CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

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Removed empty portal template using script

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	== See also ==		== See also ==
	~~{{Portal\|Russia\|India\|Rocketry}}~~
	* [[AIM-152 AAAM]]		* [[AIM-152 AAAM]]
	* [[FMRAAM]]		* [[FMRAAM]]

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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = KS-172
| image = KS-172 NTW - 94.jpg
| image_size = 350
| caption = Mockup of KS–172 in front of Su-30 in 1994
| origin = Russia/India
| type = Long range air-to-air missile
| is_missile = yes
| service =
| used_by =
| wars = 
| designer =
| design_date =
| manufacturer = [[NPO Novator]] <br/>[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| unit_cost =
| production_date =
| number =
| variants = 
| spec_label =
| weight = {{convert|748|kg|lb|-1|abbr=on}} (KS–172)<ref name="Force" />
| length = {{convert|6.01|m|ft|abbr=on}} + {{convert|1.4|m|ft|abbr=on}} (KS–172)<ref name="Force" />
| diameter = {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}} (KS–172)<ref name="Force" />
| filling = HE fragmentation (KS–172)<ref name="Force" />
| filling_weight = {{convert|50|kg|lb|-1|abbr=on}}
| detonation =
| yield = 
| engine = [[Tandem]] [[rocket booster]] (KS–172)<ref name="Force" />
| engine_power =
| pw_ratio =
| transmission =
| payload_capacity =
| suspension =
| clearance =
| fuel_capacity =
| vehicle_range = At least 200 km,<ref name="JDW" /> possibly 300–400 km (160–210 nmi)
| speed = {{convert|4000|km/h|mph km/s Mach|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} (KS–172)<ref name="Force" />
| guidance = '''Mid-course:''' [[Inertial navigation]] with mid-course guidance<br/>'''Terminal:''' [[Active radar homing]] (KS–172)<ref name="Force" />
| steering = 
| wingspan = {{convert|61|cm|in|abbr=on}} (KS–172)<ref name="Force" />
| propellant = [[Solid fuel]]
| ceiling =
| altitude = {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}}–{{convert|30000|m|ft|abbr=on}} (KS–172)<ref name="Force" />
| depth =
| boost =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform = [[Su-27]], [[Su-30]], [[Su-35]],<ref name="JanesALW3600"/> [[Su-30MKI]],<ref name="Force" /> (purposed)
| transport =
}}

The '''Novator KS-172''' was a Russian air-to-air missile project designed as an "[[Airborne Early Warning and Control|AWACS]] killer"<ref name="Fisher" /> at ranges up to 400 km. The missile had various names during its history, including '''K-100''', '''Izdeliye 172''' ('project 172'), '''AAM-L''' ('''RVV-L'''), '''KS–172''', '''KS-1''', '''172S-1''' and '''R-172'''. The airframe appears to have been derived from the [[9K37 Buk]] [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM) but development stalled in the mid-1990s for lack of funds.<ref name="Fisher" /> It appears to have restarted in 2004 after a deal with India, who wants to produce the missile in India for their [[Su-30MKI]] fighters. Nowadays the development is stopped and the project is closed.

==Development==
Modern airforces have become dependent on airborne radars typically carried by converted airliners and transport aircraft such as the [[E-3 Sentry]] and [[Beriev A-50|A-50 'Mainstay']]. They also depend on similar aircraft for inflight refuelling (e.g. [[Vickers VC10]]), maritime patrol (e.g. [[CP-140 Aurora]]), reconnaissance and electronic warfare (e.g. [[Tupolev Tu-16|Tu-16 'Badger']] E & J) and [[C4ISTAR]] (e.g. [[Boeing VC-25|VC-25 "Air Force One"]]). The loss of just one of these aircraft can have a significant effect on fighting capability, and they are usually heavily defended by fighter escorts. A long-range air-to-air missile offers the prospect of bringing down the target without having to fight a way through the fighter screen. Given the potential importance of "blinding" Western AWACS, Russia has devoted considerable resources to this area. The [[R-37 (missile)]] (AA-13 'Arrow') is an evolution of their [[R-33 (missile)|R-33]] (AA-9 'Amos') with a range of up to {{convert|400|km|nmi|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}, and there have been persistent rumours – if little hard evidence – of an air-to-air missile with a range of {{convert|200|km|nmi|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} based on Zvezda's [[Kh-31]] anti-radar/anti-shipping missile or its Chinese derivative, the [[YJ-91]].

[[NPO Novator]] started work in 1991 on a very long-range air-to-air missile with the Russian project designation ''Izdeliye 172''.<ref name="JanesALW3024">{{citation|title=K-100 (Izdeliye 172, KS–172, AAM-L) |url=http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw3024.html |journal=Jane's Air-Launched Weapons |date=2009-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913201455/http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw3024.html |archive-date=13 September 2008 }}</ref> Initially called the AAM-L (RVV-L), it made its first public appearance at the International Defence Exhibition in Abu Dhabi in early 1993,<ref name="Saradzhyan" /> followed by the Moscow Air Show later that year.<ref name="JanesALW3024"/> It was described as having a range of {{convert|400|km|nmi|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}; the mockup on display had a strong resemblance to the [[9K37 Buk|9K37M1 Buk-M]] (SA-11 'Gadfly'). Apparently some flight-testing was done on a Su-27, but it appears that the Russians withdrew funding for the project soon afterwards.

The missile resurfaced as the KS–172 in 1999,<ref name="Saradzhyan">{{citation | last1=Saradzhyan | first1= Simon |last2=Barrie | first2=Douglas | title=Russia Offers Extended Range Missile For Export | journal=Defense News | date=1999-08-16 | page=8}}</ref> as part of a new export-led strategy<ref name="NIC">{{citation | last=Battilega | title=Transformations in Global Defense Markets and Industries: Implications for the Future of Warfare – Russia | url=http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_GIF_research/defensemkts/russia.pdf | year=2000 | publisher=National Intelligence Council | page=12 | access-date=2009-01-29 | display-authors=etal | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114053017/http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_GIF_research/defensemkts/russia.pdf | archive-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> whereby foreign investment in a {{convert|300|km|nmi|abbr=on}}-range export model<ref name="Saradzhyan"/> would ultimately fund a version for the Russian airforce.<ref name="NIC" /> Again it appears that there were no takers.

In late 2003, the missile was offered again on the export market as the 172S-1.<ref name="JanesALW3024"/> In March 2004, India was reported to have invested in the project and to be "negotiating a partnership" to develop the "R-172".<ref>{{citation | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-03-02/india/28344543_1_new-missile-supersonic-cruise-missile-brahmos-missile | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023031620/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-03-02/india/28344543_1_new-missile-supersonic-cruise-missile-brahmos-missile | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-10-23 | title= India, Russia in talks for a new missile | agency=Press Trust of India|location=India | date=2004-03-02 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=2009-01-29}}</ref> In May 2005 the Indians were said to have finalised "an arrangement to fund final development and licence produce the weapon" in a joint venture similar to that which produced the successful [[BrahMos]] cruise missile.<ref name="DT">{{citation | title=Missiles in the Asia Pacific | url=http://www.ausairpower.net/DT-Missile-Survey-May-05.pdf | journal=Defence Today | publisher=Strike Publications | location=Amberley, Queensland | date=May 2005 | page=67 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126154153/http://ausairpower.net/DT-Missile-Survey-May-05.pdf | archive-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> Since then the missile has had a higher profile, appearing at the 2005 Moscow Air Show<ref name="JanesALW3024"/> on a Su-30 as the K-172,<ref name="Fisher">{{citation |first=Richard |last=Fisher |title=Chinese Dimensions of the 2005 Moscow Aerospace Show |url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.78/pub_detail.asp |date=2005-09-12 |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |access-date=2009-01-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619174407/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.78/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=19 June 2022}}</ref> and a modified version being shown at the 2007 Moscow Air Show designated as the K-100-1. This name first appeared in a Sukhoi document in 2006,<ref name="JanesALW3024"/> and sources such as Jane's now refer to the missile as the K-100.<ref name="JanesALW3024"/> Nowadays the missile is not in commission whether in Russia nor in India. Supposedly the development was stopped and the project closed by 2010.

==Design==
[[File:Seeker 9B-1103M of AAML(KS-172) missile.jpg|thumb|150px|9B-1103M Seeker head]]
The [[mockup]] shown in 1993 had a strong resemblance to the Buk airframe, but since the Indians became involved there have been some changes. An Indian magazine gave the specifications of the KS–172 in April 2004 as a core 6.01 m long and 40 cm in diameter with a wingspan of 61 cm, with a booster of 1.4 m, and 748 kg total weight.<ref name="Force">{{citation | title=India Starts Defence Exports : Joint Ventures Now yielding rich Dividends |magazine=FORCE magazine | date=April 2004 | volume=1 | issue=6 | page=55 | location=Arun Vihar, India}}</ref> It had a solid fuel tandem rocket booster capable of speeds up to {{convert|4000|km/h|mph|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}, [[g-force|12g]] manoevring, and an adaptive HE fragmentation warhead.<ref name="Force" /> Development would concentrate on the seeker head, autopilot, resistance to jamming and a steering system with 3D [[thrust vector control]] (TVC).<ref name="Force" />

In May 2005 it was reported that there were two versions, with and without a rocket booster, with ranges of 400 km and 300 km respectively.<ref name="DT" /> At the [[MAKS (air show)]] in August 2005, a range of 300 km was quoted for a streamlined missile with a small booster and fins on both booster and fuselage.<ref name="Fisher" /> However the model shown at the 2007 MAKS airshow under the name K-100 was closer to the original 1993 mockup in the photo above, with different-shaped fins that were further up the fuselage, and an even larger booster with TVC vents.<ref name="photos">See photos in "External links" section</ref> At the same show it was shown under the wing of a Su-35BM, implying that at least two could be carried by Flanker-class aircraft rather than just one on the centreline.

Guidance is by [[inertial navigation]] until the missile is close enough to the target to use active radar for terminal homing.<ref name="Force" /> The K-100 has an enlarged ({{convert|350|mm|in|abbr=on}}) derivative of the Agat 9B-1103M seeker used in the [[R-27 (air-to-air missile)]] (AA-10 'Alamo').<ref name="JDW">{{citation | title=Russia develops K-100-1 for Su-35 | first=Reuben F | last=Johnson | journal=Jane's Defence Weekly | date=2007-07-11}}</ref> It has a lock-on range of {{convert|40|km|nmi|abbr=on}}, described by an Agat designer as "one fifth or less of the overall range".<ref name="JDW" />

==Variant==
*KS-172
[[File:Sketch-of-KS-172-missile 1993.svg|350px]]
:Prototype in 1993.
*KS-172S-1
[[File:Sketch-of-KS-172S1-missile 2003.svg|350px]]
:Prototype in 2003.

==Similar weapons==
* [[R-37 (missile)]] (AA-X-13/AA-13 'Arrow') was developed from the [[R-33 (missile)]] (AA-9 'Amos') and is intended for the [[Sukhoi Su-35]] Flanker-E, [[Sukhoi Su-37]] Flanker-F, [[MiG 1.42]] MFI and other future fighters.<ref name="DT" /> According to Defence Today the range depends on the flight profile, from {{convert|80|nmi|km}} for a direct shot<ref name="DT" /> to {{convert|215|nmi|km}} for a cruise glide profile.<ref name="DT" /> Jane's reports two variants, the R-37 and the R-37M; the latter has a jettisonable rocket booster that increases the range to "300-400km" (160–220nmi).<ref name="JanesALW3600">{{citation|title=R-37, R-37M (AA-X-13) (Russian Federation), Air-to-air missiles – Beyond visual range |url=http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw3600.html |journal=Jane's Air-Launched Weapons |publisher=Jane’s Information Group |date=2009-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914031309/http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw3600.html |archive-date=14 September 2008 }}</ref> Work on the missile appears to have restarted in late 2006,<ref name="JanesALW3600"/> as part of the MiG-31BM programme<ref name="JanesALW3600"/> to update the Foxhound with a new radar and ground attack capability.
* [[Kh-31]] (AS-17 'Krypton') – the Chinese have licensed the anti-radar version (Kh-31P) of this Russian air-to-surface missile, and may be working on an "AWACS killer" variant of their [[YJ-91]] derivative.<ref name="DT" /> The Russians claim the anti-shipping version, the Kh-31A, can be adapted for use as an AWACS killer.<ref name="DT" />
* [[AIM-54 Phoenix]] – Now retired, a {{convert|100|nmi|km}}-range missile that was carried by the US Navy's [[F-14 Tomcat]].
* [[AIM-97 Seekbat]] - based on the [[Standard Missile]] SAM, the Seekbat was an extremely long-ranged missile designed to shoot down the [[MiG-25 Foxbat]], which at the time had almost mythical performance estimates. When the real-world performance of the Foxbat was found to be dramatically less impressive, development was cancelled.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Russia|India|Rocketry}}
* [[AIM-152 AAAM]]
* [[FMRAAM]]
* [[Meteor (missile)]]
* [[R-37 (missile)]]
* [[PL-21]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://maks.sukhoi.ru/maks2007.htm sukhoi.ru] – unofficial site with photos from MAKS air show; photos 10,12 and 13 show the K-100 on the ground of which [http://maks.sukhoi.ru/media/photo/maks2007/maks2007d1013.jpg maks2007d1013.jpg] is perhaps the best.


<BR>
{{Russian and Soviet missiles|AAM}}
{{Russian and Soviet military designation sequences}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:K-100}}
[[Category:Weapons of Russia]]
[[Category:Air-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Air-to-air missiles of Russia]]
[[Category:NPO Novator products]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2000s]]

Novator KS-172 - Revision history

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