Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad - Revision history

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	\| philosophy = [[Vaishnava]]		\| philosophy = [[Vaishnava]]
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	{{Vaishnavism}}		{{Vaishnavism}}
	The '''''Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad''''' (नृसिंह तापनीय उपनिषद्) is a ~~minor~~ [[Upanishad]]ic text written in [[Sanskrit]]. It is one of the 31 Upanishads attached the [[Atharvaveda]],{{Sfn\|Prasoon\|2008\|p=82}} and classified as one of the Vaishnava ~~Upanishad~~.{{Sfn\|Tinoco \|1997\|p=87}} It is presented in two parts, the Purva Tapaniya Upanishad and the Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad, which formed the main scriptures of ~~Nrisimha~~ sect of the [[Vaishnavas]] dated prior to the 7th century.{{Sfn\|Deussen\|1997\|pp=809-858}}{{Sfn\|Lamb\|2002\|p=191}}{{Sfn\|Farquhar\|1920\|p=188}}		The '''''Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad''''' (नृसिंह तापनीय उपनिषद्) is a [[Upanishad]]ic text written in [[Sanskrit]]. It is one of the 31 Upanishads attached to the [[Atharvaveda]],{{Sfn\|Prasoon\|2008\|p=82}} and classified as one of the [[Vaishnava Upanishads]].{{Sfn\|Tinoco \|1997\|p=87}} It is presented in two parts, the Purva Tapaniya Upanishad and the Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad, which formed the main scriptures of the [[Narasimha]] sect of the [[Vaishnavas]] dated prior to the 7th century.{{Sfn\|Deussen\|1997\|pp=809-858}}{{Sfn\|Lamb\|2002\|p=191}}{{Sfn\|Farquhar\|1920\|p=188}}

	The text is notable for asserting a fourfold identity, that [[Atman (Hinduism)\|Atman]] (soul, self) is same as [[Om]], [[Brahman]] (Absolute Reality) and [[Vishnu]] Man-Lion avatar ''[[Narsimha\|Nrisimha]]''.{{Sfn\|Lamb\|2002\|p=191}}{{Sfn\|Deussen\|1997\|p=835}} The Upanishad opens with verses of the [[Rigveda]].{{Sfn\|Lamb\|2002\|p=191}} Its foundation of monism philosophy, as well its style is also found in other Vaishnava Upanishads such as those dedicated to [[Rama]].{{Sfn\|Lamb\|2002\|p=191}}{{Sfn\|Deussen\|1997\|pp=809-810, 835, 859-861}}		The text is notable for asserting at fourfold identity, that [[Atman (Hinduism)\|Atman]] (soul, self) is the same as [[Om]], [[Brahman]] (Absolute Reality) and [[Vishnu]] Man-Lion avatar, ''[[Narsimha\|Nrisimha]]''.{{Sfn\|Lamb\|2002\|p=191}}{{Sfn\|Deussen\|1997\|p=835}} The Upanishad opens with verses of the [[Rigveda]].{{Sfn\|Lamb\|2002\|p=191}} Its foundation of monism philosophy, as well its style is also found in other Vaishnava Upanishads such as those dedicated to [[Rama]].{{Sfn\|Lamb\|2002\|p=191}}{{Sfn\|Deussen\|1997\|pp=809-810, 835, 859-861}}

	The Nrisimha Mantra, with its four supplementary mantras, is enunciated with the epithet "mantraraja" (king of hymns). It has "[[Om]]" as the foremost hymn which is repeatedly emphasized throughout this Upanishad. The text discusses Nrisimha Mantra and related hymns.{{Sfn\|Lamb\|2002\|p=191}}		The Nrisimha Mantra, with its four supplementary mantras, is enunciated with the epithet "mantraraja" (king of hymns). It has "[[Om]]" as the foremost hymn which is repeatedly emphasized throughout this Upanishad. The text discusses Nrisimha Mantra and related hymns.{{Sfn\|Lamb\|2002\|p=191}}

	The text is also referred to as '''''Narasimha-tapani Upanishad''''' and '''''Nrisimhatapanopanishad''''' ({{~~lang-~~sa\| नृसिंहोत्तरतापनीयोपनिषत्}}).		The text is also referred to as '''''Narasimha-tapani Upanishad''''' and '''''Nrisimhatapanopanishad''''' ({{langx\|sa\| नृसिंहोत्तरतापनीयोपनिषत्}}).

	==Date==		==Date==
	The century in which Nrsimha-tapani Upanishad text was composed is unclear. Farquhar dates it to be complete before the 7th century CE, because [[Gaudapada]] mentioned it.{{Sfn\|Farquhar\|1920\|p=188-189, 266 with footnotes}}		The century in which Nrsimha-tapani Upanishad text was composed is unclear. Farquhar dates it to be complete before the 7th century CE, because [[Gaudapada]] mentioned it.{{Sfn\|Farquhar\|1920\|p=188-189, 266 with footnotes}} It is also commented upon by Adi Shankaracharya and his commentary on it is mentioned in the Shankara Digvijaya of Vidyaranya. Sayana, the famous commentator of the Vedas quotes it to explain the 5th mantra of the Purusha Sukta in his commentary on the Rig Veda.

	Lamb dates the text to "well before the 7th-century".{{Sfn\|Lamb\|2002\|p=191}}		Lamb dates the text to "well before the 7th-century".{{Sfn\|Lamb\|2002\|p=191}}

	==Contents==		==Contents==
	The ~~Upanishad’s~~ invocation and concluding hymns are prayers to the [[Deva (Hinduism)\|~~Devas~~]], [[Indra]], [[~~Sun~~]], and [[Garuda]] as ~~destroyer~~ of evil, seeking blessings of eyes to see and offer obeisance ~~and~~ to enjoy a life span that the divine being ordains. [[Brihaspati]], ~~lord~~ of prayer or devotion, ~~too~~ is invoked to bestow health, prosperity and peace.<ref name= Ramachander>{{Cite web\|last= Ramachander \|first= P. R. \|url=http://www.celextel.org/upanishads/atharva_veda/nrisimhapoorvatapaniya.html\|title=Nrisimha Poorva Tapaniya Upanishad\|access-date=29 June 2015\|publisher=Vedanta Spiritual Library}}</ref><ref name=Rahasya>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.vedarahasya.net/nrisimha.htm\|title=Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad (Part of the Atharva Veda)\|access-date=2 May 2015\|publisher=Vedarahasya.net}}</ref>		The Upanishad's invocation and concluding hymns are prayers to the [[Deva (Hinduism)\|devas]], [[Indra]], [[Surya]], and [[Garuda]] as destroyers of evil, seeking blessings of eyes to see, and offer obeisance to enjoy a life span that the divine being ordains. [[Brihaspati]], the deity of prayer or devotion, is also invoked to bestow health, prosperity, and peace.<ref name= Ramachander>{{Cite web\|last= Ramachander \|first= P. R. \|url=http://www.celextel.org/upanishads/atharva_veda/nrisimhapoorvatapaniya.html\|title=Nrisimha Poorva Tapaniya Upanishad\|access-date=29 June 2015\|publisher=Vedanta Spiritual Library}}</ref><ref name=Rahasya>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.vedarahasya.net/nrisimha.htm\|title=Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad (Part of the Atharva Veda)\|access-date=2 May 2015\|publisher=Vedarahasya.net}}</ref>

	The Upanishad is presented in two parts, Poorva Tapaniya Upanishad which has five sub divisions ~~which~~ are also called Upanishads, and the Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad which consists of nine sections.{{Sfn\|Nair\|2008\|p=399}}		The Upanishad is presented in two parts, ''Poorva Tapaniya Upanishad'', which has five sub divisions that are also called Upanishads, and the ''Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad'', which consists of nine sections.{{Sfn\|Nair\|2008\|p=399}}

	===Nrsimha Purva Tapaniya Upanishad===		===Nrsimha Purva Tapaniya Upanishad===
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	In the fourth division, another long chapter, Brahma explains that the benefits of the Nrisimha Mantra, all of which is extracted from the Vedas,{{Sfn\|Deussen\|1997\|pp=825-828}} as a combination of: [[Pranava]] that is Om or [[Om\|AUM]]; [[Gayatri Mantra\|Savitri]] an eight lettered hymn, which gives prosperity and wealth; Yajur Lakshmi, a twenty four lettered hymn which will usher fame and prosperity; and ''Nrisimha Gayathri'' hymn in which [[Vedas]] and Devas are imbibed.{{Sfn\|Nair\|2008\|p=399}}		In the fourth division, another long chapter, Brahma explains that the benefits of the Nrisimha Mantra, all of which is extracted from the Vedas,{{Sfn\|Deussen\|1997\|pp=825-828}} as a combination of: [[Pranava]] that is Om or [[Om\|AUM]]; [[Gayatri Mantra\|Savitri]] an eight lettered hymn, which gives prosperity and wealth; Yajur Lakshmi, a twenty four lettered hymn which will usher fame and prosperity; and ''Nrisimha Gayathri'' hymn in which [[Vedas]] and Devas are imbibed.{{Sfn\|Nair\|2008\|p=399}}

	In the fifth division of this Upanishad, Brahma explains the importance of the [[Sudarshana Chakra]], also known as Maha Chakra, which would fulfill ~~one’s~~ wishes and opens the way to ''moksha'' or liberation. Reciting this mantra daily without any aspirations would help overcome "fire, wind, sun, moon, devas, plants and poison".{{Sfn\|Nair\|2008\|p=399}} At the center of this Sudarshana Chakra, Om as the Taraka mantra of Nrisimha are inscribed.{{Sfn\|Deussen\|1997\|pp=829-831}} These are: [[Sudarshana]] (on six petals), [[Narayana]] (on eight petals), [[Vasudeva]] (on 12 petals), and ''mathruka'' (on 16 petals). The old Vedic gods are placed in the realm of Maya, that is outside the circle.{{Sfn\|Deussen\|1997\|pp=829-831}}		In the fifth division of this Upanishad, Brahma explains the importance of the [[Sudarshana Chakra]], also known as Maha Chakra, which would fulfill one's wishes and opens the way to ''moksha'' or liberation. Reciting this mantra daily without any aspirations would help overcome "fire, wind, sun, moon, devas, plants and poison".{{Sfn\|Nair\|2008\|p=399}} At the center of this Sudarshana Chakra, Om as the Taraka mantra of Nrisimha are inscribed.{{Sfn\|Deussen\|1997\|pp=829-831}} These are: [[Sudarshana]] (on six petals), [[Narayana]] (on eight petals), [[Vasudeva]] (on 12 petals), and ''mathruka'' (on 16 petals). The old Vedic gods are placed in the realm of Maya, that is outside the circle.{{Sfn\|Deussen\|1997\|pp=829-831}}

	===Nrsimha Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad===		===Nrsimha Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad===
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	The Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad which has nine sections, and starts with a request made to Brahma by the devas to enlighten them on the aspects of AUM and the soul or [[Ātman (Hinduism)\|Atman]]. He explains that soul is an aspect of God which is more than all knowledge.<ref name=Rahasya/><ref name=Vedanta>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.celextel.org/upanishads/atharva_veda/nrisimhauttaratapaniya.html\|title= Nrisimha Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad\|access-date=29 June 2015 \|publisher=Vedanta Spiritual Library}}</ref> {{Sfn\|Nair\|2008\|p=399}}		The Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad which has nine sections, and starts with a request made to Brahma by the devas to enlighten them on the aspects of AUM and the soul or [[Ātman (Hinduism)\|Atman]]. He explains that soul is an aspect of God which is more than all knowledge.<ref name=Rahasya/><ref name=Vedanta>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.celextel.org/upanishads/atharva_veda/nrisimhauttaratapaniya.html\|title= Nrisimha Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad\|access-date=29 June 2015 \|publisher=Vedanta Spiritual Library}}</ref> {{Sfn\|Nair\|2008\|p=399}}

	In the second section ~~Brahman’s~~ four divisions, which match with the four letters of OM, are explained. The letters of AUM and reciting the Nrisimha Mantra would also enable understanding of the [[Turiya]] or fourth state of pure consciousness.<ref name=Rahasya/>{{Sfn\|Nair\|2008\|p=399}}		In the second section Brahman's four divisions, which match with the four letters of OM, are explained. The letters of AUM and reciting the Nrisimha Mantra would also enable understanding of the [[Turiya]] or fourth state of pure consciousness.<ref name=Rahasya/>{{Sfn\|Nair\|2008\|p=399}}

	In the third section explanation is provided on intense meditation of Om and subsuming everything in pure consciousness.{{Sfn\|Nair\|2008\|p=399}}		In the third section explanation is provided on intense meditation of Om and subsuming everything in pure consciousness.{{Sfn\|Nair\|2008\|p=399}}
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	[[Category:Upanishads]]		[[Category:Upanishads]]
	~~[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]~~

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{{Infobox Upanishad
| image = Deshaavathaaram4 narasimham.jpg
| caption = [[Narasimha]] [[avatar]]
| alt =
| name = Nrisimha Tapaniya
| Devanagari = नृसिंह तापनीय
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Nṛsiṁha-Tāpanīya
| meaning = Asceticism for the Man-Lion
| composition_date = before 7th-century CE
| type = Vaishnava
| Veda = [[Atharvaveda]]
| chapters = Two Upanishads - Purva Tapaniya and Uttara Tapaniya
| verses = Five divisions in the first, and nine chapters in the second Upanishad
| philosophy = [[Vaishnava]]
| commentary =
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
The '''''Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad''''' (नृसिंह तापनीय उपनिषद्) is a minor [[Upanishad]]ic text written in [[Sanskrit]]. It is one of the 31 Upanishads attached the [[Atharvaveda]],{{Sfn|Prasoon|2008|p=82}} and classified as one of the Vaishnava Upanishad.{{Sfn|Tinoco |1997|p=87}} It is presented in two parts, the Purva Tapaniya Upanishad and the Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad, which formed the main scriptures of Nrisimha sect of the [[Vaishnavas]] dated prior to the 7th century.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=809-858}}{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191}}{{Sfn|Farquhar|1920|p=188}}

The text is notable for asserting a fourfold identity, that [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul, self) is same as [[Om]], [[Brahman]] (Absolute Reality) and [[Vishnu]] Man-Lion avatar ''[[Narsimha|Nrisimha]]''.{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191}}{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|p=835}} The Upanishad opens with verses of the [[Rigveda]].{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191}} Its foundation of monism philosophy, as well its style is also found in other Vaishnava Upanishads such as those dedicated to [[Rama]].{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191}}{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=809-810, 835, 859-861}}

The Nrisimha Mantra, with its four supplementary mantras, is enunciated with the epithet "mantraraja" (king of hymns). It has "[[Om]]" as the foremost hymn which is repeatedly emphasized throughout this Upanishad. The text discusses Nrisimha Mantra and related hymns.{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191}}

The text is also referred to as '''''Narasimha-tapani Upanishad''''' and '''''Nrisimhatapanopanishad''''' ({{lang-sa| नृसिंहोत्तरतापनीयोपनिषत्}}).

==Date==
The century in which Nrsimha-tapani Upanishad text was composed is unclear. Farquhar dates it to be complete before the 7th century CE, because [[Gaudapada]] mentioned it.{{Sfn|Farquhar|1920|p=188-189, 266 with footnotes}}

Lamb dates the text to "well before the 7th-century".{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191}}

==Contents==
The Upanishad’s invocation and concluding hymns are prayers to the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]], [[Indra]], [[Sun]], and [[Garuda]] as destroyer of evil, seeking blessings of eyes to see and offer obeisance and to enjoy a life span that the divine being ordains. [[Brihaspati]], lord of prayer or devotion, too is invoked to bestow health, prosperity and peace.<ref name= Ramachander>{{Cite web|last= Ramachander |first= P. R. |url=http://www.celextel.org/upanishads/atharva_veda/nrisimhapoorvatapaniya.html|title=Nrisimha Poorva Tapaniya Upanishad|access-date=29 June 2015|publisher=Vedanta Spiritual Library}}</ref><ref name=Rahasya>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vedarahasya.net/nrisimha.htm|title=Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad (Part of the Atharva Veda)|access-date=2 May 2015|publisher=Vedarahasya.net}}</ref>

The Upanishad is presented in two parts, Poorva Tapaniya Upanishad which has five sub divisions which are also called Upanishads, and the Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad which consists of nine sections.{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}

===Nrsimha Purva Tapaniya Upanishad===
{{Quote box
|quote ='''{{large|ॐ, Atman, Brahman}}'''
<poem>
[[Om]]! This syllable is the whole world.
Its explanation is as follows:
The past, the present and the future,
all this is the sound Om.
And besides, what still lies beyond the three times,
that also is the sound Om.
All this, verily, is [[Brahman]],
but Brahman is this [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]].
</poem>
|source = —''Nrisimha '''Purva''' Tapaniya Upanishad'' 4.1{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=825}}<br>—''Nrisimha '''Uttara''' Tapaniya Upanishad'' 1.1{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=837-838}}
|width = 39%
| bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
In the first part of this Upanishad, Nrisimha, also spelled Narasimha, is described as an avatar or incarnation of Lord Vishnu born in the [[anthropomorphic]] form of half human and half lion and seen in two colours of black and golden red. He takes this form to put an end to the evil deeds of the demon who had a boon that he cannot be killed by a human nor by an animal. The demon was also the father of [[Prahlada]], who was persecuting his own son for being a Vishnu devotee. {{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}<ref name=Rahasya/>

In the second part, a long chapter, the significance of the Nrisimha Mantra as an important hymn to recite to overcome death and enjoy family life is emphasized.{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}} The key words used in the Nrisimha Mantra to worship Nrisimha are: "''Ugra'' (fierce), ''Veera'' (heroic), [[Mahavishnu|Maha Vishnu]], ''Jwalantham'' (burning), Nrisimha (half man and half lion), [[Trivikrama]] (one who measures the world in three steps), ''Bheeshanam'' (fear full), ''Bhadram'' (safe), and ''Mruthyu-Mruthyum'' (death and deathlessness).”<ref name= Ramachander/>

In the third long section of the Purva Tapaniya, the Devas appeal to Brahma to teach them the meaning and benefits of Nrisimha Mantra, known as the king of all chants, which is set in ''anushtap'' meter (eight lettered rhythmic structure), which Brahma agrees to explain.{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}} Brahma explains that [[Maya (illusion)|illusion]] or ''maya'' is personified by Nrisimha which in turn is identified as Om.<ref name= Ramachander/>

In the fourth division, another long chapter, Brahma explains that the benefits of the Nrisimha Mantra, all of which is extracted from the Vedas,{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=825-828}} as a combination of: [[Pranava]] that is Om or [[Om|AUM]]; [[Gayatri Mantra|Savitri]] an eight lettered hymn, which gives prosperity and wealth; Yajur Lakshmi, a twenty four lettered hymn which will usher fame and prosperity; and ''Nrisimha Gayathri'' hymn in which [[Vedas]] and Devas are imbibed.{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}

In the fifth division of this Upanishad, Brahma explains the importance of the [[Sudarshana Chakra]], also known as Maha Chakra, which would fulfill one’s wishes and opens the way to ''moksha'' or liberation. Reciting this mantra daily without any aspirations would help overcome "fire, wind, sun, moon, devas, plants and poison".{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}} At the center of this Sudarshana Chakra, Om as the Taraka mantra of Nrisimha are inscribed.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=829-831}} These are: [[Sudarshana]] (on six petals), [[Narayana]] (on eight petals), [[Vasudeva]] (on 12 petals), and ''mathruka'' (on 16 petals). The old Vedic gods are placed in the realm of Maya, that is outside the circle.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=829-831}}

===Nrsimha Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad===
[[File:Attendants of Vishnu (with Sudarshana Chakra) (6124500291).jpg|thumb|The Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad describes Sudarshana chakra mandala, which developed into protective amulets, a weapon (11th century, above), but also a means to meditate on Atman.<ref>D Dennis Hudson (2008), The Body of God, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195369229}}, page 482</ref>]]
The Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad which has nine sections, and starts with a request made to Brahma by the devas to enlighten them on the aspects of AUM and the soul or [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]]. He explains that soul is an aspect of God which is more than all knowledge.<ref name=Rahasya/><ref name=Vedanta>{{Cite web|url=http://www.celextel.org/upanishads/atharva_veda/nrisimhauttaratapaniya.html|title= Nrisimha Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad|access-date=29 June 2015 |publisher=Vedanta Spiritual Library}}</ref> {{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}

In the second section Brahman’s four divisions, which match with the four letters of OM, are explained. The letters of AUM and reciting the Nrisimha Mantra would also enable understanding of the [[Turiya]] or fourth state of pure consciousness.<ref name=Rahasya/>{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}

In the third section explanation is provided on intense meditation of Om and subsuming everything in pure consciousness.{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}

In the fourth section, the meditation upon the soul as [[Om]]kara and Parabramha with pure consciousness of Pranava sound is elaborated.<ref name=Rahasya/> {{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}

The fifth section explains that one who meditates using the Om symbol exists as [[Brahman]] and attains Brahman. It is also stated that worship of the soul is the same as reciting the letter AUM, which will result in realization of Brahman in the form of Nrisimha. Such a meditation will also make a person realize Parabramha as Parabramha Nrisimha.{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}

In the sixth section importance of the worship of Nrisimha by devas to over come the evil qualities within them is emphasized. Its four effects on them are explained. The
seventh section deals with aspects of [[meditation]].{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}} The eighth section pertains to the soul or Nrisimha. The soul is stated to be fully entwined with state of Turiya or pure consciousness.<ref name=Vedanta/>{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}

In the ninth section [[Prajapati]] explains the meaning of "AUM", that is the soul and its presence as a mere witness. The lion form is stated to be an illusion, a form beyond thought, which is seen in different forms due to ignorance. The sensory organs are not able to perceive it and hence it is not known even when it is apparently known. Prajapati tells the devas to perceive "Atma" as "I am it and it is me". The devas obeyed the commands of Prajapati and as a result all their illusions vanished.<ref name=Vedanta/>{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last= Deussen|first=Paul| title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA809|year= 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Farquhar|first=John Nicol |title=An Outline of the Religious Literature of India|url=https://archive.org/stream/outlineofreligio00farqrich#page/n9/mode/2up |year=1920| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-89581-765-5}}
*{{cite book|last= Lamb |first=Ramdas |title=Rapt in the Name: The Ramnamis, Ramnam, and Untouchable Religion in Central India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dv1nxyOTgN0C&pg=PA191|date=29 August 2002|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-5386-5}}
*{{cite book|last= Prasoon |first=Prof.S.K. |title=Indian Scriptures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvmAwVXPKbQC&pg=PT82|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1007-8}}
*{{cite book|last= Nair |first=Shantha N. |title=Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzFvE0IR7rkC&pg=PT399|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1020-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Tinoco |first=Carlos Alberto |title=Upanishads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xoNEM63hZEC&pg=PA87|year=1997|publisher=IBRASA|isbn=978-85-348-0040-2}}

==External links==

{{Mukhya Upanishads}}

[[Category:Upanishads]]
[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]