia.

	===Major Tribal and Community dialects/Sociolects===		===Major Tribal and Community dialects/Sociolects===

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	~~{{Source\|Wiki\|S}}~~

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	[[Category:Dravidian languages]]		[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
	[[Category:Languages of India]]		[[Category:Languages of India]]


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>Soumendrak: it's not oria anymore, it's pronounced as odia.

2020-08-15T09:37:01Z

it's not oria anymore, it's pronounced as odia.

New page

{{Infobox language
| name = Odia
| nativename = ଓଡ଼ିଆ ''{{IAST|oḍiā}}''
| pronunciation = {{IPA-or|odi'a|}}
| region = [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| ethnicity = [[Odia people|Odias]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|37.5|2}} million
| date = 2011
| ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[List of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Odia languages]]
| script = [[Odia alphabet]]<br/>[[Odia Braille]]
| nation = {{IND}} ([[Odisha]]<ref name="odishatv">{{cite web|last1=Bureau|first1=Odishatv|title=Odia as official language from tomorrow; linguists doubtful on efficacy of Act {{!}} Odisha Television Limited|url=http://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/odia-as-official-language-from-tomorrow-linguists-doubtful-on-efficacy-of-act-161085/|website=odishatv.in|accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> and [[Jharkhand]])
| iso1 = or
| iso2 = ori
| iso3 = ori
| lc1 = ory
| ld1 = Odia
| lc2 = spv
| ld2 = [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]]
| lc3 = ort
| ld3 = Adivasi Odia (Kotia)
| lc4 = dso
| ld4 = Desiya (duplicate of [ort])<ref>Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices</ref>
| lingua = 59-AAF-x
| image = Odia.svg
| notice = India
| glotto = macr1269
| glottoname = partial match
| glottorefname = Macro-Oriya
| notice2 = IPA
}}
[[File:Oriya conversation.oga|thumb|Spoken Odia]]
{{InterWiki|code=or}}
'''Odia''' (ଓଡ଼ିଆ odiā), formerly known as Oriya,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-constitution-one-hundred-and-thirteenth-amendment-bill-2010-1054/|title=PRS {{!}} Bill Track {{!}} The Constitution (113th Amendment) Bill, 2010|website=www.prsindia.org|language=en|access-date=2018-01-31}}</ref> is an Indo-Aryan language, mainly spoken in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. Some parts of Odisha, mainly the Ganjam and Gajapati districts, also speak the [[Telugu language]]. The language is also an official language of India. There are about 33 million people who speak Odia.

== Example ==
A recording of India appeared on the screen. This is The first article of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] in Odia:
:ସବୁ ମନୁଷ୍ଯ ଜନ୍ମକାଳରୁ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ । ସେମାନଙ୍କର ମର୍ଯ୍ୟାଦା ଓ ଅଧିକାର ସମାନ । ସେମାନଙ୍କର ପ୍ରଜ୍ଞା ଓ ବିବେକ ନିହିତ ଅଛି । ସେମାନେ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଭାତୃଭାବ ପୋଷଣ କରି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିବା ଦରକାର ।
:[[File:Universal Declaration of Human Rights - ori - ra - Art1.ogg]]
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Asia-stub}}

[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]